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Marin F, Churazov E, Khabibullin I, Ferrazzoli R, Di Gesu L, Barnouin T, Di Marco A, Middei R, Vikhlinin A, Costa E, Soffitta P, Muleri F, Sunyaev R, Forman W, Kraft R, Bianchi S, Donnarumma I, Petrucci PO, Enoto T, Agudo I, Antonelli LA, Bachetti M, Baldini L, Baumgartner WH, Bellazzini R, Bongiorno SD, Bonino R, Brez A, Bucciantini N, Capitanio F, Castellano S, Cavazzuti E, Chen CT, Ciprini S, De Rosa A, Del Monte E, Di Lalla N, Doroshenko V, Dovčiak M, Ehlert SR, Evangelista Y, Fabiani S, Garcia JA, Gunji S, Hayashida K, Heyl J, Ingram A, Iwakiri W, Jorstad SG, Kaaret P, Karas V, Kitaguchi T, Kolodziejczak JJ, Krawczynski H, La Monaca F, Latronico L, Liodakis I, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Marinucci A, Marscher AP, Marshall HL, Massaro F, Matt G, Mitsuishi I, Mizuno T, Negro M, Ng CY, O'Dell SL, Omodei N, Oppedisano C, Papitto A, Pavlov GG, Peirson AL, Perri M, Pesce-Rollins M, Pilia M, Possenti A, Poutanen J, Puccetti S, Ramsey BD, Rankin J, Ratheesh A, Roberts OJ, Romani RW, Sgrò C, Slane P, Spandre G, Swartz D, Tamagawa T, Tavecchio F, Taverna R, Tawara Y, Tennant AF, Thomas NE, Tombesi F, Trois A, Tsygankov SS, Turolla R, Vink J, Weisskopf MC, Wu K, Xie F, Zane S. X-ray polarization evidence for a 200-year-old flare of Sgr A . Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06064-x. [PMID: 37344593 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The centre of the Milky Way Galaxy hosts a black hole with a solar mass of about 4 million (Sagittarius A* (Sgr A)) that is very quiescent at present with a luminosity many orders of magnitude below those of active galactic nuclei1. Reflection of X-rays from Sgr A* by dense gas in the Galactic Centre region offers a means to study its past flaring activity on timescales of hundreds and thousands of years2. The shape of the X-ray continuum and the strong fluorescent iron line observed from giant molecular clouds in the vicinity of Sgr A* are consistent with the reflection scenario3-5. If this interpretation is correct, the reflected continuum emission should be polarized6. Here we report observations of polarized X-ray emission in the direction of the molecular clouds in the Galactic Centre using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer. We measure a polarization degree of 31% ± 11%, and a polarization angle of -48° ± 11°. The polarization angle is consistent with Sgr A* being the primary source of the emission, and the polarization degree implies that some 200 years ago, the X-ray luminosity of Sgr A* was briefly comparable to that of a Seyfert galaxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Marin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Eugene Churazov
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching, Germany
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ildar Khabibullin
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching, Germany
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Thibault Barnouin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Riccardo Middei
- Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Rome, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | - Alexey Vikhlinin
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Enrico Costa
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Soffitta
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Muleri
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Rashid Sunyaev
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching, Germany
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - William Forman
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ralph Kraft
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Iván Agudo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucio A Antonelli
- Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Rome, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | | | - Luca Baldini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Raffaella Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Brez
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Niccolò Bucciantini
- INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Florence, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Fiamma Capitanio
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Chien-Ting Chen
- Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Stefano Ciprini
- Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ettore Del Monte
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Niccolò Di Lalla
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Victor Doroshenko
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michal Dovčiak
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | | | - Yuri Evangelista
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Fabiani
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Jeremy Heyl
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adam Ingram
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Wataru Iwakiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
- International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Svetlana G Jorstad
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Astrophysics, St. Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Philip Kaaret
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Vladimir Karas
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Henric Krawczynski
- Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fabio La Monaca
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Ioannis Liodakis
- Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Simone Maldera
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Manfreda
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alan P Marscher
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Herman L Marshall
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Massaro
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Matt
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Ikuyuki Mitsuishi
- Graduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsunefumi Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michela Negro
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - C-Y Ng
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | - Nicola Omodei
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chiara Oppedisano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - George G Pavlov
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Abel L Peirson
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matteo Perri
- Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Rome, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | | | - Maura Pilia
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius, Italy
| | | | - Juri Poutanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - John Rankin
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Ajay Ratheesh
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Oliver J Roberts
- Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Roger W Romani
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carmelo Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrick Slane
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gloria Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Doug Swartz
- Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Roberto Taverna
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Yuzuru Tawara
- Graduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | - Francesco Tombesi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Alessio Trois
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius, Italy
| | - Sergey S Tsygankov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Roberto Turolla
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
| | - Jacco Vink
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy & GRAPPA, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kinwah Wu
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
| | - Fei Xie
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Silvia Zane
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
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2
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Taverna R, Turolla R, Muleri F, Heyl J, Zane S, Baldini L, González-Caniulef D, Bachetti M, Rankin J, Caiazzo I, Di Lalla N, Doroshenko V, Errando M, Gau E, Kırmızıbayrak D, Krawczynski H, Negro M, Ng M, Omodei N, Possenti A, Tamagawa T, Uchiyama K, Weisskopf MC, Agudo I, Antonelli LA, Baumgartner WH, Bellazzini R, Bianchi S, Bongiorno SD, Bonino R, Brez A, Bucciantini N, Capitanio F, Castellano S, Cavazzuti E, Ciprini S, Costa E, De Rosa A, Del Monte E, Di Gesu L, Di Marco A, Donnarumma I, Dovčiak M, Ehlert SR, Enoto T, Evangelista Y, Fabiani S, Ferrazzoli R, Garcia JA, Gunji S, Hayashida K, Iwakiri W, Jorstad SG, Karas V, Kitaguchi T, Kolodziejczak JJ, La Monaca F, Latronico L, Liodakis I, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Marin F, Marinucci A, Marscher AP, Marshall HL, Matt G, Mitsuishi I, Mizuno T, Ng SCY, O’Dell SL, Oppedisano C, Papitto A, Pavlov GG, Peirson AL, Perri M, Pesce-Rollins M, Pilia M, Poutanen J, Puccetti S, Ramsey BD, Ratheesh A, Romani RW, Sgrò C, Slane P, Soffitta P, Spandre G, Tavecchio F, Tawara Y, Tennant AF, Thomas NE, Tombesi F, Trois A, Tsygankov SS, Vink J, Wu K, Xie F. Polarized x-rays from a magnetar. Science 2022; 378:646-650. [DOI: 10.1126/science.add0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Magnetars are neutron stars with ultra-strong magnetic fields, which can be observed in x-rays. Polarization measurements could provide information on their magnetic fields and surface properties. We observe polarized x-rays from the magnetar 4U 0142+61 using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer, finding a linear polarization degree of 13.5 ± 0.8% averaged over the 2 to 8 keV band. The polarization changes with energy: the degree is 15.0 ± 1.0% at 2 to 4 keV, drops below the instrumental sensitivity around 4 to 5 keV, and rises to 35.2 ± 7.1% at 5.5 to 8 keV. The polarization angle also changes by 90° around 4 to 5 keV. These results are consistent with a model in which thermal radiation from the magnetar surface is reprocessed by scattering off charged particles in the magnetosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Taverna
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Padova I-35131, Italy
| | - Roberto Turolla
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Padova I-35131, Italy
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary Dorking RH5 6NT, UK
| | - Fabio Muleri
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Jeremy Heyl
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Silvia Zane
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary Dorking RH5 6NT, UK
| | - Luca Baldini
- Dipartimento di Fisica Enrico Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Denis González-Caniulef
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Matteo Bachetti
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, INAF, Selargius I-09047, Italy
| | - John Rankin
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caiazzo
- Theoretical AstroPhysics Including Relativity and Cosmology, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Niccolò Di Lalla
- Deparment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Victor Doroshenko
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Manel Errando
- Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ephraim Gau
- Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Demet Kırmızıbayrak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Henric Krawczynski
- Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Michela Negro
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Mason Ng
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicola Omodei
- Deparment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrea Possenti
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, INAF, Selargius I-09047, Italy
| | - Toru Tamagawa
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Keisuke Uchiyama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | | | - Ivan Agudo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Lucio A. Antonelli
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, INAF, Monte Porzio Catone 00040, Italy
- Space Science Data Center (SSDC), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Roma 00133, Italy
| | | | - Ronaldo Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Stefano Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Bonino
- INFN Sezione di Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Alessandro Brez
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Niccolò Bucciantini
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, INAF, Firenze 50125, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Fiamma Capitanio
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Simone Castellano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Ciprini
- Space Science Data Center (SSDC), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Roma 00133, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Enrico Costa
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Rosa
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Ettore Del Monte
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Di Marco
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | | | - Michal Dovčiak
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Steven R. Ehlert
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | - Teruaki Enoto
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuri Evangelista
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Sergio Fabiani
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ferrazzoli
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | | | - Shuichi Gunji
- Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata-shi 990-8560, Japan
| | | | - Wataru Iwakiri
- Department of Physics, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Svetlana G. Jorstad
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Laboratory of Observational Astrophysics, St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Vladimir Karas
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Takao Kitaguchi
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | | | - Fabio La Monaca
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | | | - Ioannis Liodakis
- Finnish Centre for Astronomy with the European Southern Observatory, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Alberto Manfreda
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Frédéric Marin
- Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Alan P. Marscher
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Herman L. Marshall
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Giorgio Matt
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
| | - Ikuyuki Mitsuishi
- Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tsunefumi Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Stephen C.-Y. Ng
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Alessandro Papitto
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, INAF, Monte Porzio Catone 00040, Italy
| | - George G. Pavlov
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| | - Abel L. Peirson
- Deparment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matteo Perri
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, INAF, Monte Porzio Catone 00040, Italy
- Space Science Data Center (SSDC), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Roma 00133, Italy
| | | | - Maura Pilia
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, INAF, Selargius I-09047, Italy
| | - Juri Poutanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Simonetta Puccetti
- Space Science Data Center (SSDC), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Brian D. Ramsey
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | - Ajay Ratheesh
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Roger W. Romani
- Deparment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carmelo Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Patrick Slane
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Paolo Soffitta
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Gloria Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | | | - Yuzuru Tawara
- Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Allyn F. Tennant
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | | | - Francesco Tombesi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Alessio Trois
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, INAF, Selargius I-09047, Italy
| | - Sergey S. Tsygankov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Jacco Vink
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kinwah Wu
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary Dorking RH5 6NT, UK
| | - Fei Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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3
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Krawczynski H, Muleri F, Dovčiak M, Veledina A, Rodriguez Cavero N, Svoboda J, Ingram A, Matt G, Garcia JA, Loktev V, Negro M, Poutanen J, Kitaguchi T, Podgorný J, Rankin J, Zhang W, Berdyugin A, Berdyugina SV, Bianchi S, Blinov D, Capitanio F, Di Lalla N, Draghis P, Fabiani S, Kagitani M, Kravtsov V, Kiehlmann S, Latronico L, Lutovinov AA, Mandarakas N, Marin F, Marinucci A, Miller JM, Mizuno T, Molkov SV, Omodei N, Petrucci PO, Ratheesh A, Sakanoi T, Semena AN, Skalidis R, Soffitta P, Tennant AF, Thalhammer P, Tombesi F, Weisskopf MC, Wilms J, Zhang S, Agudo I, Antonelli LA, Bachetti M, Baldini L, Baumgartner WH, Bellazzini R, Bongiorno SD, Bonino R, Brez A, Bucciantini N, Castellano S, Cavazzuti E, Ciprini S, Costa E, De Rosa A, Del Monte E, Di Gesu L, Di Marco A, Donnarumma I, Doroshenko V, Ehlert SR, Enoto T, Evangelista Y, Ferrazzoli R, Gunji S, Hayashida K, Heyl J, Iwakiri W, Jorstad SG, Karas V, Kolodziejczak JJ, La Monaca F, Liodakis I, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Marscher AP, Marshall HL, Mitsuishi I, Ng CY, O’Dell SL, Oppedisano C, Papitto A, Pavlov GG, Peirson AL, Perri M, Pesce-Rollins M, Pilia M, Possenti A, Puccetti S, Ramsey BD, Romani RW, Sgrò C, Slane P, Spandre G, Tamagawa T, Tavecchio F, Taverna R, Tawara Y, Thomas NE, Trois A, Tsygankov S, Turolla R, Vink J, Wu K, Xie F, Zane S. Polarized x-rays constrain the disk-jet geometry in the black hole x-ray binary Cygnus X-1. Science 2022; 378:650-654. [DOI: 10.1126/science.add5399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A black hole x-ray binary (XRB) system forms when gas is stripped from a normal star and accretes onto a black hole, which heats the gas sufficiently to emit x-rays. We report a polarimetric observation of the XRB Cygnus X-1 using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer. The electric field position angle aligns with the outflowing jet, indicating that the jet is launched from the inner x-ray emitting region. The polarization degree is 4.01 ± 0.20% at 2 to 8 kiloelectronvolts, implying that the accretion disk is viewed closer to edge-on than the binary orbit. The observations reveal that hot x-ray emitting plasma is spatially extended in a plane perpendicular to the jet axis, not parallel to the jet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henric Krawczynski
- Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Fabio Muleri
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Michal Dovčiak
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Veledina
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics (Nordita), Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Nicole Rodriguez Cavero
- Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jiri Svoboda
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Ingram
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Giorgio Matt
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Javier A. Garcia
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Vladislav Loktev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Michela Negro
- Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Juri Poutanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Takao Kitaguchi
- Rikagaku Kenkyūjyo (RIKEN) Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jakub Podgorný
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
- Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7550, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Astronomical Institute, Charles University, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - John Rankin
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Wenda Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Andrei Berdyugin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Svetlana V. Berdyugina
- Leibniz-Institut für Sonnenphysik, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Istituto Ricerche Solari (IRSOL) Aldo e Cele Daccò, Faculty of Informatics, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6605 Locarno, Switzerland
- Euler Institute, Faculty of Informatics, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6962 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Dmitry Blinov
- Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Fiamma Capitanio
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Niccolò Di Lalla
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul Draghis
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sergio Fabiani
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Masato Kagitani
- School of Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
| | - Vadim Kravtsov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sebastian Kiehlmann
- Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Luca Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Nikos Mandarakas
- Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Frédéric Marin
- Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7550, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Jon M. Miller
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tsunefumi Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Sergey V. Molkov
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Nicola Omodei
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pierre-Olivier Petrucci
- Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ajay Ratheesh
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Takeshi Sakanoi
- School of Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
| | - Andrei N. Semena
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Raphael Skalidis
- Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Paolo Soffitta
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Phillipp Thalhammer
- Dr. Karl Remeis Observatory, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - Francesco Tombesi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Roma, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Joern Wilms
- Dr. Karl Remeis Observatory, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - Sixuan Zhang
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Iván Agudo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Lucio A. Antonelli
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy
- Space Science Data Center, ASI, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Matteo Bachetti
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, 09047 Selargius, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luca Baldini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Ronaldo Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Brez
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Niccolò Bucciantini
- INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, 50125 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Simone Castellano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Ciprini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Roma, Italy
- Space Science Data Center, ASI, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Enrico Costa
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Rosa
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Ettore Del Monte
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Di Marco
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Victor Doroshenko
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Teruaki Enoto
- Rikagaku Kenkyūjyo (RIKEN) Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuri Evangelista
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ferrazzoli
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Shuichi Gunji
- Department of Physics, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata-shi 990-8560, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hayashida
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jeremy Heyl
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wataru Iwakiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Svetlana G. Jorstad
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Astrophysics, St. Petersburg State University, Petrodvoretz, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir Karas
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | | | - Fabio La Monaca
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Ioannis Liodakis
- Finnish Centre for Astronomy with the European Southern Observatory (ESO), 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Simone Maldera
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Manfreda
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alan P. Marscher
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Herman L. Marshall
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ikuyuki Mitsuishi
- Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Chi-Yung Ng
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | - Chiara Oppedisano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papitto
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy
| | - George G. Pavlov
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Abel L. Peirson
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matteo Perri
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy
- Space Science Data Center, ASI, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Maura Pilia
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, 09047 Selargius, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Possenti
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, 09047 Selargius, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Brian D. Ramsey
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | - Roger W. Romani
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carmelo Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrick Slane
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gloria Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Toru Tamagawa
- Astronomical Institute, Charles University, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Roberto Taverna
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Yuzuru Tawara
- Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | | | - Alessio Trois
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, 09047 Selargius, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sergey Tsygankov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Roberto Turolla
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - Jacco Vink
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kinwah Wu
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - Fei Xie
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Silvia Zane
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
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4
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Liodakis I, Marscher AP, Agudo I, Berdyugin AV, Bernardos MI, Bonnoli G, Borman GA, Casadio C, Casanova V, Cavazzuti E, Rodriguez Cavero N, Di Gesu L, Di Lalla N, Donnarumma I, Ehlert SR, Errando M, Escudero J, García-Comas M, Agís-González B, Husillos C, Jormanainen J, Jorstad SG, Kagitani M, Kopatskaya EN, Kravtsov V, Krawczynski H, Lindfors E, Larionova EG, Madejski GM, Marin F, Marchini A, Marshall HL, Morozova DA, Massaro F, Masiero JR, Mawet D, Middei R, Millar-Blanchaer MA, Myserlis I, Negro M, Nilsson K, O’Dell SL, Omodei N, Pacciani L, Paggi A, Panopoulou GV, Peirson AL, Perri M, Petrucci PO, Poutanen J, Puccetti S, Romani RW, Sakanoi T, Savchenko SS, Sota A, Tavecchio F, Tinyanont S, Vasilyev AA, Weaver ZR, Zhovtan AV, Antonelli LA, Bachetti M, Baldini L, Baumgartner WH, Bellazzini R, Bianchi S, Bongiorno SD, Bonino R, Brez A, Bucciantini N, Capitanio F, Castellano S, Ciprini S, Costa E, De Rosa A, Del Monte E, Di Marco A, Doroshenko V, Dovčiak M, Enoto T, Evangelista Y, Fabiani S, Ferrazzoli R, Garcia JA, Gunji S, Hayashida K, Heyl J, Iwakiri W, Karas V, Kitaguchi T, Kolodziejczak JJ, La Monaca F, Latronico L, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Marinucci A, Matt G, Mitsuishi I, Mizuno T, Muleri F, Ng SCY, Oppedisano C, Papitto A, Pavlov GG, Pesce-Rollins M, Pilia M, Possenti A, Ramsey BD, Rankin J, Ratheesh A, Sgró C, Slane P, Soffitta P, Spandre G, Tamagawa T, Taverna R, Tawara Y, Tennant AF, Thomas NE, Tombesi F, Trois A, Tsygankov S, Turolla R, Vink J, Weisskopf MC, Wu K, Xie F, Zane S. Polarized blazar X-rays imply particle acceleration in shocks. Nature 2022; 611:677-681. [PMID: 36418451 PMCID: PMC9684068 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most of the light from blazars, active galactic nuclei with jets of magnetized plasma that point nearly along the line of sight, is produced by high-energy particles, up to around 1 TeV. Although the jets are known to be ultimately powered by a supermassive black hole, how the particles are accelerated to such high energies has been an unanswered question. The process must be related to the magnetic field, which can be probed by observations of the polarization of light from the jets. Measurements of the radio to optical polarization-the only range available until now-probe extended regions of the jet containing particles that left the acceleration site days to years earlier1-3, and hence do not directly explore the acceleration mechanism, as could X-ray measurements. Here we report the detection of X-ray polarization from the blazar Markarian 501 (Mrk 501). We measure an X-ray linear polarization degree ΠX of around 10%, which is a factor of around 2 higher than the value at optical wavelengths, with a polarization angle parallel to the radio jet. This points to a shock front as the source of particle acceleration and also implies that the plasma becomes increasingly turbulent with distance from the shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Liodakis
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, FI-20014, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Alan P. Marscher
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Iván Agudo
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Andrei V. Berdyugin
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria I. Bernardos
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Giacomo Bonnoli
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain ,grid.450217.5INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Merate (LC), Italy
| | - George A. Borman
- Crimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny, Nauchnij, Crimea
| | - Carolina Casadio
- grid.4834.b0000 0004 0635 685XInstitute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Voutes, Heraklion, Greece ,grid.8127.c0000 0004 0576 3437Department of Physics, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Víctor Casanova
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Elisabetta Cavazzuti
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Nicole Rodriguez Cavero
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Laura Di Gesu
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Niccoló Di Lalla
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Immacolata Donnarumma
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Steven R. Ehlert
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Manel Errando
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Juan Escudero
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Maya García-Comas
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Agís-González
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - César Husillos
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Jenni Jormanainen
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, FI-20014, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ,grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Svetlana G. Jorstad
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA USA ,grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Laboratory of Observational Astrophysics, St Petersburg University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Masato Kagitani
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Evgenia N. Kopatskaya
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vadim Kravtsov
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henric Krawczynski
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Elina Lindfors
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, FI-20014, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elena G. Larionova
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Grzegorz M. Madejski
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University and SLAC, Menlo Park, CA USA
| | - Frédéric Marin
- grid.440483.f0000 0000 9383 4469Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alessandro Marchini
- grid.9024.f0000 0004 1757 4641Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, Astronomical Observatory, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Herman L. Marshall
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Daria A. Morozova
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Francesco Massaro
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Dimitri Mawet
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Riccardo Middei
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Roma, Italy ,grid.463298.20000 0001 2168 8201INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | | | | | - Michela Negro
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST), Greenbelt, MD USA ,grid.266673.00000 0001 2177 1144Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Kari Nilsson
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, FI-20014, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Stephen L. O’Dell
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Nicola Omodei
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Luigi Pacciani
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paggi
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy ,grid.436940.cINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
| | | | - Abel L. Peirson
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Matteo Perri
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Roma, Italy ,grid.463298.20000 0001 2168 8201INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | | | - Juri Poutanen
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ,grid.426428.e0000 0004 0405 8736Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Simonetta Puccetti
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Roger W. Romani
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Takeshi Sakanoi
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sergey S. Savchenko
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia ,grid.4886.20000 0001 2192 9124Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnii Arkhyz, Russia ,grid.437494.90000 0000 9168 8058Pulkovo Observatory, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alfredo Sota
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Samaporn Tinyanont
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Andrey A. Vasilyev
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Zachary R. Weaver
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Alexey V. Zhovtan
- Crimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny, Nauchnij, Crimea
| | - Lucio A. Antonelli
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Roma, Italy ,grid.463298.20000 0001 2168 8201INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Matteo Bachetti
- grid.437052.70000 0001 0096 8079INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - Luca Baldini
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy ,grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Wayne H. Baumgartner
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Ronaldo Bellazzini
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Bianchi
- grid.8509.40000000121622106Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Universitá degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Stephen D. Bongiorno
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Raffaella Bonino
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Brez
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Niccoló Bucciantini
- grid.426239.80000 0000 9176 4495INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Firenze, Italy ,grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy ,grid.470204.5Q30265285Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Fiamma Capitanio
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Simone Castellano
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Ciprini
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Roma, Italy ,grid.470219.9Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Enrico Costa
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Rosa
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Ettore Del Monte
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Marco
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Victor Doroshenko
- grid.426428.e0000 0004 0405 8736Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ,grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michal Dovčiak
- grid.423799.20000 0004 0385 3578Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ondřejov, Czech Republic
| | - Teruaki Enoto
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuri Evangelista
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Sergio Fabiani
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ferrazzoli
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Javier A. Garcia
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Shuichi Gunji
- grid.268394.20000 0001 0674 7277Yamagata University, Yamagata-shi, Japan
| | | | - Jeremy Heyl
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Wataru Iwakiri
- grid.443595.a0000 0001 2323 0843Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vladimir Karas
- grid.423799.20000 0004 0385 3578Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ondřejov, Czech Republic
| | - Takao Kitaguchi
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Fabio La Monaca
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Latronico
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Maldera
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Manfreda
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Marinucci
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Matt
- grid.8509.40000000121622106Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Universitá degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Ikuyuki Mitsuishi
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XGraduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsunefumi Mizuno
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fabio Muleri
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Stephen C.-Y. Ng
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chiara Oppedisano
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papitto
- grid.463298.20000 0001 2168 8201INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - George G. Pavlov
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | | | - Maura Pilia
- grid.437052.70000 0001 0096 8079INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - Andrea Possenti
- grid.437052.70000 0001 0096 8079INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - Brian D. Ramsey
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - John Rankin
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Ajay Ratheesh
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Carmelo Sgró
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrick Slane
- grid.455754.20000 0001 1781 4754Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Paolo Soffitta
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Gloria Spandre
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Toru Tamagawa
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Roberto Taverna
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Yuzuru Tawara
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XGraduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Allyn F. Tennant
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Nicolas E. Thomas
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Francesco Tombesi
- grid.6530.00000 0001 2300 0941Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessio Trois
- grid.437052.70000 0001 0096 8079INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - Sergey Tsygankov
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ,grid.426428.e0000 0004 0405 8736Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roberto Turolla
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
| | - Jacco Vink
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy & GRAPPA, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin C. Weisskopf
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Kinwah Wu
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
| | - Fei Xie
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy ,grid.256609.e0000 0001 2254 5798Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Silvia Zane
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
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5
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Ackermann M, Ajello M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buehler R, Burns E, Buson S, Cameron RA, Caputo R, Caraveo PA, Cavazzuti E, Chen S, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Costantin D, Cuoco A, Cutini S, D'Ammando F, de la Torre Luque P, de Palma F, Desai A, Digel SW, Di Lalla N, Di Mauro M, Di Venere L, Fana Dirirsa F, Favuzzi C, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Green D, Grenier IA, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Horan D, Jóhannesson G, Kuss M, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Liodakis I, Longo F, Loparco F, Lubrano P, Magill JD, Maldera S, Malyshev D, Manfreda A, Mazziotta MN, Mereu I, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Negro M, Nuss E, Orienti M, Orlando E, Palatiello M, Paliya VS, Paneque D, Persic M, Pesce-Rollins M, Petrosian V, Piron F, Porter TA, Principe G, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Serini D, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi M, Thayer JB, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Troja E, Venters TM, Vianello G, Wood K, Yassine M, Zaharijas G, Ammazzalorso S, Fornengo N, Regis M. Unresolved Gamma-Ray Sky through its Angular Power Spectrum. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:241101. [PMID: 30608723 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.241101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The gamma-ray sky has been observed with unprecedented accuracy in the last decade by the Fermi -large area telescope (LAT), allowing us to resolve and understand the high-energy Universe. The nature of the remaining unresolved emission [unresolved gamma-ray background (UGRB)] below the LAT source detection threshold can be uncovered by characterizing the amplitude and angular scale of the UGRB fluctuation field. This Letter presents a measurement of the UGRB autocorrelation angular power spectrum based on eight years of Fermi-LAT Pass 8 data products. The analysis is designed to be robust against contamination from resolved sources and noise systematics. The sensitivity to subthreshold sources is greatly enhanced with respect to previous measurements. We find evidence (with ∼3.7σ significance) that the scenario in which two classes of sources contribute to the UGRB signal is favored over a single class. A double power law with exponential cutoff can explain the anisotropy energy spectrum well, with photon indices of the two populations being 2.55±0.23 and 1.86±0.15.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - S Ammazzalorso
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - N Fornengo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - M Regis
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
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6
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Aartsen M, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Al Samarai I, Altmann D, Andeen K, Anderson T, Ansseau I, Anton G, Argüelles C, Auffenberg J, Axani S, Bagherpour H, Bai X, Barron J, Barwick S, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty J, Becker KH, Tjus J, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson D, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Bohm C, Boerner M, Bos F, Boeser S, Botner O, Bourbeau E, Bourbeau J, Bradascio F, Braun J, Brenzke M, Bretz HP, Bron S, Brostean-Kaiser J, Burgman A, Busse R, Carver T, Cheng E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Clark K, Classen L, Coenders S, Collin G, Conrad J, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen D, Cross R, Dave P, Day M, de Andre JPAM, De Clercq C, Delaunay J, Dembinski H, DeRidder S, Desiati P, de Vries K, DeWasseige G, DeWith M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Di Lorenzo V, Dujmovic H, Dumm J, Dunkman M, Dvorak E, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Eller P, Evenson P, Fahey S, Fazely A, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Flis S, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fritz A, Gaisser T, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Glauch T, Gluesenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Gonzalez J, Grant D, Griffith Z, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill G, Hoffman K, Hoffmann R, Hoinka T, Hokanson-Fasig B, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Hultqvist K, Huennefeld M, Hussain R, In S, Iovine N, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze G, Jeong M, Jero K, Jones B, Kalaczynski P, Kang W, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Karg T, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley J, Kheirandish A, Kim J, Kim M, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Kittler T, Klein S, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Koepke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koschinsky JP, Koskinen J, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll M, Krueckl G, Kunwar S, Kurahashi Neilson N, Kuwabara T, Kyriacou A, Labare M, Lanfranchi J, Larson M, Lauber F, Leonard K, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Liu Q, Lozano Mariscal CJ, Lu L, Luenemann J, Luszczak W, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn K, Mancina S, Maruyama R, Mase K, Maunu R, Meagher K, Medici M, Meier M, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Micallef J, Momente G, Montaruli T, Moore R, Morse R, Moulai M, Nahnhauer R, Nakarmi P, Naumann U, Neer G, Niederhausen H, Nowicki S, Nygren D, Pollmann A, Olivas A, Murchadha AÓ, O'Sullivan E, Palczewski T, Pandya H, Pankova D, Peiffer P, Pepper J, de los Heros C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Plum M, Price B, Przybylski G, Raab C, Raedel L, Rameez M, Rauch L, Rawlins K, Rea IC, Reimann R, Relethford B, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk D, Safa I, Saelzer T, Sanchez S, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schlunder P, Schmidt T, Schneider A, Schoenen S, Schoneberg S, Schumacher L, Sclanfani S, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Soedingrekso J, Soldin D, Song M, Spiczak G, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Stein R, Stettner J, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad R, Stoessl A, Strotjohann NL, Stuttard T, Sullivan G, Sutherland M, Taboada I, Tatar J, Tenholt F, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tilav S, Toale P, Tobin M, Toennis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Tung C, Turcati A, Turley C, Ty B, Unger L, Usner M, Van Driessche W, Van Eijk D, van Eijndhoven N, Vandenbroucke J, Vanheule S, van Santen J, Vogel E, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wallraff M, Wandler F, Wandkowsky N, Waza A, Weaver C, Weiss M, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Westerhoff S, Whelan B, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch C, Wille L, Williams D, Wills L, Wolf M, Wood J, Wood T, Woschnagg K, Xu D, Xu X, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Yuan T, Abdollahi S, Ajello M, Angioni R, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Bissaldi E, Blandford R, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Büehler R, Burnett T, Burns E, Buson S, Cameron R, Caputo R, Caraveo PA, Cavazzuti E, Charles E, Chen S, Cheung T, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Costantin D, Cutini S, D'Ammando F, de Palma F, Digel S, Di Lalla N, Di Mauro M, Di Venere L, Domínguez A, Favuzzi C, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giomi M, Giommi P, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Green D, Grenier I, Grondin MH, Guiriec S, Harding A, Hayashida M, Hays L, Hewitt J, Horan D, Jóhannesson G, Kadler M, Kensei S, Kocevski D, Krauss F, Kreter M, Kuss M, La Mura G, Larsson S, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Li J, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette M, Lubrano P, Magill J, Maldera S, Malyshev D, Manfreda A, Mazziotta MN, McEnery J, Meyer M, Michelson P, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko I, Negro M, Nuss E, Ojha R, Omodei N, Orienti M, Orlando E, Palatiello M, Paliya V, Perkins J, Persic M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Porter T, Principe G, Rainò S, Rando R, Rani B, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Renault-Tinacci N, Ritz S, Rochester L, Parkinson PS, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Suson D, Tajima H, Takahashi M, Tanaka Y, Thayer J, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Torresi E, Tosti G, Troja E, Valverde JV, Vianello G, Vogel M, Wood K, Wood M, Zaharijas G, Ahnen ML, Ansoldi S, Antonelli LA, Arcaro C, Baack D, Babić A, Banerjee B, Bangale P, Barres de Almeida U, Barrio JA, González JB, Bednarek W, Bernardini E, Berti A, Bhattacharyya W, Biland A, Blanch O, Bonnoli G, Carosi R, Carosi A, Ceribella G, Chatterjee A, Colak SM, Colin P, Colombo E, Contreras JL, Cortina J, Covino S, Cumani P, Da Vela P, Dazzi F, De Angelis A, De Lotto B, Delfino M, Delgado J, Di Pierro F, Domínguez A, Dominis Prester D, Dorner D, Doro M, Einecke S, Elsaesser D, Fallah Ramazani V, Fernández-Barral A, Fidalgo D, Foffano L, Pfrang K, Fonseca MV, Font L, Fruck C, Galindo D, Gallozzi S, García López RJ, Garczarczyk M, Gaug M, Giammaria P, Godinović N, Gora D, Guberman D, Hadasch D, Hahn A, Hassan T, Hayashida M, Herrera J, Hose J, Hrupec D, Inoue S, Ishio K, Konno Y, Kubo H, Kushida J, Lelas D, Lindfors E, Lombardi S, Longo F, López M, Maggio C, Majumdar P, Makariev M, Maneva G, Manganaro M, Mannheim K, Maraschi L, Mariotti M, Martínez M, Masuda S, Mazin D, Minev M, Miranda JM, Mirzoyan R, Moralejo A, Moreno V, Moretti E, Nagayoshi T, Neustroev V, Niedzwiecki A, Nievas Rosillo M, Nigro C, Nilsson K, Ninci D, Nishijima K, Noda K, Nogués L, Paiano S, Palacio J, Paneque D, Paoletti R, Paredes JM, Pedaletti G, Peresano M, Persic M, Prada Moroni PG, Prandini E, Puljak I, Rodriguez J, Reichardt I, Rhode W, Ribó M, Rico J, Righi C, Rugliancich A, Saito T, Satalecka K, Schweizer T, Sitarek J, Šnidarić I, Sobczynska D, Stamerra A, Strzys M, Surić T, Takahashi M, Tavecchio F, Temnikov P, Terzić T, Teshima M, Torres-Albà N, Treves A, Tsujimoto S, Vanzo G, Vazquez Acosta M, Vovk I, Ward JE, Will M, Zarić D, Franceschini A, Lucarelli F, Tavani M, Piano G, Donnarumma I, Pittori C, Verrecchia F, Barbiellini G, Bulgarelli A, Caraveo P, Cattaneo PW, Colafrancesco S, Costa E, Di Cocco G, Ferrari A, Gianotti F, Giuliani A, Lipari P, Mereghetti S, Morselli 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Barbosa E, Mostafa M, Nayerhoda A, Nellen L, Newbold M, Nisa MU, Noriega-Papaqui R, Pelayo R, Pretz J, Pérez Pérez EG, Ren Z, Rho CD, Rivière C, González DR, Rosenberg M, Ruiz-Velasco E, Ruiz-Velasco E, Greus FS, Sandoval A, Schneider M, Schoorlemmer H, Sinnis G, Smith AJ, Springer W, Surajbali P, Tibolla O, Tollefson K, Torres I, Villaseñor L, Weisgarber T, Werner F, Yapici T, Yodh G, Zepeda A, Zhou H, Álvarez Romero JDD, Abdalla H, Angüner EO, Armand C, Backes M, Becherini Y, Berge D, Böttcher M, Boisson C, Bolmont J, Bonnefoy S, Bordas P, Brun F, Büchele M, Bulik T, Caroff S, Carosi A, Casanova S, Cerruti M, Chakraborty N, Chandra S, Chen A, Colafrancesco S, Davids ID, Deil C, Devin J, Djannati-Ataï A, Egberts K, Emery G, Eschbach S, Fiasson A, Fontaine G, Funk S, Füßling M, Gallant YA, Gaté F, Giavitto G, Glawion D, Glicenstein JF, Gottschall D, Grondin MH, Haupt M, Henri G, Hinton JA, Hoischen C, Holch TL, Huber D, Jamrozy M, Jankowsky D, Jankowsky F, Jouvin L, Jung-Richardt I, 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Tyler J, Vassiliev V, Wakely S, Weinstein A, Wells R, Wilcox P, Wilhelm A, Williams D, Zitzer B, Tetarenko A, Kimball A, Miller-Jones J, Sivakoff G. Multimessenger observations of a flaring blazar coincident with high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A. Science 2018; 361:science.aat1378. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aat1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Previous detections of individual astrophysical sources of neutrinos are limited to the Sun and the supernova 1987A, whereas the origins of the diffuse flux of high-energy cosmic neutrinos remain unidentified. On 22 September 2017, we detected a high-energy neutrino, IceCube-170922A, with an energy of ~290 tera–electron volts. Its arrival direction was consistent with the location of a known γ-ray blazar, TXS 0506+056, observed to be in a flaring state. An extensive multiwavelength campaign followed, ranging from radio frequencies to γ-rays. These observations characterize the variability and energetics of the blazar and include the detection of TXS 0506+056 in very-high-energy γ-rays. This observation of a neutrino in spatial coincidence with a γ-ray–emitting blazar during an active phase suggests that blazars may be a source of high-energy neutrinos.
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Clark CJ, Pletsch HJ, Wu J, Guillemot L, Kerr M, Johnson TJ, Camilo F, Salvetti D, Allen B, Anderson D, Aulbert C, Beer C, Bock O, Cuéllar A, Eggenstein HB, Fehrmann H, Kramer M, Kwang SA, Machenschalk B, Nieder L, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buehler R, Burnett TH, Buson S, Cameron RA, Caputo R, Caraveo PA, Cavazzuti E, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Ciprini S, Cominsky LR, Costantin D, Cutini S, D’Ammando F, De Luca A, Desiante R, Di Venere L, Di Mauro M, Di Lalla N, Digel SW, Favuzzi C, Ferrara EC, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Gomez-Vargas GA, Green D, Grenier IA, Guiriec S, Harding AK, Hewitt JW, Horan D, Jóhannesson G, Kensei S, Kuss M, La Mura G, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Magill JD, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Michelson PF, Mirabal N, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orienti M, Orlando E, Palatiello M, Paliya VS, de Palma F, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Persic M, Pesce-Rollins M, Porter TA, Principe G, Rainò S, Rando R, Ray PS, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Romani RW, Saz Parkinson PM, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Thayer JB, Thompson DJ, Torres DF, Troja E, Vianello G, Wood K, Wood M. Einstein@Home discovers a radio-quiet gamma-ray millisecond pulsar. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaao7228. [PMID: 29503868 PMCID: PMC5829974 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao7228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Millisecond pulsars (MSPs) are old neutron stars that spin hundreds of times per second and appear to pulsate as their emission beams cross our line of sight. To date, radio pulsations have been detected from all rotation-powered MSPs. In an attempt to discover radio-quiet gamma-ray MSPs, we used the aggregated power from the computers of tens of thousands of volunteers participating in the Einstein@Home distributed computing project to search for pulsations from unidentified gamma-ray sources in Fermi Large Area Telescope data. This survey discovered two isolated MSPs, one of which is the only known rotation-powered MSP to remain undetected in radio observations. These gamma-ray MSPs were discovered in completely blind searches without prior constraints from other observations, raising hopes for detecting MSPs from a predicted Galactic bulge population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Clark
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Holger J. Pletsch
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jason Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lucas Guillemot
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement et de l’Espace–Université d’Orléans/CNRS, F-45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France
- Station de radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, F-18330 Nançay, France
| | - Matthew Kerr
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375–5352, USA
| | - Tyrel J. Johnson
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Fernando Camilo
- Square Kilometre Array South Africa, Pinelands 7405, South Africa
| | - David Salvetti
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica Milano, via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Bruce Allen
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - David Anderson
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Carsten Aulbert
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Beer
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Bock
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andres Cuéllar
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Heinz-Bernd Eggenstein
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsam-Golm, Germany
| | - Henning Fehrmann
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Kramer
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Shawn A. Kwang
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Bernd Machenschalk
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lars Nieder
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - Marco Ajello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Laboratory of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634–0978, USA
| | - Luca Baldini
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jean Ballet
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Guido Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Denis Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ronaldo Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bissaldi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Roger D. Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elliott D. Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Raffaella Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Eugenio Bottacini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Johan Bregeon
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Rolf Buehler
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - Toby H. Burnett
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195–1560, USA
| | - Sara Buson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Rob A. Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Regina Caputo
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Patrizia A. Caraveo
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica Milano, via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Eric Charles
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Stefano Ciprini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Space Science Data Center–Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, I-00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Lynn R. Cominsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928–3609, USA
| | - Denise Costantin
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Cutini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Space Science Data Center–Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, I-00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Filippo D’Ammando
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea De Luca
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica Milano, via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori (IUSS), I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rachele Desiante
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Leonardo Di Venere
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mattia Di Mauro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Niccolò Di Lalla
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Seth W. Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cecilia Favuzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Elizabeth C. Ferrara
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Sciences and Technology II, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Anna Franckowiak
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - Yasushi Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Stefan Funk
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Piergiorgio Fusco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Dario Gasparrini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Space Science Data Center–Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, I-00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Nico Giglietto
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Giordano
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Germán A. Gomez-Vargas
- Instituto de Astrofísica, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - David Green
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Isabelle A. Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Sylvain Guiriec
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, 725 21st Street, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | | | - John W. Hewitt
- Department of Physics, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Deirdre Horan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Guðlaugur Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
- NORDITA, Roslagstullsbacken 23, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shiki Kensei
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Michael Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni La Mura
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefan Larsson
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Magrans s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesco Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Loparco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Jeffrey D. Magill
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Simone Maldera
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Manfreda
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario N. Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Julie E. McEnery
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Peter F. Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nestor Mirabal
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Warit Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tsunefumi Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Maria Elena Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aldo Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Igor V. Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Takashi Ohsugi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Nicola Omodei
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Monica Orienti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Orlando
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michele Palatiello
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Vaidehi S. Paliya
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Laboratory of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634–0978, USA
| | - Francesco de Palma
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Università Telematica Pegaso, Piazza Trieste e Trento, 48, I-80132 Napoli, Italy
| | - David Paneque
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | | | - Massimo Persic
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, I-34143 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Troy A. Porter
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Giacomo Principe
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silvia Rainò
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paul S. Ray
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375–5352, USA
| | | | - Anita Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Olaf Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roger W. Romani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pablo M. Saz Parkinson
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
- Laboratory for Space Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carmelo Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eric J. Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, NY 11560–1025, USA
| | - David A. Smith
- Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, IN2P3/CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1, BP120, F-33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - Francesca Spada
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gloria Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Jana B. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Diego F. Torres
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Magrans s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eleonora Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Giacomo Vianello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kent Wood
- Praxis Inc., Alexandria, VA 22303, USA
| | - Matthew Wood
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Ajello M, Albert A, Anderson B, Baldini L, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buehler R, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caragiulo M, Caraveo PA, Cecchi C, Chekhtman A, Ciprini S, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Costanza F, D'Ammando F, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Desiante R, Di Mauro M, Di Venere L, Domínguez A, Drell PS, Favuzzi C, Focke WB, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Guiriec S, Horan D, Jóhannesson G, Katsuragawa M, Kensei S, Kuss M, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Li L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, Meyer M, Michelson PF, Mirabal N, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Negro M, Nuss E, Okada C, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Sánchez-Conde M, Sgrò C, Simone D, Siskind EJ, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Takahashi H, Thayer JB, Torres DF, Tosti G, Troja E, Uchiyama Y, Wood KS, Wood M, Zaharijas G, Zimmer S. Search for Spectral Irregularities due to Photon-Axionlike-Particle Oscillations with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:161101. [PMID: 27152783 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.161101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on the search for spectral irregularities induced by oscillations between photons and axionlike-particles (ALPs) in the γ-ray spectrum of NGC 1275, the central galaxy of the Perseus cluster. Using 6 years of Fermi Large Area Telescope data, we find no evidence for ALPs and exclude couplings above 5×10^{-12} GeV^{-1} for ALP masses 0.5≲m_{a}≲5 neV at 95% confidence. The limits are competitive with the sensitivity of planned laboratory experiments, and, together with other bounds, strongly constrain the possibility that ALPs can reduce the γ-ray opacity of the Universe.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ajello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0978, USA
| | - A Albert
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - B Anderson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Baldini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - R Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E Bissaldi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R D Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - E D Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale "Amadeo Avogadro," Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - E Bottacini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J Bregeon
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - P Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - R Buehler
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - G A Caliandro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - R A Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M Caragiulo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P A Caraveo
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - C Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A Chekhtman
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA and Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
| | - S Ciprini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - J Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - J Conrad
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Costanza
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F D'Ammando
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - A de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine
| | - F de Palma
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Università Telematica Pegaso, Piazza Trieste e Trento, 48, I-80132 Napoli, Italy
| | - R Desiante
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - M Di Mauro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - L Di Venere
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A Domínguez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0978, USA
| | - P S Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - C Favuzzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - W B Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Franckowiak
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Y Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - S Funk
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Fusco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D Gasparrini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - N Giglietto
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - T Glanzman
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S Guiriec
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - D Horan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - G Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - M Katsuragawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - S Kensei
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - M Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S Larsson
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - J Li
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Li
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F Loparco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - G M Madejski
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S Maldera
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - A Manfreda
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Mayer
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M N Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Meyer
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P F Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - N Mirabal
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - T Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - M E Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - I V Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S Murgia
- Center for Cosmology, Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2575, USA
| | - M Negro
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale "Amadeo Avogadro," Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - E Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - C Okada
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - E Orlando
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J F Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, USA
| | - D Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J S Perkins
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M Pesce-Rollins
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - F Piron
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - G Pivato
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - T A Porter
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S Rainò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Sánchez-Conde
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - D Simone
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - E J Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, New York 11560-1025, USA
| | - F Spada
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P Spinelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - H Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - J B Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - D F Torres
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Tosti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - E Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Y Uchiyama
- Department of Physics, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - K S Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5352, USA
| | - M Wood
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G Zaharijas
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, and Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - S Zimmer
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ackermann M, Ajello M, Albert A, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonino R, Bregeon J, Britto RJ, Bruel P, Buehler R, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caragiulo M, Caraveo PA, Cavazzuti E, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, Costanza F, Cutini S, D'Ammando F, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Desiante R, Digel SW, Di Mauro M, Di Venere L, Domínguez A, Drell PS, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giommi P, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Godfrey G, Green D, Grenier IA, Guiriec S, Hays E, Horan D, Iafrate G, Jogler T, Jóhannesson G, Kuss M, La Mura G, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Li L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Magill J, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Negro M, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Okada C, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Petrosian V, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Romani RW, Sánchez-Conde M, Schmid J, Schulz A, Sgrò C, Simone D, Siskind EJ, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Thayer JB, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Troja E, Vianello G, Yassine M, Zimmer S. Resolving the Extragalactic γ-Ray Background above 50 GeV with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:151105. [PMID: 27127954 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.151105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) Collaboration has recently released a catalog of 360 sources detected above 50 GeV (2FHL). This catalog was obtained using 80 months of data re-processed with Pass 8, the newest event-level analysis, which significantly improves the acceptance and angular resolution of the instrument. Most of the 2FHL sources at high Galactic latitude are blazars. Using detailed Monte Carlo simulations, we measure, for the first time, the source count distribution, dN/dS, of extragalactic γ-ray sources at E>50 GeV and find that it is compatible with a Euclidean distribution down to the lowest measured source flux in the 2FHL (∼8×10^{-12} ph cm^{-2} s^{-1}). We employ a one-point photon fluctuation analysis to constrain the behavior of dN/dS below the source detection threshold. Overall, the source count distribution is constrained over three decades in flux and found compatible with a broken power law with a break flux, S_{b}, in the range [8×10^{-12},1.5×10^{-11}] ph cm^{-2} s^{-1} and power-law indices below and above the break of α_{2}∈[1.60,1.75] and α_{1}=2.49±0.12, respectively. Integration of dN/dS shows that point sources account for at least 86_{-14}^{+16}% of the total extragalactic γ-ray background. The simple form of the derived source count distribution is consistent with a single population (i.e., blazars) dominating the source counts to the minimum flux explored by this analysis. We estimate the density of sources detectable in blind surveys that will be performed in the coming years by the Cherenkov Telescope Array.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Ajello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634-0978, USA
| | - A Albert
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W B Atwood
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - L Baldini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J Ballet
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - G Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - K Bechtol
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - R Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E Bissaldi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R D Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E D Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale "Amadeo Avogadro", Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - J Bregeon
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - R J Britto
- Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - P Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - R Buehler
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - G A Caliandro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - R A Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Caragiulo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P A Caraveo
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - E Cavazzuti
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - C Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - E Charles
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A Chekhtman
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, resident at Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - J Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G Chiaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S Ciprini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - J Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - L R Cominsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928-3609, USA
| | - F Costanza
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S Cutini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
| | - F D'Ammando
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - A de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine
| | - F de Palma
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Università Telematica Pegaso, Piazza Trieste e Trento, 48, I-80132 Napoli, Italy
| | - R Desiante
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - S W Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Di Mauro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L Di Venere
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A Domínguez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634-0978, USA
| | - P S Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - C Favuzzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S J Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - E C Ferrara
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - A Franckowiak
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Y Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - S Funk
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Fusco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D Gasparrini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - N Giglietto
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P Giommi
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - F Giordano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Giroletti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - G Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D Green
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - I A Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - S Guiriec
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, USA
| | - E Hays
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D Horan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - G Iafrate
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, I-34143 Trieste, Italy
| | - T Jogler
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - M Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G La Mura
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Larsson
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - J Li
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Li
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F Loparco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - B Lott
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, IN2P3/CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1, BP120, F-33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - M N Lovellette
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5352, USA
| | - P Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - G M Madejski
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J Magill
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - S Maldera
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - A Manfreda
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Mayer
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M N Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P F Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - T Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A A Moiseev
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M E Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - I V Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S Murgia
- Center for Cosmology, Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2575, USA
| | - M Negro
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale "Amadeo Avogadro", Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - E Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T Ohsugi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - C Okada
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - N Omodei
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E Orlando
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J F Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, USA
| | - D Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J S Perkins
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - M Pesce-Rollins
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - V Petrosian
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - F Piron
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - G Pivato
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - T A Porter
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S Rainò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Funded by contract FIRB-2012-RBFR12PM1F from the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR)
| | - S Razzaque
- Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - A Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T Reposeur
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, IN2P3/CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1, BP120, F-33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - R W Romani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Sánchez-Conde
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Schmid
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - A Schulz
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - C Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - D Simone
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - E J Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, New York 11560-1025, USA
| | - F Spada
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P Spinelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D J Suson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, Indiana 46323-2094, USA
| | - H Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - J B Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L Tibaldo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D F Torres
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - G Vianello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Yassine
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - S Zimmer
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ackermann M, Ajello M, Albert A, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buehler R, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caragiulo M, Caraveo PA, Cavazzuti E, Cecchi C, Chekhtman A, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Costanza F, Cuoco A, Cutini S, D’Ammando F, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Desiante R, Digel SW, Di Venere L, Drell PS, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Franckowiak A, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grove JE, Guiriec S, Harding AK, Hewitt JW, Horan D, Hou X, Iafrate G, Jóhannesson G, Kamae T, Kuss M, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Li L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Magill J, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Murgia S, Nuss E, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Petrosian V, Piron F, Pivato G, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Takahashi H, Thayer JB, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Troja E, Vianello G, Winer BL, Wood KS, Yassine M, Cerutti F, Ferrari A, Sala PR. Measurement of the high-energy gamma-ray emission from the Moon with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Phys Rev D 2016; 93:082001. [PMID: 32743154 PMCID: PMC7394319 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.93.082001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the gamma-ray emission spectrum of the Moon using the data collected by the Large Area Telescope onboard the Fermi satellite during its first seven years of operation, in the energy range from 30 MeV up to a few GeV. We have also studied the time evolution of the flux, finding a correlation with the solar activity. We have developed a full Monte Carlo simulation describing the interactions of cosmic rays with the lunar surface. The results of the present analysis can be explained in the framework of this model, where the production of gamma rays is due to the interactions of cosmic-ray proton and helium nuclei with the surface of the Moon. Finally, we have used our simulation to derive the cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra near Earth from the Moon gamma-ray data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M. Ajello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0978, USA
| | - A. Albert
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - W. B. Atwood
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - L. Baldini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G. Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D. Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - R. Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. Bissaldi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. D. Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R. Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale “AmadeoAvogadro”, Università degli Studidi Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - E. Bottacini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J. Bregeon
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - P. Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - R. Buehler
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - G. A. Caliandro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - R. A. Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M. Caragiulo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. A. Caraveo
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - E. Cavazzuti
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - C. Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. Chekhtman
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA and resident at Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA
| | - J. Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G. Chiaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Ciprini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - R. Claus
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J. Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - F. Costanza
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A. Cuoco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale “AmadeoAvogadro”, Università degli Studidi Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - S. Cutini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
| | - F. D’Ammando
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - A. de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine
| | - F. de Palma
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Università Telematica Pegaso, Piazza Trieste e Trento, 48, I-80132 Napoli, Italy
| | - R. Desiante
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - S. W. Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - L. Di Venere
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. S. Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - C. Favuzzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. J. Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - W. B. Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A. Franckowiak
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S. Funk
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P. Fusco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D. Gasparrini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - N. Giglietto
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Giordano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Giroletti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - T. Glanzman
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G. Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - I. A. Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - J. E. Grove
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375-5352, USA
| | - S. Guiriec
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, USA
| | - A. K. Harding
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - J. W. Hewitt
- Department of Physics, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| | - D. Horan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - X. Hou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650216, China
- Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650216, China
| | - G. Iafrate
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, I-34143 Trieste, Italy
| | - G. Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - T. Kamae
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - M. Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Larsson
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L. Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - J. Li
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Li
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F. Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Loparco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. N. Lovellette
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375-5352, USA
| | - P. Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - J. Magill
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S. Maldera
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - A. Manfreda
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Mayer
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M. N. Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. F. Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - W. Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - T. Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - M. E. Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A. Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata”, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - S. Murgia
- Center for Cosmology, Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2575, USA
| | - E. Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - N. Omodei
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - E. Orlando
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J. F. Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, USA
| | - D. Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J. S. Perkins
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M. Pesce-Rollins
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - V. Petrosian
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - F. Piron
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - G. Pivato
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Rainò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M. Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Funded by contract FIRB-2012-RBFR12PM1F from the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR)
| | - A. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T. Reposeur
- Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, IN2P3/CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1, BP120, F-33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - C. Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. J. Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, New York 11560-1025, USA
| | - F. Spada
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G. Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P. Spinelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - H. Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - J. B. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - D. J. Thompson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - L. Tibaldo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D. F. Torres
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - G. Tosti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - E. Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - G. Vianello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - B. L. Winer
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K. S. Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375-5352, USA
| | - M. Yassine
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | | | - F. Cerutti
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A. Ferrari
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P. R. Sala
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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Ackermann M, Albert A, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Barbieri C, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buehler R, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cuoco A, Cutini S, D’Ammando F, Desiante FDPR, Digel SW, Di Venere L, Drell PS, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Franckowiak A, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hagiwara K, Harding AK, Hays E, Hewitt JW, Hill AB, Horan D, Johnson TJ, Knödlseder J, Kuss M, Larsson S, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Li J, Li L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Marshall F, Martin P, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, Michelson PF, Mirabal N, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Naletto G, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Orienti M, Orlando E, Paneque D, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Romani RW, Parkinson PMS, Schulz A, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Thayer JB, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Uchiyama Y, Vianello G, Wood KS, Wood M, Zampieri L. An extremely bright gamma-ray pulsar in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Science 2015; 350:801-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aac7400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Palmer SC, Ruospo M, Wong G, Craig JC, Petruzzi M, De Benedittis M, Ford P, Johnson DW, Tonelli M, Natale P, Saglimbene V, Pellegrini F, Celia E, Gelfman R, Leal MR, Torok M, Stroumza P, Bednarek-Skublewska A, Dulawa J, Frantzen L, Ferrari JN, del Castillo D, Bernat AG, Hegbrant J, Wollheim C, Gargano L, Bots CP, Strippoli GF, Raña S, Serrano M, Claros S, Arias M, Petracci L, Arana M, De Rosa P, Gutierrez A, Simon M, Vergara V, Tosi M, Cernadas M, Vilamajó I, Gravac D, Paulón M, Penayo L, Carrizo G, Ghiani M, Perez G, Da Cruz O, Galarce D, Gravielle M, Vescovo E, Paparone R, Mato Mira C, Mojico E, Hermida O, Florio D, Yucoswky M, Labonia W, Rubio D, Di Napoli G, Fernandez A, Altman H, Rodriguez J, Serrano S, Valle G, Lobos M, Acosta V, Corpacci G, Jofre M, Gianoni L, Chiesura G, Capdevila M, Montenegro J, Bequi J, Dayer J, Gómez A, Calderón C, Abrego E, Cechín C, García J, Corral J, Natiello M, Coronel A, Muñiz M, Muñiz V, Bonelli A, Sanchez F, Maestre S, Olivera S, Camargo M, Avalos V, Geandet E, Canteli M, Escobar A, Sena E, Tirado S, Peñalba A, Neme G, Cisneros M, Oliszewski R, Nascar V, Daud M, Mansilla S, Paredes Álvarez A, Gamín L, Arijón M, Coombes M, Zapata M, Boriceanu C, Frantzen-Trendel S, Albert K, Csaszar I, Kiss E, Kosa D, Orosz A, Redl J, Kovacs L, Varga E, Szabo M, Magyar K, Kriza G, Zajko E, Bereczki A, Csikos J, Kuti A, Mike A, Steiner K, Nemeth E, Tolnai K, Toth A, Vinczene J, Szummer S, Tanyi E, Toth R, Szilvia M, Dambrosio N, Paparella G, Sambati M, Donatelli C, Pedone F, Cagnazzo V, Antinoro R, Torsello F, Saturno C, Giannoccaro G, Maldera S, Boccia E, Mantuano M, Di Toro Mammarella R, Meconizzi M, Steri P, Riccardi C, Flammini A, Moscardelli L, Murgo M, San Filippo N, Pagano S, Marino G, Montalto G, Cantarella S, Salamone B, Randazzo G, Rallo D, Maniscalco A, Fici M, Lupo A, Pellegrino P, Fichera R, D’Angelo A, Falsitta N, Bochenska-Nowacka E, Jaroszynski A, Drabik J, Birecka M, Daniewska D, Drobisz M, Doskocz K, Wyrwicz G, Inchaustegui L, Outerelo C, Sousa Mendes D, Mendes A, Lopes J, Barbas J, Madeira C, Fortes A, Vizinho R, Cortesão A, Almeida E, Bernat A, De la Torre B, Lopez A, Martín J, Cuesta G, Rodriguez R, Ros F, Garcia M, Orero E, Ros E, Caetano A, MacGregor K, Santos M, Silva Pinheiro S, Martins L, Leitão D, Izidoro C, Bava G, Bora A, Gorena H, Calderón T, Dupuy R, Alonso N, Siciliano V, Frantzen-Trendel S, Nagy K, Bajusz Ö, Pinke I, Decsi G, Gyergyoi L, Jobba Z, Zalai Z, Zsedenyi Á, Kiss G, Pinter M, Kereszturi M, Petruzzi M, De Benedittis M, Szkutnik J, Sieczkarek J, Capelo A, Garcia Gallart M, Mendieta C. Dental Health and Mortality in People With End-Stage Kidney Disease Treated With Hemodialysis: A Multinational Cohort Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2015; 66:666-76. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Aab A, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Ahn EJ, Samarai IA, Albuquerque IFM, Allekotte I, Allen J, Allison P, Almela A, Castillo JA, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Batista RA, Ambrosio M, Aminaei A, Anchordoqui L, Andringa S, Aramo C, Aranda VM, Arqueros F, Asorey H, Assis P, Aublin J, Ave M, Avenier M, Avila G, Awal N, Badescu AM, Barber KB, Bäuml J, Baus C, Beatty JJ, Becker KH, Bellido JA, Berat C, Bertaina ME, Bertou X, Biermann PL, Billoir P, Blaess S, Blanco M, Bleve C, Blümer H, Boháčová M, Boncioli D, Bonifazi C, Bonino R, Borodai N, Brack J, Brancus I, Bridgeman A, Brogueira P, Brown WC, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Buitink S, Buscemi M, Caballero-Mora KS, Caccianiga B, Caccianiga L, Candusso M, Caramete L, Caruso R, Castellina A, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cester R, Chavez AG, Chiavassa A, Chinellato JA, Chudoba J, Cilmo M, Clay RW, Cocciolo G, Colalillo R, Coleman A, Collica L, Coluccia MR, Conceição R, Contreras F, Cooper MJ, Cordier A, Coutu S, Covault CE, Cronin J, Curutiu A, Dallier R, Daniel B, Dasso S, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, Almeida RMD, Domenico MD, Jong SJD, Neto JRTDM, Mitri ID, Oliveira JD, Souza VD, Peral LD, Deligny O, Dembinski H, Dhital N, Giulio CD, Matteo AD, Diaz JC, Castro MLD, Diogo F, Dobrigkeit C, Docters W, D’Olivo JC, Dorofeev A, Hasankiadeh QD, Dova MT, Ebr J, Engel R, Erdmann M, Erfani M, Escobar CO, Espadanal J, Etchegoyen A, Luis PFS, Falcke H, Fang K, Farrar G, Fauth AC, Fazzini N, Ferguson AP, Fernandes M, Fick B, Figueira JM, Filevich A, Filipčič A, Fox BD, Fratu O, Fröhlich U, Fuchs B, Fujii T, Gaior R, García B, Roca STG, Garcia-Gamez D, Garcia-Pinto D, Garilli G, Bravo AG, Gate F, Gemmeke H, Ghia PL, Giaccari U, Giammarchi M, Giller M, Glaser C, Glass H, Berisso MG, Vitale PFG, Gonçalves P, Gonzalez JG, González N, Gookin B, Gordon J, Gorgi A, Gorham P, Gouffon P, Grebe S, Griffith N, Grillo AF, Grubb TD, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Hampel MR, Hansen P, Harari D, Harrison TA, Hartmann S, Harton JL, Haungs A, Hebbeker T, Heck D, Heimann P, Herve AE, Hill GC, Hojvat C, Hollon N, Holt E, Homola P, Hörandel JR, Horvath P, Hrabovský M, Huber D, Huege T, Insolia A, Isar PG, Jandt I, Jansen S, Jarne C, Josebachuili M, Kääpä A, Kambeitz O, Kampert KH, Kasper P, Katkov I, Kégl B, Keilhauer B, Keivani A, Kemp E, Kieckhafer RM, Klages HO, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Krause R, Krohm N, Krömer O, Kruppke-Hansen D, Kuempel D, Kunka N, LaHurd D, Latronico L, Lauer R, Lauscher M, Lautridou P, Coz SL, Leão MSAB, Lebrun D, Lebrun P, Oliveira MALD, Letessier-Selvon A, Lhenry-Yvon I, Link K, López R, Agüera AL, Louedec K, Bahilo JL, Lu L, Lucero A, Ludwig M, Malacari M, Maldera S, Mallamaci M, Maller J, Mandat D, Mantsch P, Mariazzi AG, Marin V, Mariş IC, Marsella G, Martello D, Martin L, Martinez H, Bravo OM, Martraire D, Meza JJM, Mathes HJ, Mathys S, Matthews J, Matthews JAJ, Matthiae G, Maurel D, Maurizio D, Mayotte E, Mazur PO, Medina C, Medina-Tanco G, Meissner R, Melissas M, Melo D, Menshikov A, Messina S, Meyhandan R, Mićanović S, Micheletti MI, Middendorf L, Minaya IA, Miramonti L, Mitrica B, Molina-Bueno L, Mollerach S, Monasor M, Ragaigne DM, Montanet F, Morello C, Mostafá M, Moura CA, Muller MA, Müller G, Müller S, Münchmeyer M, Mussa R, Navarra G, Navas S, Necesal P, Nellen L, Nelles A, Neuser J, Nguyen P, Niechciol M, Niemietz L, Niggemann T, Nitz D, Nosek D, Novotny V, Nožka L, Ochilo L, Olinto A, Oliveira M, Pacheco N, Selmi-Dei DP, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Palmieri N, Papenbreer P, Parente G, Parra A, Paul T, Pech M, Pȩkala J, Pelayo R, Pepe IM, Perrone L, Petermann E, Peters C, Petrera S, Petrov Y, Phuntsok J, Piegaia R, Pierog T, Pieroni P, Pimenta M, Pirronello V, Platino M, Plum M, Porcelli A, Porowski C, Prado RR, Privitera P, Prouza M, Purrello V, Quel EJ, Querchfeld S, Quinn S, Rautenberg J, Ravel O, Ravignani D, Revenu B, Ridky J, Riggi S, Risse M, Ristori P, Rizi V, Carvalho WRD, Cabo IR, Fernandez GR, Rojo JR, Rodríguez-Frías MD, Rogozin D, Ros G, Rosado J, Rossler T, Roth M, Roulet E, Rovero AC, Saffi SJ, Saftoiu A, Salamida F, Salazar H, Saleh A, Greus FS, Salina G, Sánchez F, Sanchez-Lucas P, Santo CE, Santos E, Santos EM, Sarazin F, Sarkar B, Sarmento R, Sato R, Scharf N, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schiffer P, Schmidt D, Schröder FG, Scholten O, Schoorlemmer H, Schovánek P, Schulz A, Schulz J, Schumacher J, Sciutto SJ, Segreto A, Settimo M, Shadkam A, Shellard RC, Sidelnik I, Sigl G, Sima O, kowski AŚ, Šmída R, Snow GR, Sommers P, Sorokin J, Squartini R, Srivastava YN, Stanič S, Stapleton J, Stasielak J, Stephan M, Stutz A, Suarez F, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky AD, Sutherland MS, Swain J, Szadkowski Z, Szuba M, Taborda OA, Tapia A, Tartare M, Tepe A, Theodoro VM, Timmermans C, Peixoto CJT, Toma G, Tomankova L, Tomé B, Tonachini A, Elipe GT, Machado DT, Travnicek P, Trovato E, Tueros M, Ulrich R, Unger M, Urban M, Galicia JFV, Valiño I, Valore L, Aar GV, Bodegom PV, Berg AMVD, Velzen SV, Vliet AV, Varela E, Vargas Cárdenas B, Varner G, Vázquez JR, Vázquez RA, Veberič D, Verzi V, Vicha J, Videla M, Villaseñor L, Vlcek B, Vorobiov S, Wahlberg H, Wainberg O, Walz D, Watson AA, Weber M, Weidenhaupt K, Weindl A, Werner F, Widom A, Wiencke L, Wilczyńska B, Wilczyński H, Will M, Williams C, Winchen T, Wittkowski D, Wundheiler B, Wykes S, Yamamoto T, Yapici T, Yuan G, Yushkov A, Zamorano B, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zaw I, Zepeda A, Zhou J, Zhu Y, Silva MZ, Ziolkowski M, Zuccarello F. Search for patterns by combining cosmic-ray energy and arrival directions at the Pierre Auger Observatory. Eur Phys J C Part Fields 2015; 75:269. [PMID: 26120280 PMCID: PMC4477714 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Energy-dependent patterns in the arrival directions of cosmic rays are searched for using data of the Pierre Auger Observatory. We investigate local regions around the highest-energy cosmic rays with [Formula: see text] eV by analyzing cosmic rays with energies above [Formula: see text] eV arriving within an angular separation of approximately 15[Formula: see text]. We characterize the energy distributions inside these regions by two independent methods, one searching for angular dependence of energy-energy correlations and one searching for collimation of energy along the local system of principal axes of the energy distribution. No significant patterns are found with this analysis. The comparison of these measurements with astrophysical scenarios can therefore be used to obtain constraints on related model parameters such as strength of cosmic-ray deflection and density of point sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Aab
- />Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - P. Abreu
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M. Aglietta
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | | | - I. Al Samarai
- />Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | | | - I. Allekotte
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - J. Allen
- />New York University, New York, NY USA
| | - P. Allison
- />Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - A. Almela
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- />Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - J. Alvarez-Muñiz
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - M. Ambrosio
- />Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - A. Aminaei
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - L. Anchordoqui
- />Department of Physics and Astronomy, City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - S. Andringa
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C. Aramo
- />Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - V. M. Aranda
- />Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Arqueros
- />Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - H. Asorey
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - P. Assis
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J. Aublin
- />Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - M. Ave
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M. Avenier
- />Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | - G. Avila
- />Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - N. Awal
- />New York University, New York, NY USA
| | - A. M. Badescu
- />University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - K. B. Barber
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - J. Bäuml
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C. Baus
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - K. H. Becker
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - C. Berat
- />Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | - M. E. Bertaina
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - X. Bertou
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - P. L. Biermann
- />Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | - P. Billoir
- />Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - S. Blaess
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - M. Blanco
- />Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - C. Bleve
- />Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - H. Blümer
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Boháčová
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D. Boncioli
- />INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, L’Aquila Italy
| | - C. Bonifazi
- />Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - R. Bonino
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - N. Borodai
- />Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - J. Brack
- />Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - I. Brancus
- />’Horia Hulubei’ National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - A. Bridgeman
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P. Brogueira
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - A. Bueno
- />Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
| | - S. Buitink
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - M. Buscemi
- />Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - K. S. Caballero-Mora
- />Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Mexico, Mexico
| | - B. Caccianiga
- />Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy
| | - L. Caccianiga
- />Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - M. Candusso
- />Università di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy
| | - L. Caramete
- />Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | - R. Caruso
- />Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
| | - A. Castellina
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - G. Cataldi
- />Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - L. Cazon
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - R. Cester
- />Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - A. G. Chavez
- />Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan Mexico
| | - A. Chiavassa
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | | | - J. Chudoba
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M. Cilmo
- />Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - R. W. Clay
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - G. Cocciolo
- />Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - R. Colalillo
- />Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - A. Coleman
- />Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - L. Collica
- />Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy
| | - M. R. Coluccia
- />Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - R. Conceição
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - F. Contreras
- />Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - M. J. Cooper
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - A. Cordier
- />Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - S. Coutu
- />Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - C. E. Covault
- />Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - J. Cronin
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - A. Curutiu
- />Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | - R. Dallier
- />Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, Nançay, France
- />SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - B. Daniel
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - S. Dasso
- />Departamento de Física, FCEyN Universidad de Buenos Aires y CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- />Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - K. Daumiller
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B. R. Dawson
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - R. M. de Almeida
- />Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ Brazil
| | - M. De Domenico
- />Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
| | - S. J. de Jong
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- />Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J. R. T. de Mello Neto
- />Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - I. De Mitri
- />Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - J. de Oliveira
- />Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ Brazil
| | - V. de Souza
- />Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - L. del Peral
- />Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
| | - O. Deligny
- />Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - H. Dembinski
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N. Dhital
- />Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI USA
| | - C. Di Giulio
- />Università di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy
| | - A. Di Matteo
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche dell’Università dell’Aquila and INFN, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - J. C. Diaz
- />Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI USA
| | | | - F. Diogo
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C. Dobrigkeit
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - W. Docters
- />KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - J. C. D’Olivo
- />Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - A. Dorofeev
- />Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Q. Dorosti Hasankiadeh
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. T. Dova
- />IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - J. Ebr
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R. Engel
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Erdmann
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Erfani
- />Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - C. O. Escobar
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP Brazil
- />Fermilab, Batavia, IL USA
| | - J. Espadanal
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A. Etchegoyen
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- />Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - H. Falcke
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- />Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- />ASTRON, Dwingeloo, Netherlands
| | - K. Fang
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - G. Farrar
- />New York University, New York, NY USA
| | - A. C. Fauth
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | | | | | - M. Fernandes
- />Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - B. Fick
- />Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI USA
| | - J. M. Figueira
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A. Filevich
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A. Filipčič
- />Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- />Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - B. D. Fox
- />University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI USA
| | - O. Fratu
- />University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - B. Fuchs
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T. Fujii
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - R. Gaior
- />Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - B. García
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) and National Technological University, Faculty Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - S. T. Garcia Roca
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D. Garcia-Gamez
- />Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | | | - G. Garilli
- />Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
| | | | - F. Gate
- />SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - H. Gemmeke
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P. L. Ghia
- />Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - U. Giaccari
- />Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - M. Giammarchi
- />Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy
| | | | - C. Glaser
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - M. Gómez Berisso
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - P. F. Gómez Vitale
- />Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - P. Gonçalves
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J. G. Gonzalez
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N. González
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B. Gookin
- />Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - J. Gordon
- />Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - A. Gorgi
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - P. Gorham
- />University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI USA
| | - P. Gouffon
- />Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - S. Grebe
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- />Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - A. F. Grillo
- />INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, L’Aquila Italy
| | - T. D. Grubb
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - F. Guarino
- />Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - G. P. Guedes
- />Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - M. R. Hampel
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P. Hansen
- />IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - D. Harari
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | | | - S. Hartmann
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - J. L. Harton
- />Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - A. Haungs
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T. Hebbeker
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - D. Heck
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - A. E. Herve
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G. C. Hill
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | | | - N. Hollon
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - E. Holt
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P. Homola
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J. R. Hörandel
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- />Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - P. Horvath
- />Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M. Hrabovský
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- />Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - D. Huber
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T. Huege
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A. Insolia
- />Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
| | - P. G. Isar
- />Institute of Space Sciences, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - I. Jandt
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S. Jansen
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- />Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C. Jarne
- />IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M. Josebachuili
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A. Kääpä
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - O. Kambeitz
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K. H. Kampert
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - I. Katkov
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B. Kégl
- />Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - B. Keilhauer
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A. Keivani
- />Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - E. Kemp
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | | | - H. O. Klages
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Kleifges
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - R. Krause
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - N. Krohm
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - O. Krömer
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - D. Kuempel
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - N. Kunka
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D. LaHurd
- />Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - L. Latronico
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - R. Lauer
- />University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - M. Lauscher
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - P. Lautridou
- />SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - S. Le Coz
- />Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | - M. S. A. B. Leão
- />Faculdade Independente do Nordeste, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - D. Lebrun
- />Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - A. Letessier-Selvon
- />Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - I. Lhenry-Yvon
- />Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - K. Link
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R. López
- />Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - A. Lopez Agüera
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - K. Louedec
- />Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | | | - L. Lu
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
- />School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - A. Lucero
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. Ludwig
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Malacari
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - S. Maldera
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - M. Mallamaci
- />Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy
| | - J. Maller
- />SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - D. Mandat
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - A. G. Mariazzi
- />IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - V. Marin
- />SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - I. C. Mariş
- />Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
| | - G. Marsella
- />Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - D. Martello
- />Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - L. Martin
- />Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, Nançay, France
- />SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - H. Martinez
- />Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - D. Martraire
- />Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - J. J. Masías Meza
- />Departamento de Física, FCEyN Universidad de Buenos Aires y CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H. J. Mathes
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S. Mathys
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J. Matthews
- />Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
| | | | - G. Matthiae
- />Università di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy
| | - D. Maurel
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D. Maurizio
- />Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - E. Mayotte
- />Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO USA
| | | | - C. Medina
- />Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO USA
| | - G. Medina-Tanco
- />Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - R. Meissner
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Melissas
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D. Melo
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A. Menshikov
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S. Messina
- />KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - S. Mićanović
- />Rudjer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M. I. Micheletti
- />Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR), CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
| | - L. Middendorf
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - I. A. Minaya
- />Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Miramonti
- />Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy
| | - B. Mitrica
- />’Horia Hulubei’ National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | | | - S. Mollerach
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - M. Monasor
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - D. Monnier Ragaigne
- />Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - F. Montanet
- />Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | - C. Morello
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - M. Mostafá
- />Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - C. A. Moura
- />Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP Brazil
| | - M. A. Muller
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP Brazil
- />Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - G. Müller
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - S. Müller
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Münchmeyer
- />Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - R. Mussa
- />Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - G. Navarra
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - S. Navas
- />Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
| | - P. Necesal
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L. Nellen
- />Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - A. Nelles
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- />Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J. Neuser
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P. Nguyen
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | | | - L. Niemietz
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T. Niggemann
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - D. Nitz
- />Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI USA
| | - D. Nosek
- />Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V. Novotny
- />Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L. Nožka
- />Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - L. Ochilo
- />Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - A. Olinto
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - M. Oliveira
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - N. Pacheco
- />Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
| | | | - M. Palatka
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J. Pallotta
- />Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N. Palmieri
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P. Papenbreer
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G. Parente
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A. Parra
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - T. Paul
- />Department of Physics and Astronomy, City University of New York, New York, USA
- />Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | - M. Pech
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J. Pȩkala
- />Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - R. Pelayo
- />Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - I. M. Pepe
- />Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA Brazil
| | - L. Perrone
- />Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - C. Peters
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - S. Petrera
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche dell’Università dell’Aquila and INFN, L’Aquila, Italy
- />Gran Sasso Science Institute (INFN), L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Y. Petrov
- />Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - J. Phuntsok
- />Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - R. Piegaia
- />Departamento de Física, FCEyN Universidad de Buenos Aires y CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - T. Pierog
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P. Pieroni
- />Departamento de Física, FCEyN Universidad de Buenos Aires y CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. Pimenta
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - V. Pirronello
- />Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
| | - M. Platino
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. Plum
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Porcelli
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C. Porowski
- />Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - R. R. Prado
- />Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - P. Privitera
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - M. Prouza
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V. Purrello
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - E. J. Quel
- />Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S. Querchfeld
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S. Quinn
- />Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - J. Rautenberg
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - O. Ravel
- />SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - D. Ravignani
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B. Revenu
- />SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - J. Ridky
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S. Riggi
- />Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M. Risse
- />Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - P. Ristori
- />Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V. Rizi
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche dell’Università dell’Aquila and INFN, L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - I. Rodriguez Cabo
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - G. Rodriguez Fernandez
- />Università di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | - D. Rogozin
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G. Ros
- />Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
| | - J. Rosado
- />Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - T. Rossler
- />Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M. Roth
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - E. Roulet
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - A. C. Rovero
- />Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S. J. Saffi
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - A. Saftoiu
- />’Horia Hulubei’ National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - F. Salamida
- />Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - H. Salazar
- />Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - A. Saleh
- />Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | | | - G. Salina
- />Università di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy
| | - F. Sánchez
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - C. E. Santo
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - E. Santos
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - E. M. Santos
- />Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - F. Sarazin
- />Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO USA
| | - B. Sarkar
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R. Sarmento
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - R. Sato
- />Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - N. Scharf
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - V. Scherini
- />Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - H. Schieler
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - D. Schmidt
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F. G. Schröder
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - O. Scholten
- />KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - H. Schoorlemmer
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- />Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- />University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI USA
| | - P. Schovánek
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A. Schulz
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J. Schulz
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - J. Schumacher
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - S. J. Sciutto
- />IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - A. Segreto
- />Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
| | - M. Settimo
- />Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - A. Shadkam
- />Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
| | - R. C. Shellard
- />Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - I. Sidelnik
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - G. Sigl
- />Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - O. Sima
- />Physics Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - R. Šmída
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G. R. Snow
- />University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - P. Sommers
- />Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - J. Sorokin
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - R. Squartini
- />Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | | | - S. Stanič
- />Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | | | - J. Stasielak
- />Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - M. Stephan
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Stutz
- />Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | - F. Suarez
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - T. Suomijärvi
- />Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - A. D. Supanitsky
- />Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - J. Swain
- />Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - M. Szuba
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - O. A. Taborda
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - A. Tapia
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. Tartare
- />Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | - A. Tepe
- />Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - V. M. Theodoro
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - C. Timmermans
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- />Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - G. Toma
- />’Horia Hulubei’ National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - L. Tomankova
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B. Tomé
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A. Tonachini
- />Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - G. Torralba Elipe
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D. Torres Machado
- />Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - P. Travnicek
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - E. Trovato
- />Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
| | - M. Tueros
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R. Ulrich
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Unger
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Urban
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - I. Valiño
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - L. Valore
- />Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - G. van Aar
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - A. M. van den Berg
- />KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - S. van Velzen
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - E. Varela
- />Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - G. Varner
- />University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI USA
| | | | - R. A. Vázquez
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D. Veberič
- />Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - V. Verzi
- />Università di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy
| | - J. Vicha
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M. Videla
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L. Villaseñor
- />Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan Mexico
| | - B. Vlcek
- />Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
| | - S. Vorobiov
- />Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - H. Wahlberg
- />IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - O. Wainberg
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- />Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D. Walz
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - A. A. Watson
- />School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - M. Weber
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K. Weidenhaupt
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Weindl
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F. Werner
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A. Widom
- />Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | - L. Wiencke
- />Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO USA
| | | | | | - M. Will
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C. Williams
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - T. Winchen
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D. Wittkowski
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - B. Wundheiler
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S. Wykes
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - T. Yamamoto
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - T. Yapici
- />Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI USA
| | - G. Yuan
- />Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
| | | | - B. Zamorano
- />Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
| | - E. Zas
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D. Zavrtanik
- />Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- />Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - M. Zavrtanik
- />Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- />Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - I. Zaw
- />New York University, New York, NY USA
| | - A. Zepeda
- />Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Mexico, Mexico
| | - J. Zhou
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Y. Zhu
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | - F. Zuccarello
- />Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
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Aab A, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Ahn E, Al Samarai I, Albuquerque I, Allekotte I, Allen J, Allison P, Almela A, Alvarez Castillo J, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Alves Batista R, Ambrosio M, Aminaei A, Anchordoqui L, Andringa S, Aramo C, Aranda V, Arqueros F, Asorey H, Assis P, Aublin J, Ave M, Avenier M, Avila G, Badescu A, Barber K, Bäuml J, Baus C, Beatty J, Becker K, Bellido J, Berat C, Bertaina M, Bertou X, Biermann P, Billoir P, Blanco M, Bleve C, Blümer H, Boháčová M, Boncioli D, Bonifazi C, Bonino R, Borodai N, Brack J, Brancus I, Brogueira P, Brown W, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Buitink S, Buscemi M, Caballero-Mora K, Caccianiga B, Caccianiga L, Candusso M, Caramete L, Caruso R, Castellina A, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cester R, Chavez A, Chiavassa A, Chinellato J, Chudoba J, Cilmo M, Clay R, Cocciolo G, Colalillo R, Coleman A, Collica L, Coluccia M, Conceição R, Contreras F, Cooper M, Cordier A, Coutu S, Covault C, Cronin J, Curutiu A, Dallier R, Daniel B, Dasso S, Daumiller K, Dawson B, de Almeida R, De Domenico M, de Jong S, de Mello Neto J, De Mitri I, de Oliveira J, de Souza V, del Peral L, Deligny O, Dembinski H, Dhital N, Di Giulio C, Di Matteo A, Diaz J, Díaz Castro M, Diogo F, Dobrigkeit C, Docters W, D’Olivo J, Dorofeev A, Dorosti Hasankiadeh Q, Dova M, Ebr J, Engel R, Erdmann M, Erfani M, Escobar C, Espadanal J, Etchegoyen A, Facal San Luis P, Falcke H, Fang K, Farrar G, Fauth A, Fazzini N, Ferguson A, Fernandes M, Fick B, Figueira J, Filevich A, Filipčič A, Fox B, Fratu O, Fröhlich U, Fuchs B, Fujii T, Gaior R, García B, Garcia Roca S, Garcia-Gamez D, Garcia-Pinto D, Garilli G, Gascon Bravo A, Gate F, Gemmeke H, Ghia P, Giaccari U, Giammarchi M, Giller M, Glaser C, Glass H, Gómez Berisso M, Gómez Vitale P, Gonçalves P, Gonzalez J, González N, Gookin B, Gordon J, Gorgi A, Gorham P, Gouffon P, Grebe S, Griffith N, Grillo A, Grubb T, Guardincerri Y, Guarino F, Guedes G, Hampel M, Hansen P, Harari D, Harrison T, Hartmann S, Harton J, Haungs A, Hebbeker T, Heck D, Heimann P, Herve A, Hill G, Hojvat C, Hollon N, Holt E, Homola P, Hörandel J, Horvath P, Hrabovský M, Huber D, Huege T, Insolia A, Isar P, Islo K, Jandt I, Jansen S, Jarne C, Josebachuili M, Kääpä A, Kambeitz O, Kampert K, Kasper P, Katkov I, Kégl B, Keilhauer B, Keivani A, Kemp E, Kieckhafer R, Klages H, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Krause R, Krohm N, Krömer O, Kruppke-Hansen D, Kuempel D, Kunka N, LaHurd D, Latronico L, Lauer R, Lauscher M, Lautridou P, Le Coz S, Leão M, Lebrun D, Lebrun P, Leigui de Oliveira M, Letessier-Selvon A, Lhenry-Yvon I, Link K, López R, Louedec K, Lozano Bahilo J, Lu L, Lucero A, Ludwig M, Malacari M, Maldera S, Mallamaci M, Maller J, Mandat D, Mantsch P, Mariazzi A, Marin V, Mariş I, Marsella G, Martello D, Martin L, Martinez H, Martínez Bravo O, Martraire D, Masías Meza J, Mathes H, Mathys S, Matthews J, Matthews J, Matthiae G, Maurel D, Maurizio D, Mayotte E, Mazur P, Medina C, Medina-Tanco G, Melissas M, Melo D, Menshikov A, Messina S, Meyhandan R, Mićanović S, Micheletti M, Middendorf L, Minaya I, Miramonti L, Mitrica B, Molina-Bueno L, Mollerach S, Monasor M, Monnier Ragaigne D, Montanet F, Morello C, Mostafá M, Moura C, Muller M, Müller G, Münchmeyer M, Mussa R, Navarra G, Navas S, Necesal P, Nellen L, Nelles A, Neuser J, Newton D, Niechciol M, Niemietz L, Niggemann T, Nitz D, Nosek D, Novotny V, Nožka L, Ochilo L, Olinto A, Oliveira M, Olmos-Gilbaja V, Pacheco N, Pakk Selmi-Dei D, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Palmieri N, Papenbreer P, Parente G, Parra A, Paul T, Pech M, Pękala J, Pelayo R, Pepe I, Perrone L, Petermann E, Peters C, Petrera S, Petrov Y, Phuntsok J, Piegaia R, Pierog T, Pieroni P, Pimenta M, Pirronello V, Platino M, Plum M, Porcelli A, Porowski C, Prado R, Privitera P, Prouza M, Purrello V, Quel E, Querchfeld S, Quinn S, Rautenberg J, Ravel O, Ravignani D, Revenu B, Ridky J, Riggi S, Risse M, Ristori P, Rizi V, Roberts J, Rodrigues de Carvalho W, Rodriguez Fernandez G, Rodriguez Rojo J, Rodríguez-Frías M, Ros G, Rosado J, Rossler T, Roth M, Roulet E, Rovero A, Saffi S, Saftoiu A, Salamida F, Salazar H, Saleh A, Salesa Greus F, Salina G, Sánchez F, Sanchez-Lucas P, Santo C, Santos E, Santos E, Sarazin F, Sarkar B, Sarmento R, Sato R, Scharf N, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schiffer P, Scholten O, Schoorlemmer H, Schovánek P, Schröder F, Schulz A, Schulz J, Schumacher J, Sciutto S, Segreto A, Settimo M, Shadkam A, Shellard R, Sidelnik I, Sigl G, Sima O, Śmiałkowski A, Šmída R, Snow G, Sommers P, Sorokin J, Squartini R, Srivastava Y, Stanič S, Stapleton J, Stasielak J, Stephan M, Stutz A, Suarez F, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky A, Sutherland M, Swain J, Szadkowski Z, Szuba M, Taborda O, Tapia A, Tartare M, Tepe A, Theodoro V, Timmermans C, Todero Peixoto C, Toma G, Tomankova L, Tomé B, Tonachini A, Torralba Elipe G, Torres Machado D, Travnicek P, Trovato E, Ulrich R, Unger M, Urban M, Valdés Galicia J, Valiño I, Valore L, van Aar G, van den Berg A, van Velzen S, van Vliet A, Varela E, Vargas Cárdenas B, Varner G, Vázquez J, Vázquez R, Veberič D, Verzi V, Vicha J, Videla M, Villaseñor L, Vlcek B, Vorobiov S, Wahlberg H, Wainberg O, Walz D, Watson A, Weber M, Weidenhaupt K, Weindl A, Werner F, Widom A, Wiencke L, Wilczyńska B, Wilczyński H, Will M, Williams C, Winchen T, Wittkowski D, Wundheiler B, Wykes S, Yamamoto T, Yapici T, Younk P, Yuan G, Yushkov A, Zamorano B, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zaw I, Zepeda A, Zhou J, Zhu Y, Zimbres Silva M, Ziolkowski M, Zuccarello F. Muons in air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Mean number in highly inclined events. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.91.032003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Aglietta M, Castellina A, Maldera S, Morello C. Extension of the dynamic range of large photocathode PMTs for a UHECR detector. EPJ Web of Conferences 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20135308016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abreu P, Aglietta M, Ahn EJ, Albuquerque IFM, Allard D, Allekotte I, Allen J, Allison P, Almeda A, Alvarez Castillo J, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Ambrosio M, Aminaei A, Anchordoqui L, Andringa S, Antičić T, Aramo C, Arganda E, Arqueros F, Asorey H, Assis P, Aublin J, Ave M, Avenier M, Avila G, Bäcker T, Balzer M, Barber KB, Barbosa AF, Bardenet R, Barroso SLC, Baughman B, Bäuml J, Beatty JJ, Becker BR, Becker KH, Bellétoile A, Bellido JA, Benzvi S, Berat C, Bertou X, Biermann PL, Billoir P, Blanco F, Blanco M, Bleve C, Blümer H, Boháčová M, Boncioli D, Bonifazi C, Bonino R, Borodai N, Brack J, Brogueira P, Brown WC, Bruijn R, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Burton RE, Caballero-Mora KS, Caramete L, Caruso R, Castellina A, Catalano O, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cester R, Chauvin J, Cheng SH, Chiavassa A, Chinellato JA, Chirinos Diaz J, Chudoba J, Clay RW, Coluccia MR, Conceição R, Contreras F, Cook H, Cooper MJ, Coppens J, Cordier A, Coutu S, Covault CE, Creusot A, Criss A, Cronin J, Curutiu A, Dagoret-Campagne S, Dallier R, Dasso S, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, de Almeida RM, De Domenico M, De Donato C, de Jong SJ, De La Vega G, de Mello Junior WJM, de Mello Neto JRT, De Mitri I, de Souza V, de Vries KD, Decerprit G, del Peral L, del Río M, Deligny O, Dembinski H, Dhital N, Di Giulio C, Díaz Castro ML, Diep PN, Dobrigkeit C, Docters W, D'Olivo JC, Dong PN, Dorofeev A, dos Anjos JC, Dova MT, D'Urso D, Dutan I, Ebr J, Engel R, Erdmann M, Escobar CO, Espadanal J, Etchegoyen A, Facal San Luis P, Fajardo Tapia I, Falcke H, Farrar G, Fauth AC, Fazzini N, Ferguson AP, Ferrero A, Fick B, Filevich A, Filipčič A, Fliescher S, Fracchiolla CE, Fraenkel ED, Fröhlich U, Fuchs B, Gaior R, Gamarra RF, Gambetta S, García B, Garcia-Gamez D, Garcia-Pinto D, Gascon A, Gemmeke H, Gesterling K, Ghia PL, Giaccari U, Giller M, Glass H, Gold MS, Golup G, Gomez Albarracin F, Gómez Berisso M, Gonçalves P, Gonzalez D, Gonzalez JG, Gookin B, Góra D, Gorgi A, Gouffon P, Gozzini SR, Grashorn E, Grebe S, Griffith N, Grigat M, Grillo AF, Guardincerri Y, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Guzman A, Hague JD, Hansen P, Harari D, Harmsma S, Harrison TA, Harton JL, Haungs A, Hebbeker T, Heck D, Herve AE, Hojvat C, Hollon N, Holmes VC, Homola P, Hörandel JR, Horneffer A, Horvath P, Hrabovský M, Huege T, Insolia A, Ionita F, Italiano A, Jarne C, Jiraskova S, Josebachuili M, Kadija K, Kampert KH, Karhan P, Kasper P, Kégl B, Keilhauer B, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kemp E, Kieckhafer RM, Klages HO, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Knapp J, Koang DH, Kotera K, Krohm N, Krömer O, Kruppke-Hansen D, Kuehn F, Kuempel D, Kulbartz JK, Kunka N, La Rosa G, Lachaud C, Lauer R, Lautridou P, Le Coz S, Leão MSAB, Lebrun D, Lebrun P, Leigui de Oliveira MA, Lemiere A, Letessier-Selvon A, Lhenry-Yvon I, Link K, López R, Lopez Agüera A, Louedec K, Lozano Bahilo J, Lu L, Lucero A, Ludwig M, Lyberis H, Macolino C, Maldera S, Mandat D, Mantsch P, Mariazzi AG, Marin J, Marin V, Maris IC, Marquez Falcon HR, Marsella G, Martello D, Martin L, Martinez H, Martínez Bravo O, Mathes HJ, Matthews J, Matthews JAJ, Matthiae G, Maurizio D, Mazur PO, Medina-Tanco G, Melissas M, Melo D, Menichetti E, Menshikov A, Mertsch P, Meurer C, Mićanović S, Micheletti MI, Miller W, Miramonti L, Molina-Bueno L, Mollerach S, Monasor M, Monnier Ragaigne D, Montanet F, Morales B, Morello C, Moreno E, Moreno JC, Morris C, Mostafá M, Moura CA, Mueller S, Muller MA, Müller G, Münchmeyer M, Mussa R, Navarra G, Navarro JL, Navas S, Necesal P, Nellen L, Nelles A, Neuser J, Nhung PT, Niemietz L, Nierstenhoefer N, Nitz D, Nosek D, Nožka L, Nyklicek M, Oehlschläger J, Olinto A, Olmos-Gilbaja VM, Ortiz M, Pacheco N, Pakk Selmi-Dei D, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Palmieri N, Parente G, Parizot E, Parra A, Parsons RD, Pastor S, Paul T, Pech M, Pekala J, Pelayo R, Pepe IM, Perrone L, Pesce R, Petermann E, Petrera S, Petrinca P, Petrolini A, Petrov Y, Petrovic J, Pfendner C, Phan N, Piegaia R, Pierog T, Pieroni P, Pimenta M, Pirronello V, Platino M, Ponce VH, Pontz M, Privitera P, Prouza M, Quel EJ, Querchfeld S, Rautenberg J, Ravel O, Ravignani D, Revenu B, Ridky J, Riggi S, Risse M, Ristori P, Rivera H, Rizi V, Roberts J, Robledo C, Rodrigues de Carvalho W, Rodriguez G, Rodriguez Martino J, Rodriguez Rojo J, Rodriguez-Cabo I, Rodríguez-Frías MD, Ros G, Rosado J, Rossler T, Roth M, Rouillé-d'Orfeuil B, Roulet E, Rovero AC, Rühle C, Salamida F, Salazar H, Salesa Greus F, Salina G, Sánchez F, Santo CE, Santos E, Santos EM, Sarazin F, Sarkar B, Sarkar S, Sato R, Scharf N, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schiffer P, Schmidt A, Scholten O, Schoorlemmer H, Schovancova J, Schovánek P, Schröder F, Schulte S, Schuster D, Sciutto SJ, Scuderi M, Segreto A, Settimo M, Shadkam A, Shellard RC, Sidelnik I, Sigl G, Silva Lopez HH, Smiałkowski A, Smída R, Snow GR, Sommers P, Sorokin J, Spinka H, Squartini R, Stanic S, Stapleton J, Stasielak J, Stephan M, Stutz A, Suarez F, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky AD, Suša T, Sutherland MS, Swain J, Szadkowski Z, Szuba M, Tamashiro A, Tapia A, Tartare M, Taşcău O, Tavera Ruiz CG, Tcaciuc R, Tegolo D, Thao NT, Thomas D, Tiffenberg J, Timmermans C, Tiwari DK, Tkaczyk W, Todero Peixoto CJ, Tomé B, Tonachini A, Travnicek P, Tridapalli DB, Tristram G, Trovato E, Tueros M, Ulrich R, Unger M, Urban M, Valdés Galicia JF, Valiño I, Valore L, van den Berg AM, Varela E, Vargas Cárdenas B, Vázquez JR, Vázquez RA, Veberič D, Verzi V, Vicha J, Videla M, Villaseñor L, Wahlberg H, Wahrlich P, Wainberg O, Walz D, Warner D, Watson AA, Weber M, Weidenhaupt K, Weindl A, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Wieczorek G, Wiencke L, Wilczyńska B, Wilczyński H, Will M, Williams C, Winchen T, Winnick MG, Wommer M, Wundheiler B, Yamamoto T, Yapici T, Younk P, Yuan G, Yushkov A, Zamorano B, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zaw I, Zepeda A, Zhu Y, Zimbres Silva M, Ziolkowski M. Measurement of the proton-air cross section at √s=57 TeV with the Pierre Auger Observatory. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:062002. [PMID: 23006259 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.062002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a measurement of the proton-air cross section for particle production at the center-of-mass energy per nucleon of 57 TeV. This is derived from the distribution of the depths of shower maxima observed with the Pierre Auger Observatory: systematic uncertainties are studied in detail. Analyzing the tail of the distribution of the shower maxima, a proton-air cross section of [505±22(stat)(-36)(+28)(syst)] mb is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Abreu
- LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Abraham J, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Ahn EJ, Allard D, Allekotte I, Allen J, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Ambrosio M, Anchordoqui L, Andringa S, Anticić T, Anzalone A, Aramo C, Arganda E, Arisaka K, Arqueros F, Asorey H, Assis P, Aublin J, Ave M, Avila G, Bäcker T, Badagnani D, Balzer M, Barber KB, Barbosa AF, Barroso SLC, Baughman B, Bauleo P, Beatty JJ, Becker BR, Becker KH, Bellétoile A, Bellido JA, Benzvi S, Berat C, Bergmann T, Bertou X, Biermann PL, Billoir P, Blanch-Bigas O, Blanco F, Blanco M, Bleve C, Blümer H, Bohácová M, Boncioli D, Bonifazi C, Bonino R, Borodai N, Brack J, Brogueira P, Brown WC, Bruijn R, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Burton RE, Busca NG, Caballero-Mora KS, Caramete L, Caruso R, Castellina A, Catalano O, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cester R, Chauvin J, Chiavassa A, Chinellato JA, Chou A, Chudoba J, Clay RW, Colombo E, Coluccia MR, Conceição R, Contreras F, Cook H, Cooper MJ, Coppens J, Cordier A, Cotti U, Coutu S, Covault CE, Creusot A, Criss A, Cronin J, Curutiu A, Dagoret-Campagne S, Dallier R, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, de Almeida RM, De Domenico M, De Donato C, de Jong SJ, De La Vega G, de Mello Junior WJM, de Mello Neto JRT, De Mitri I, de Souza V, de Vries KD, Decerprit G, Del Peral L, Deligny O, Della Selva A, Delle Fratte C, Dembinski H, Di Giulio C, Diaz JC, Díaz Castro ML, Diep PN, Dobrigkeit C, D'Olivo JC, Dong PN, Dorofeev A, Dos Anjos JC, Dova MT, D'Urso D, Dutan I, Duvernois MA, Ebr J, Engel R, Erdmann M, Escobar CO, Etchegoyen A, Facal San Luis P, Falcke H, Farrar G, Fauth AC, Fazzini N, Ferrero A, Fick B, Filevich A, Filipcic A, Fleck I, Fliescher S, Fracchiolla CE, Fraenkel ED, Fröhlich U, Fulgione W, Gamarra RF, Gambetta S, García B, García Gámez D, Garcia-Pinto D, Garrido X, Gelmini G, Gemmeke H, Ghia PL, Giaccari U, Giller M, Glass H, Goggin LM, Gold MS, Golup G, Gomez Albarracin F, Gómez Berisso M, Gonçalves P, Gonzalez D, Gonzalez JG, Góra D, Gorgi A, Gouffon P, Gozzini SR, Grashorn E, Grebe S, Grigat M, Grillo AF, Guardincerri Y, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Hague JD, Halenka V, Hansen P, Harari D, Harmsma S, Harton JL, Haungs A, Hebbeker T, Heck D, Herve AE, Hojvat C, Holmes VC, Homola P, Hörandel JR, Horneffer A, Hrabovský M, Huege T, Hussain M, Iarlori M, Insolia A, Ionita F, Italiano A, Jiraskova S, Kadija K, Kaducak M, Kampert KH, Karova T, Kasper P, Kégl B, Keilhauer B, Keivani A, Kelley J, Kemp E, Kieckhafer RM, Klages HO, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Knapik R, Knapp J, Koang DH, Krieger A, Krömer O, Kruppke-Hansen D, Kuehn F, Kuempel D, Kulbartz K, Kunka N, Kusenko A, La Rosa G, Lachaud C, Lago BL, Lautridou P, Leão MSAB, Lebrun D, Lebrun P, Lee J, Leigui de Oliveira MA, Lemiere A, Letessier-Selvon A, Lhenry-Yvon I, López R, Lopez Agüera A, Louedec K, Lozano Bahilo J, Lucero A, Ludwig M, Lyberis H, Maccarone MC, Macolino C, Maldera S, Mandat D, Mantsch P, Mariazzi AG, Marin V, Maris IC, Marquez Falcon HR, Marsella G, Martello D, Martínez Bravo O, Mathes HJ, Matthews J, Matthews JAJ, Matthiae G, Maurizio D, Mazur PO, McEwen M, Medina-Tanco G, Melissas M, Melo D, Menichetti E, Menshikov A, Meurer C, Micanović S, Micheletti MI, Miller W, Miramonti L, Mollerach S, Monasor M, Monnier Ragaigne D, Montanet F, Morales B, Morello C, Moreno E, Moreno JC, Morris C, Mostafá M, Mueller S, Muller MA, Mussa R, Navarra G, Navarro JL, Navas S, Necesal P, Nellen L, Nhung PT, Nierstenhoefer N, Nitz D, Nosek D, Nozka L, Nyklicek M, Oehlschläger J, Olinto A, Oliva P, Olmos-Gilbaja VM, Ortiz M, Pacheco N, Pakk Selmi-Dei D, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Palmieri N, Parente G, Parizot E, Parlati S, Parra A, Parrisius J, Parsons RD, Pastor S, Paul T, Pavlidou V, Payet K, Pech M, Pekala J, Pelayo R, Pepe IM, Perrone L, Pesce R, Petermann E, Petrera S, Petrinca P, Petrolini A, Petrov Y, Petrovic J, Pfendner C, Piegaia R, Pierog T, Pimenta M, Pirronello V, Platino M, Ponce VH, Pontz M, Privitera P, Prouza M, Quel EJ, Rautenberg J, Ravel O, Ravignani D, Redondo A, Revenu B, Rezende FAS, Ridky J, Riggi S, Risse M, Ristori P, Rivière C, Rizi V, Robledo C, Rodriguez G, Rodriguez Martino J, Rodriguez Rojo J, Rodriguez-Cabo I, Rodríguez-Frías MD, Ros G, Rosado J, Rossler T, Roth M, Rouillé-d'Orfeuil B, Roulet E, Rovero AC, Salamida F, Salazar H, Salina G, Sánchez F, Santander M, Santo CE, Santos E, Santos EM, Sarazin F, Sarkar S, Sato R, Scharf N, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schiffer P, Schmidt A, Schmidt F, Schmidt T, Scholten O, Schoorlemmer H, Schovancova J, Schovánek P, Schroeder F, Schulte S, Schüssler F, Schuster D, Sciutto SJ, Scuderi M, Segreto A, Semikoz D, Settimo M, Shadkam A, Shellard RC, Sidelnik I, Siffert BB, Sigl G, Smiałkowski A, Smída R, Snow GR, Sommers P, Sorokin J, Spinka H, Squartini R, Stasielak J, Stephan M, Strazzeri E, Stutz A, Suarez F, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky AD, Susa T, Sutherland MS, Swain J, Szadkowski Z, Tamashiro A, Tamburro A, Tapia A, Tarutina T, Taşcău O, Tcaciuc R, Tcherniakhovski D, Tegolo D, Thao NT, Thomas D, Tiffenberg J, Timmermans C, Tkaczyk W, Todero Peixoto CJ, Tomé B, Tonachini A, Travnicek P, Tridapalli DB, Tristram G, Trovato E, Tueros M, Ulrich R, Unger M, Urban M, Valdés Galicia JF, Valiño I, Valore L, van den Berg AM, Vázquez JR, Vázquez RA, Veberic D, Venters T, Verzi V, Videla M, Villaseñor L, Vorobiov S, Voyvodic L, Wahlberg H, Wahrlich P, Wainberg O, Warner D, Watson AA, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Wieczorek G, Wiencke L, Wilczyńska B, Wilczyński H, Williams C, Winchen T, Winnick MG, Wundheiler B, Yamamoto T, Younk P, Yuan G, Yushkov A, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zaw I, Zepeda A, Ziolkowski M. Measurement of the depth of maximum of extensive air showers above 10{18} eV. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:091101. [PMID: 20366976 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.091101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe the measurement of the depth of maximum, X{max}, of the longitudinal development of air showers induced by cosmic rays. Almost 4000 events above 10;{18} eV observed by the fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory in coincidence with at least one surface detector station are selected for the analysis. The average shower maximum was found to evolve with energy at a rate of (106{-21}{+35}) g/cm{2}/decade below 10{18.24+/-0.05} eV, and (24+/-3) g/cm{2}/decade above this energy. The measured shower-to-shower fluctuations decrease from about 55 to 26 g/cm{2}. The interpretation of these results in terms of the cosmic ray mass composition is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Abraham
- National Technological University, Faculty Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
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Abraham J, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Aguirre C, Allard D, Allekotte I, Allen J, Allison P, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Ambrosio M, Anchordoqui L, Andringa S, Anzalone A, Aramo C, Argirò S, Arisaka K, Armengaud E, Arneodo F, Arqueros F, Asch T, Asorey H, Assis P, Atulugama BS, Aublin J, Ave M, Avila G, Bäcker T, Badagnani D, Barbosa AF, Barnhill D, Barroso SLC, Baughman B, Bauleo P, Beatty JJ, Beau T, Becker BR, Becker KH, Bellido JA, Benzvi S, Berat C, Bergmann T, Bernardini P, Bertou X, Biermann PL, Billoir P, Blanch-Bigas O, Blanco F, Blasi P, Bleve C, Blümer H, Bohácová M, Bonifazi C, Bonino R, Brack J, Brogueira P, Brown WC, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Burton RE, Busca NG, Caballero-Mora KS, Cai B, Camin DV, Caramete L, Caruso R, Carvalho W, Castellina A, Catalano O, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cester R, Chauvin J, Chiavassa A, Chinellato JA, Chou A, Chudoba J, Chye J, Clark PDJ, Clay RW, Colombo E, Conceição R, Connolly B, Contreras F, Coppens J, Cordier A, Cotti U, Coutu S, Covault CE, Creusot A, Criss A, Cronin J, Curutiu A, Dagoret-Campagne S, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, de Almeida RM, De Donato C, de Jong SJ, De La Vega G, Junior WJMDM, Neto JRTDM, De Mitri I, de Souza V, Del Peral L, Deligny O, Della Selva A, Fratte CD, Dembinski H, Di Giulio C, Diaz JC, Diep PN, Dobrigkeit C, D'Olivo JC, Dong PN, Dornic D, Dorofeev A, Dos Anjos JC, Dova MT, D'Urso D, Dutan I, Duvernois MA, Engel R, Epele L, Erdmann M, Escobar CO, Etchegoyen A, Luis PFS, Falcke H, Farrar G, Fauth AC, Fazzini N, Ferrer F, Ferrero A, Fick B, Filevich A, Filipcic A, Fleck I, Fracchiolla CE, Fulgione W, García B, Gámez DG, Garcia-Pinto D, Garrido X, Geenen H, Gelmini G, Gemmeke H, Ghia PL, Giller M, Glass H, Gold MS, Golup G, Albarracin FG, Berisso MG, Gonçalves P, do Amaral MG, Gonzalez D, Gonzalez JG, González M, Góra D, Gorgi A, Gouffon P, Grassi V, Grillo AF, Grunfeld C, Guardincerri Y, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Gutiérrez J, Hague JD, Halenka V, Hamilton JC, Hansen P, Harari D, Harmsma S, Harton JL, Haungs A, Hauschildt T, Healy MD, Hebbeker T, Hebrero G, Heck D, Hojvat C, Holmes VC, Homola P, Hörandel JR, Horneffer A, Hrabovský M, Huege T, Hussain M, Iarlori M, Insolia A, Ionita F, Italiano A, Kaducak M, Kampert KH, Karova T, Kasper P, Kégl B, Keilhauer B, Kemp E, Kieckhafer RM, Klages HO, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Knapik R, Knapp J, Koang DH, Krieger A, Krömer O, Kuempel D, Kunka N, Kusenko A, La Rosa G, Lachaud C, Lago BL, Lebrun D, Lebrun P, Lee J, de Oliveira MAL, Letessier-Selvon A, Leuthold M, Lhenry-Yvon I, López R, Agüera AL, Bahilo JL, Lucero A, García RL, Maccarone MC, Macolino C, Maldera S, Mancarella G, Manceñido ME, Mandat D, Mantsch P, Mariazzi AG, Maris IC, Falcon HRM, Martello D, Martínez J, Bravo OM, Mathes HJ, Matthews J, Matthews JAJ, Matthiae G, Maurizio D, Mazur PO, McCauley T, McEwen M, McNeil RR, Medina MC, Medina-Tanco G, Melo D, Menichetti E, Menschikov A, Meurer C, Meyhandan R, Micheletti MI, Miele G, Miller W, Mollerach S, Monasor M, Ragaigne DM, Montanet F, Morales B, Morello C, Moreno JC, Morris C, Mostafá M, Muller MA, Mussa R, Navarra G, Navarro JL, Navas S, Necesal P, Nellen L, Newman-Holmes C, Newton D, Nhung PT, Nierstenhoefer N, Nitz D, Nosek D, Nozka L, Oehlschläger J, Ohnuki T, Olinto A, Olmos-Gilbaja VM, Ortiz M, Ortolani F, Ostapchenko S, Otero L, Pacheco N, Selmi-Dei DP, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Parente G, Parizot E, Parlati S, Pastor S, Patel M, Paul T, Pavlidou V, Payet K, Pech M, Pekala J, Pelayo R, Pepe IM, Perrone L, Pesce R, Petrera S, Petrinca P, Petrov Y, Pichel A, Piegaia R, Pierog T, Pimenta M, Pinto T, Pirronello V, Pisanti O, Platino M, Pochon J, Privitera P, Prouza M, Quel EJ, Rautenberg J, Redondo A, Reucroft S, Revenu B, Rezende FAS, Ridky J, Riggi S, Risse M, Rivière C, Rizi V, Roberts M, Robledo C, Rodriguez G, Martino JR, Rojo JR, Rodriguez-Cabo I, Rodríguez-Frías MD, Ros G, Rosado J, Roth M, Rouillé-d'Orfeuil B, Roulet E, Rovero AC, Salamida F, Salazar H, Salina G, Sánchez F, Santander M, Santo CE, Santos EM, Sarazin F, Sarkar S, Sato R, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schmidt A, Schmidt F, Schmidt T, Scholten O, Schovánek P, Schroeder F, Schulte S, Schüssler F, Sciutto SJ, Scuderi M, Segreto A, Semikoz D, Settimo M, Shellard RC, Sidelnik I, Siffert BB, Sigl G, Grande NSD, Smiałkowski A, Smída R, Smith AGK, Smith BE, Snow GR, Sokolsky P, Sommers P, Sorokin J, Spinka H, Squartini R, Strazzeri E, Stutz A, Suarez F, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky AD, Sutherland MS, Swain J, Szadkowski Z, Takahashi J, Tamashiro A, Tamburro A, Tarutina T, Taşcău O, Tcaciuc R, Thao NT, Thomas D, Ticona R, Tiffenberg J, Timmermans C, Tkaczyk W, Peixoto CJT, Tomé B, Tonachini A, Torres I, Travnicek P, Tripathi A, Tristram G, Tscherniakhovski D, Tuci V, Tueros M, Tunnicliffe V, Ulrich R, Unger M, Urban M, Galicia JFV, Valiño I, Valore L, van den Berg AM, van Elewyck V, Vázquez RA, Veberic D, Veiga A, Velarde A, Venters T, Verzi V, Videla M, Villaseñor L, Vorobiov S, Voyvodic L, Wahlberg H, Wahrlich P, Wainberg O, Walker P, Warner D, Watson AA, Westerhoff S, Wieczorek G, Wiencke L, Wilczyńska B, Wilczyński H, Wileman C, Winnick MG, Wu H, Wundheiler B, Yamamoto T, Younk P, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zaw I, Zepeda A, Ziolkowski M. Observation of the suppression of the flux of cosmic rays above 4 x 10 (19) eV. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:061101. [PMID: 18764444 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.061101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 2.5 x 10;{18} eV, derived from 20,000 events recorded at the Pierre Auger Observatory, is described. The spectral index gamma of the particle flux, J proportional, variantE;{-gamma}, at energies between 4 x 10;{18} eV and 4 x 10;{19} eV is 2.69+/-0.02(stat)+/-0.06(syst), steepening to 4.2+/-0.4(stat)+/-0.06(syst) at higher energies. The hypothesis of a single power law is rejected with a significance greater than 6 standard deviations. The data are consistent with the prediction by Greisen and by Zatsepin and Kuz'min.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Abraham
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, FR-Mendoza, Argentina
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Abraham J, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Aguirre C, Allard D, Allekotte I, Allen J, Allison P, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Ambrosio M, Anchordoqui L, Andringa S, Anzalone A, Aramo C, Argirò S, Arisaka K, Armengaud E, Arneodo F, Arqueros F, Asch T, Asorey H, Assis P, Atulugama BS, Aublin J, Ave M, Avila G, Bäcker T, Badagnani D, Barbosa AF, Barnhill D, Barroso SLC, Bauleo P, Beatty JJ, Beau T, Becker BR, Becker KH, Bellido JA, BenZvi S, Berat C, Bergmann T, Bernardini P, Bertou X, Biermann PL, Billoir P, Blanch-Bigas O, Blanco F, Blasi P, Bleve C, Blümer H, Bohácová M, Bonifazi C, Bonino R, Boratav M, Brack J, Brogueira P, Brown WC, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Burton RE, Busca NG, Caballero-Mora KS, Cai B, Camin DV, Caramete L, Caruso R, Carvalho W, Castellina A, Catalano O, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cester R, Chauvin J, Chiavassa A, Chinellato JA, Chou A, Chye J, Clark PDJ, Clay RW, Colombo E, Conceição R, Connolly B, Contreras F, Coppens J, Cordier A, Cotti U, Coutu S, Covault CE, Creusot A, Criss A, Cronin J, Curutiu A, Dagoret-Campagne S, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, de Almeida RM, De Donato C, de Jong SJ, De La Vega G, de Mello Junior WJM, de Mello Neto JRT, DeMitri I, de Souza V, del Peral L, Deligny O, Della Selva A, Delle Fratte C, Dembinski H, Di Giulio C, Diaz JC, Dobrigkeit C, D'Olivo JC, Dornic D, Dorofeev A, dos Anjos JC, Dova MT, D'Urso D, Dutan I, DuVernois MA, Engel R, Epele L, Erdmann M, Escobar CO, Etchegoyen A, Facal San Luis P, Falcke H, Farrar G, Fauth AC, Fazzini N, Ferrer F, Ferry S, Fick B, Filevich A, Filipcic A, Fleck I, Fonte R, Fracchiolla CE, Fulgione W, García B, García Gámez D, Garcia-Pinto D, Garrido X, Geenen H, Gelmini G, Gemmeke H, Ghia PL, Giller M, Glass H, Gold MS, Golup G, Gomez Albarracin F, Gómez Berisso M, Gómez Herrero R, Gonçalves P, Gonçalves do Amaral M, Gonzalez D, Gonzalez JG, González M, Góra D, Gorgi A, Gouffon P, Grassi V, Grillo AF, Grunfeld C, Guardincerri Y, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Gutiérrez J, Hague JD, Hamilton JC, Hansen P, Harari D, Harmsma S, Harton JL, Haungs A, Hauschildt T, Healy MD, Hebbeker T, Hebrero G, Heck D, Hojvat C, Holmes VC, Homola P, Hörandel J, Horneffer A, Horvat M, Hrabovský M, Huege T, Hussain M, Iarlori M, Insolia A, Ionita F, Italiano A, Kaducak M, Kampert KH, Karova T, Kégl B, Keilhauer B, Kemp E, Kieckhafer RM, Klages HO, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Knapik R, Knapp J, Koang DH, Krieger A, Krömer O, Kuempel D, Kunka N, Kusenko A, La Rosa G, Lachaud C, Lago BL, Lebrun D, Lebrun P, Lee J, Leigui de Oliveira MA, Letessier-Selvon A, Leuthold M, Lhenry-Yvon I, López R, Lopez Agüera A, Lozano Bahilo J, Luna García R, Maccarone MC, Macolino C, Maldera S, Mancarella G, Manceñido ME, Mandat D, Mantsch P, Mariazzi AG, Maris IC, Marquez Falcon HR, Martello D, Martínez J, Martínez Bravo O, Mathes HJ, Matthews J, Matthews JAJ, Matthiae G, Maurizio D, Mazur PO, McCauley T, McEwen M, McNeil RR, Medina MC, Medina-Tanco G, Meli A, Melo D, Menichetti E, Menschikov A, Meurer C, Meyhandan R, Micheletti MI, Miele G, Miller W, Mollerach S, Monasor M, Monnier Ragaigne D, Montanet F, Morales B, Morello C, Moreno JC, Morris C, Mostafá M, Muller MA, Mussa R, Navarra G, Navarro JL, Navas S, Necesal P, Nellen L, Newman-Holmes C, Newton D, Nguyen Thi T, Nierstenhoefer N, Nitz D, Nosek D, Nozka L, Oehlschläger J, Ohnuki T, Olinto A, Olmos-Gilbaja VM, Ortiz M, Ortolani F, Ostapchenko S, Otero L, Pacheco N, Pakk Selmi-Dei D, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Parente G, Parizot E, Parlati S, Pastor S, Patel M, Paul T, Pavlidou V, Payet K, Pech M, Pekala J, Pelayo R, Pepe IM, Perrone L, Petrera S, Petrinca P, Petrov Y, Pham Ngoc D, Pham Ngoc D, Pham Thi TN, Pichel A, Piegaia R, Pierog T, Pimenta M, Pinto T, Pirronello V, Pisanti O, Platino M, Pochon J, Privitera P, Prouza M, Quel EJ, Rautenberg J, Redondo A, Reucroft S, Revenu B, Rezende FAS, Ridky J, Riggi S, Risse M, Rivière C, Rizi V, Roberts M, Robledo C, Rodriguez G, Rodríguez Frías D, Rodriguez Martino J, Rodriguez Rojo J, Rodriguez-Cabo I, Ros G, Rosado J, Roth M, Rouillé-d'Orfeuil B, Roulet E, Rovero AC, Salamida F, Salazar H, Salina G, Sánchez F, Santander M, Santo CE, Santos EM, Sarazin F, Sarkar S, Sato R, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schmidt A, Schmidt F, Schmidt T, Scholten O, Schovánek P, Schüssler F, Sciutto SJ, Scuderi M, Segreto A, Semikoz D, Settimo M, Shellard RC, Sidelnik I, Siffert BB, Sigl G, Smetniansky De Grande N, Smiałkowski A, Smída R, Smith AGK, Smith BE, Snow GR, Sokolsky P, Sommers P, Sorokin J, Spinka H, Squartini R, Strazzeri E, Stutz A, Suarez F, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky AD, Sutherland MS, Swain J, Szadkowski Z, Takahashi J, Tamashiro A, Tamburro A, Taşcău O, Tcaciuc R, Thomas D, Ticona R, Tiffenberg J, Timmermans C, Tkaczyk W, Todero Peixoto CJ, Tomé B, Tonachini A, Torres I, Torresi D, Travnicek P, Tripathi A, Tristram G, Tscherniakhovski D, Tueros M, Tunnicliffe V, Ulrich R, Unger M, Urban M, Valdés Galicia JF, Valiño I, Valore L, van den Berg AM, van Elewyck V, Vázquez RA, Veberic D, Veiga A, Velarde A, Venters T, Verzi V, Videla M, Villaseñor L, Vorobiov S, Voyvodic L, Wahlberg H, Wainberg O, Walker P, Warner D, Watson AA, Westerhoff S, Wieczorek G, Wiencke L, Wilczyńska B, Wilczyński H, Wileman C, Winnick MG, Wu H, Wundheiler B, Yamamoto T, Younk P, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zech A, Zepeda A, Ziolkowski M. Upper limit on the diffuse flux of ultrahigh energy tau neutrinos from the Pierre Auger Observatory. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:211101. [PMID: 18518595 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.211101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory is sensitive to Earth-skimming tau neutrinos that interact in Earth's crust. Tau leptons from nu(tau) charged-current interactions can emerge and decay in the atmosphere to produce a nearly horizontal shower with a significant electromagnetic component. The data collected between 1 January 2004 and 31 August 2007 are used to place an upper limit on the diffuse flux of nu(tau) at EeV energies. Assuming an E(nu)(-2) differential energy spectrum the limit set at 90% C.L. is E(nu)(2)dN(nu)(tau)/dE(nu)<1.3 x 10(-7) GeV cm(-2) s(-1) sr(-1) in the energy range 2 x 10(17) eV< E(nu)< 2 x 10(19) eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Abraham
- Centro de Investigaciones en Laseres y Aplicaciones, CITEFA and CONICET, Argentina
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Abraham J, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Aguirre C, Allard D, Allekotte I, Allen J, Allison P, Alvarez C, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Ambrosio M, Anchordoqui L, Andringa S, Anzalone A, Aramo C, Argirò S, Arisaka K, Armengaud E, Arneodo F, Arqueros F, Asch T, Asorey H, Assis P, Atulugama BS, Aublin J, Ave M, Avila G, Bäcker T, Badagnani D, Barbosa AF, Barnhill D, Barroso SLC, Bauleo P, Beatty J, Beau T, Becker BR, Becker KH, Bellido JA, BenZvi S, Berat C, Bergmann T, Bernardini P, Bertou X, Biermann PL, Billoir P, Blanch-Bigas O, Blanco F, Blasi P, Bleve C, Blümer H, Boháčová M, Bonifazi C, Bonino R, Boratav M, Brack J, Brogueira P, Brown WC, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Busca NG, Caballero-Mora KS, Cai B, Camin DV, Caruso R, Carvalho W, Castellina A, Catalano O, Cataldi G, Cazón-Boado L, Cester R, Chauvin J, Chiavassa A, Chinellato JA, Chou A, Chye J, Clark PDJ, Clay RW, Colombo E, Conceição R, Connolly B, Contreras F, Coppens J, Cordier A, Cotti U, Coutu S, Covault CE, Creusot A, Cronin J, Dagoret-Campagne S, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, de Almeida RM, De Donato C, de Jong SJ, De La Vega G, de Mello Junior WJM, de Mello Neto JRT, De Mitri I, de Souza V, del Peral L, Deligny O, Selva AD, Fratte CD, Dembinski H, Di Giulio C, Diaz JC, Dobrigkeit C, D'Olivo JC, Dornic D, Dorofeev A, Anjos JCD, Dova MT, D'Urso D, DuVernois MA, Engel R, Epele L, Erdmann M, Escobar CO, Etchegoyen A, Luis PFS, Falcke H, Farrar G, Fauth AC, Fazzini N, Fernández A, Ferrer F, Ferry S, Fick B, Filevich A, Filipčič A, Fleck I, Fonte R, Fracchiolla CE, Fulgione W, García B, García Gámez D, Garcia-Pinto D, Garrido X, Geenen H, Gelmini G, Gemmeke H, Ghia PL, Giller M, Glass H, Gold MS, Golup G, Albarracin FG, Berisso MG, Herrero RG, Gonçalves P, do Amaral MG, Gonzalez D, Gonzalez JG, González M, Góra D, Gorgi A, Gouffon P, Grassi V, Grillo A, Grunfeld C, Guardincerri Y, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Gutiérrez J, Hague JD, Hamilton JC, Hansen P, Harari D, Harmsma S, Harton JL, Haungs A, Hauschildt T, Healy MD, Hebbeker T, Heck D, Hojvat 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Correlation of the Highest-Energy Cosmic Rays with Nearby Extragalactic Objects. Science 2007; 318:938-43. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1151124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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