1
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Tümer Z, Petris M, Zhu S, Mercer J, Bukrinski J, Bilz S, Baerlocher K, Horn N, Møller LB. A 37-year-old Menkes disease patient-Residual ATP7A activity and early copper administration as key factors in beneficial treatment. Clin Genet 2018; 92:548-553. [PMID: 28657131 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Menkes disease (MD) is a lethal disorder characterized by severe neurological symptoms and connective tissue abnormalities; and results from malfunctioning of cuproenzymes, which cannot receive copper due to a defective intracellular copper transporting protein, ATP7A. Early parenteral copper-histidine supplementation may modify disease progression substantially but beneficial effects of long-term treatment have been recorded in only a few patients. Here we report on the eldest surviving MD patient (37 years) receiving early-onset and long-term copper treatment. He has few neurological symptoms without connective tissue disturbances; and a missense ATP7A variant, p.(Pro852Leu), which results in impaired protein trafficking while the copper transport function is spared. These findings suggest that some cuproenzymes maintain their function when sufficient copper is provided to the cells; and underline the importance of early initiated copper treatment, efficiency of which is likely to be dependent on the mutant ATP7A function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Tümer
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - M Petris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - S Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - J Mercer
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - S Bilz
- Department of Endocrinology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - K Baerlocher
- Ostschweizerisches Kinderspital, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - N Horn
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - L B Møller
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
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2
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Schönewolf-Greulich B, Bisgaard AM, Møller R, Dunø M, Brøndum-Nielsen K, Kaur S, Van Bergen N, Lunke S, Eggers S, Jespersgaard C, Christodoulou J, Tümer Z. Clinician’s guide to genes associated with Rett-like phenotypes-Investigation of a Danish cohort and review of the literature. Clin Genet 2018; 95:221-230. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Schönewolf-Greulich
- Center for Rett Syndrome, Kennedy Center, Department of Paediatrics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A-M. Bisgaard
- Center for Rett Syndrome, Kennedy Center, Department of Paediatrics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - R.S. Møller
- Danish Epilepsy Centre; Dianalund Denmark
- Institute for Regional Health Services; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - M. Dunø
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - K. Brøndum-Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Kaur
- Neurodevelopmental Genomics Research Group; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - N.J. Van Bergen
- Neurodevelopmental Genomics Research Group; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - S. Lunke
- Translational Genomics Unit; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
| | - S. Eggers
- Translational Genomics Unit; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
| | - C. Jespersgaard
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. Christodoulou
- Neurodevelopmental Genomics Research Group; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - Z. Tümer
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
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3
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Boyle MI, Jespersgaard C, Nazaryan L, Bisgaard AM, Tümer Z. A novel RAD21 variant associated with intrafamilial phenotypic variation in Cornelia de Lange syndrome - review of the literature. Clin Genet 2016; 91:647-649. [PMID: 27882533 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In a patient with CdLS (IV.16) we identifed a novel single basepair deletion (c.704delG) in RAD21, which encodes a cohesin pathway protein. The variant is predicted to result in a premature stop codon [p.(Ser235Ilefs*19)] and hereby would have a deleterious effect. RAD21 variants have previously been described only in five cases with cohesinopathies (b). Notably, the deletion was found in the mother and the two aunts of the index patient, and none of them had been suspected of having CdLS or a cohesinopathy prior to this study (a). The index patient can be classified as mild CdLS, but the other family members do not fulfill the diagnostic criteria of CdLS. This study together with previous reports suggests incomplete penetrance associated with RAD21 variants and these individuals may therefore be underdiagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Boyle
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Jespersgaard
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Nazaryan
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A-M Bisgaard
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Z Tümer
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Soellner L, Begemann M, Mackay DJG, Grønskov K, Tümer Z, Maher ER, Temple IK, Monk D, Riccio A, Linglart A, Netchine I, Eggermann T. Recent Advances in Imprinting Disorders. Clin Genet 2016; 91:3-13. [PMID: 27363536 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Imprinting disorders (ImpDis) are a group of currently 12 congenital diseases with common underlying (epi)genetic etiologies and overlapping clinical features affecting growth, development and metabolism. In the last years it has emerged that ImpDis are characterized by the same types of mutations and epimutations, i.e. uniparental disomies, copy number variations, epimutations, and point mutations. Each ImpDis is associated with a specific imprinted locus, but the same imprinted region can be involved in different ImpDis. Additionally, even the same aberrant methylation patterns are observed in different phenotypes. As some ImpDis share clinical features, clinical diagnosis is difficult in some cases. The advances in molecular and clinical diagnosis of ImpDis help to circumvent these issues, and they are accompanied by an increasing understanding of the pathomechanism behind them. As these mechanisms have important roles for the etiology of other common conditions, the results in ImpDis research have a wider effect beyond the borders of ImpDis. For patients and their families, the growing knowledge contributes to a more directed genetic counseling of the families and personalized therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Soellner
- Department of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Begemann
- Department of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - D J G Mackay
- Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - K Grønskov
- Clinical Genetic Clinic, Kennedy Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Z Tümer
- Clinical Genetic Clinic, Kennedy Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - E R Maher
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - I K Temple
- Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - D Monk
- Imprinting and Cancer Group, Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program (PEBC), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Riccio
- DiSTABiF, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Caserta, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics - ABT, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - A Linglart
- Endocrinology and Diabetology for Children and Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, Bicêtre Paris Sud, APHP, INSERM U986, INSERM, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - I Netchine
- INSERM, CDR Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,Pediatric Endocrinology, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
| | - T Eggermann
- Department of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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5
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Schönewolf-Greulich B, Tejada MI, Stephens K, Hadzsiev K, Gauthier J, Brøndum-Nielsen K, Pfundt R, Ravn K, Maortua H, Gener B, Martínez-Bouzas C, Piton A, Rouleau G, Clayton-Smith J, Kleefstra T, Bisgaard AM, Tümer Z. TheMECP2variant c.925C>T (p.Arg309Trp) causes intellectual disability in both males and females without classic features of Rett syndrome. Clin Genet 2016; 89:733-8. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Schönewolf-Greulich
- Center for Rett Syndrome, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Glostrup Denmark
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet Glostrup Denmark
| | - M.-I. Tejada
- Genetics Service; Cruces University Hospital, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Clinical group affiliated with the Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER); Barakaldo Bizkaia Spain
| | - K. Stephens
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre; Central Manchester University Hospitals; Manchester UK
| | - K. Hadzsiev
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
| | - J. Gauthier
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory and Division of Medical Genetics; CHU Sainte-Justine; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - K. Brøndum-Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - R. Pfundt
- Department of Human Genetics; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - K. Ravn
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - H. Maortua
- Genetics Service; Cruces University Hospital, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Clinical group affiliated with the Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER); Barakaldo Bizkaia Spain
| | - B. Gener
- Genetics Service; Cruces University Hospital, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Clinical group affiliated with the Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER); Barakaldo Bizkaia Spain
| | - C. Martínez-Bouzas
- Genetics Service; Cruces University Hospital, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Clinical group affiliated with the Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER); Barakaldo Bizkaia Spain
| | - A. Piton
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics; IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104/INSERM U964/Strasbourg University; Strasbourg France
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg; Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - G. Rouleau
- Department of Human Genetics; McGill University; Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - J. Clayton-Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre; Central Manchester University Hospitals; Manchester UK
| | - T. Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - A.-M. Bisgaard
- Center for Rett Syndrome, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Glostrup Denmark
| | - Z. Tümer
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet Glostrup Denmark
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6
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Boyle MI, Tümer Z. Response to Dylan Mordaunt and Alisha McLauchlan. Clin Genet 2015; 88:99-100. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. I. Boyle
- Center for Applied Human Molecular Genetics; The Kennedy Center; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Z. Tümer
- Center for Applied Human Molecular Genetics; The Kennedy Center; Copenhagen Denmark
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7
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Boyle M, Jespersgaard C, Brøndum-Nielsen K, Bisgaard AM, Tümer Z. Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Clin Genet 2014; 88:1-12. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.I. Boyle
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Glostrup Denmark
| | - C. Jespersgaard
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Glostrup Denmark
| | - K. Brøndum-Nielsen
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Glostrup Denmark
| | - A.-M. Bisgaard
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Glostrup Denmark
| | - Z. Tümer
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; Glostrup Denmark
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8
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Zink AM, Wohlleber E, Engels H, Rødningen OK, Ravn K, Heilmann S, Rehnitz J, Katzorke N, Kraus C, Blichfeldt S, Hoffmann P, Reutter H, Brockschmidt FF, Kreiß-Nachtsheim M, Vogt PH, Prescott TE, Tümer Z, Lee JA. Microdeletions including FMR1 in three female patients with intellectual disability - further delineation of the phenotype and expression studies. Mol Syndromol 2014; 5:65-75. [PMID: 24715853 DOI: 10.1159/000357962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is one of the most common causes of intellectual disability/developmental delay (ID/DD), especially in males. It is caused most often by CGG trinucleotide repeat expansions, and less frequently by point mutations and partial or full deletions of the FMR1 gene. The wide clinical spectrum of affected females partly depends on their X-inactivation status. Only few female ID/DD patients with microdeletions including FMR1 have been reported. We describe 3 female patients with 3.5-, 4.2- and 9.2-Mb de novo microdeletions in Xq27.3-q28 containing FMR1. X-inactivation was random in all patients, yet they presented with ID/DD as well as speech delay, macrocephaly and other features attributable to FXS. No signs of autism were present. Here, we further delineate the clinical spectrum of female patients with microdeletions. FMR1 expression studies gave no evidence for an absolute threshold below which signs of FXS present. Since FMR1 expression is known to be highly variable between unrelated females, and since FMR1 mRNA levels have been suggested to be more similar among family members, we further explored the possibility of an intrafamilial effect. Interestingly, FMR1 mRNA levels in all 3 patients were significantly lower than in their respective mothers, which was shown to be specific for patients with microdeletions containing FMR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Zink
- Institute of Human Genetics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - E Wohlleber
- Institute of Human Genetics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - H Engels
- Institute of Human Genetics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - O K Rødningen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - K Ravn
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - S Heilmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany ; Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - J Rehnitz
- Molecular Genetics and Infertility Unit, Department of Gynecology, Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Women Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N Katzorke
- Molecular Genetics and Infertility Unit, Department of Gynecology, Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Women Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Kraus
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - S Blichfeldt
- Pediatric Department L55, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - P Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany ; Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany ; Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - H Reutter
- Institute of Human Genetics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany ; Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - F F Brockschmidt
- Institute of Human Genetics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany ; Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Kreiß-Nachtsheim
- Institute of Human Genetics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - P H Vogt
- Molecular Genetics and Infertility Unit, Department of Gynecology, Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Women Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T E Prescott
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Z Tümer
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Glostrup, Denmark ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J A Lee
- Institute of Human Genetics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany ; Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany ; Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, S.C., USA
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9
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Møller RS, Jensen LR, Maas SM, Filmus J, Capurro M, Hansen C, Marcelis CLM, Ravn K, Andrieux J, Mathieu M, Kirchhoff M, Rødningen OK, de Leeuw N, Yntema HG, Froyen G, Vandewalle J, Ballon K, Klopocki E, Joss S, Tolmie J, Knegt AC, Lund AM, Hjalgrim H, Kuss AW, Tommerup N, Ullmann R, de Brouwer APM, Strømme P, Kjaergaard S, Tümer Z, Kleefstra T. X-linked congenital ptosis and associated intellectual disability, short stature, microcephaly, cleft palate, digital and genital abnormalities define novel Xq25q26 duplication syndrome. Hum Genet 2013; 133:625-38. [PMID: 24326587 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1403-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Submicroscopic duplications along the long arm of the X-chromosome with known phenotypic consequences are relatively rare events. The clinical features resulting from such duplications are various, though they often include intellectual disability, microcephaly, short stature, hypotonia, hypogonadism and feeding difficulties. Female carriers are often phenotypically normal or show a similar but milder phenotype, as in most cases the X-chromosome harbouring the duplication is subject to inactivation. Xq28, which includes MECP2 is the major locus for submicroscopic X-chromosome duplications, whereas duplications in Xq25 and Xq26 have been reported in only a few cases. Using genome-wide array platforms we identified overlapping interstitial Xq25q26 duplications ranging from 0.2 to 4.76 Mb in eight unrelated families with in total five affected males and seven affected females. All affected males shared a common phenotype with intrauterine- and postnatal growth retardation and feeding difficulties in childhood. Three had microcephaly and two out of five suffered from epilepsy. In addition, three males had a distinct facial appearance with congenital bilateral ptosis and large protruding ears and two of them showed a cleft palate. The affected females had various clinical symptoms similar to that of the males with congenital bilateral ptosis in three families as most remarkable feature. Comparison of the gene content of the individual duplications with the respective phenotypes suggested three critical regions with candidate genes (AIFM1, RAB33A, GPC3 and IGSF1) for the common phenotypes, including candidate loci for congenital bilateral ptosis, small head circumference, short stature, genital and digital defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Møller
- Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Kolonivej 7, 4293, Dianalund, Denmark,
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10
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Roos L, Fang M, Dali C, Jensen H, Christoffersen N, Wu B, Zhang J, Xu R, Harris P, Xu X, Grønskov K, Tümer Z. A homozygous mutation in a consanguineous family consolidates the role of ALDH1A3 in autosomal recessive microphthalmia. Clin Genet 2013; 86:276-81. [PMID: 24024553 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Anomalies of eye development can lead to the rare eye malformations microphthalmia and anophthalmia (small or absent ocular globes), which are genetically very heterogeneous. Several genes have been associated with microphthalmia and anophthalmia, and exome sequencing has contributed to the identification of new genes. Very recently, homozygous variations within ALDH1A3 have been associated with autosomal recessive microphthalmia with or without cysts or coloboma, and with variable subphenotypes of developmental delay/autism spectrum disorder in eight families. In a consanguineous family where three of the five siblings were affected with microphthalmia/coloboma, we identified a novel homozygous missense mutation in ALDH1A3 using exome sequencing. Of the three affected siblings, one had intellectual disability and one had intellectual disability and autism, while the last one presented with normal development. This study contributes further to the description of the clinical spectrum associated with ALDH1A3 mutations, and illustrates the interfamilial clinical variation observed in individuals with ALDH1A3 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Roos
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
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11
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Rendtorff ND, Schrijver I, Lodahl M, Rodriguez-Paris J, Johnsen T, Hansén EC, Nickelsen LAA, Tümer Z, Fagerheim T, Wetke R, Tranebjaerg L. SLC26A4mutation frequency and spectrum in 109 Danish Pendred syndrome/DFNB4 probands and a report of nine novel mutations. Clin Genet 2013; 84:388-91. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ND Rendtorff
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - I Schrijver
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Pediatrics; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA USA
| | - M Lodahl
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | | | - EC Hansén
- Audiologiska Klinikken Örebro Universitetssjukhuset; Örebro Sweden
| | - LAA Nickelsen
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Z Tümer
- Center for Applied Human Molecular Genetics; Kennedy Center; Glostrup Denmark
| | - T Fagerheim
- Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Medical Genetics; University Hospital of North Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | - R Wetke
- Øre-Naese-Hals-Sygdomme, Afdeling H; Århus Sygehus; Århus Denmark
| | - L Tranebjaerg
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Audiology; H:S Bispebjerg Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
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12
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13
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Brudzewsky D, Pedersen AE, Claesson MH, Gad M, Kristensen NN, Lage K, Jensen T, Tommerup N, Larsen LA, Knudsen S, Tümer Z. Genome-wide gene expression profiling of SCID mice with T-cell-mediated Colitis. Scand J Immunol 2009; 69:437-46. [PMID: 19508375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disorder with an unknown aetiology. The aim of this study is to employ a murine model of IBD to identify pathways and genes, which may play a key role in the pathogenesis of IBD and could be important for discovery of new disease markers in human disease. Here, we have investigated severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, which upon adoptive transfer with concanavalin A-activated CD4(+) T cells develop inflammation of the colon with predominance in rectum. Mice with increasing level of inflammation was studied. RNA from rectum of transplanted and non-transplanted SCID mice was investigated by a genome-wide gene expression analysis using the Affymetrix mouse expression array 430A (MOE430A) including 22,626 probe sets. A significant change in gene expression (P = 0.00001) is observed in 152 of the genes between the non-transplanted control mice and colitis mice, and among these genes there is an overrepresentation of genes involved in inflammatory processes. Some of the most significant genes showing higher expression encode S100A proteins and chemokines involved in trafficking of leucocytes in inflammatory areas. Classification by gene clustering based on the genes with the significantly altered gene expression corresponds to two different levels of inflammation as established by the histological scoring of the inflamed rectum. These data demonstrate that this SCID T-cell transfer model is a useful animal model for human IBD and can be used for suggesting candidate genes involved in the pathogenesis and for identifying new molecular markers of chronic inflammation in human IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Brudzewsky
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Kaalund S, Møller R, Tészás A, Miranda M, Kosztolanyi G, Ullmann R, Tommerup N, Tümer Z. Investigation of 4q-deletion in two unrelated patients using array CGH. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:2431-4. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Erdogan F, Larsen LA, Zhang L, Tümer Z, Tommerup N, Chen W, Jacobsen JR, Schubert M, Jurkatis J, Tzschach A, Ropers HH, Ullmann R. High frequency of submicroscopic genomic aberrations detected by tiling path array comparative genome hybridisation in patients with isolated congenital heart disease. J Med Genet 2008; 45:704-9. [PMID: 18713793 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2008.058776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect and affects nearly 1% of newborns. The aetiology of CHD is largely unknown and only a small percentage can be assigned to environmental risk factors such as maternal diseases or exposure to mutagenic agents during pregnancy. Chromosomal imbalances have been identified in many forms of syndromic CHD, but very little is known about the impact of DNA copy number changes in non-syndromic CHD. METHOD A sub-megabase resolution array comparative genome hybridisation (CGH) screen was carried out on 105 patients with CHD as the sole abnormality at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS There were 18 chromosomal changes detected, which do not coincide with common DNA copy number variants, including one de novo deletion, two de novo duplications and eight familial copy number variations (one deletion and seven duplications). CONCLUSIONS Our data show that submicroscopic deletions and duplications play an important role in the aetiology of this condition, either as direct causes or as genetic risk factors for CHD. These findings have immediate consequences for genetic counselling and should pave the way for the elucidation of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Erdogan
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Buysse K, Crepel A, Menten B, Pattyn F, Antonacci F, Veltman JA, Larsen LA, Tümer Z, de Klein A, van de Laar I, Devriendt K, Mortier G, Speleman F. Mapping of 5q35 chromosomal rearrangements within a genomically unstable region. J Med Genet 2008; 45:672-8. [PMID: 18628311 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2008.058883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent molecular studies of breakpoints of recurrent chromosome rearrangements revealed the role of genomic architecture in their formation. In particular, segmental duplications representing blocks of >1 kb with >90% sequence homology were shown to mediate non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR). However, the occurrence of the majority of newly detected submicroscopic imbalances cannot be explained by the presence of segmental duplications. Therefore, further studies are needed to investigate whether architectural features other than segmental duplications mediate these rearrangements. METHODS We analysed a series of patients with breakpoints clustering within chromosome band 5q35. Using high density arrays and subsequent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), we characterised the breakpoints of four interstitial deletions (including one associated with an unbalanced paracentric inversion), a duplication and a familial reciprocal t(5;18)(q35;q22) translocation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Five of the breakpoints were located within an interval of approximately 265 kb encompassing the RANBP17 and TLX3 genes. This region is also targeted by the recurrent cryptic t(5;14)(q35;q32) translocation, which occurs in approximately 20% of childhood T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL). In silico analysis indicated the architectural features most likely to contribute to the genomic instability of this region, which was supported by our molecular data. Of further interest, in two patients and the familial translocation, the delineated breakpoint regions encompassed highly homologous LINEs (long interspersed nuclear elements), suggesting that NAHR between these LINEs may have mediated these rearrangements.
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17
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Engenheiro E, Møller RS, Pinto M, Soares G, Nikanorova M, Carreira IM, Ullmann R, Tommerup N, Tümer Z. Mowat-Wilson syndrome: an underdiagnosed syndrome? Clin Genet 2008; 73:579-84. [PMID: 18445050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.00997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) is an autosomal dominant developmental disorder with mental retardation and variable multiple congenital abnormalities due to mutations of the ZEB2 (ZFHX1B) gene at 2q22. MWS was first described in 1998 and the causative gene was delineated in 2001. Since then, 115 different mutations of ZEB2 have been published in association with this syndrome in 161 individuals. However, recent reports suggest that due to the variability of the congenital abnormalities, this syndrome may still be underdiagnosed. We report two unrelated patients with MWS where the clinical diagnosis was established only after finding of disruption of the ZEB2 gene by a balanced translocation breakpoint and an interstitial microdeletion, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Engenheiro
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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18
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Engenheiro E, Saraiva J, Carreira I, Ramos L, Ropers HH, Silva E, Tommerup N, Tümer Z. Cytogenetically invisible microdeletions involving PITX2 in Rieger syndrome. Clin Genet 2007; 72:464-70. [PMID: 17850355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) is a genetically heterogeneous autosomal dominant disorder mainly characterized by developmental defects of the anterior segment and extraocular anomalies. ARS shows great clinical variability and encompasses several conditions with overlapping phenotypes, including Rieger syndrome (RS). RS is characterized by developmental defects of the eyes, teeth and umbilicus, and the main causative gene is PITX2 (paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2, or RIEG1) at 4q25. PITX2 mutations show great variety, from point mutations to microscopic or submicroscopic deletions, and apparently balanced translocations in few cases. We identified cytogenetically undetectable submicroscopic deletions at 4q25 in two unrelated patients diagnosed with RS. One patient had a t(4;17)(q25;q22)dn translocation with a deletion at the 4q breakpoint, and the other patient had an interstitial deletion of 4q25. Both deletions included only the PITX2 and ENPEP (glutamyl aminopeptidase) genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Engenheiro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Wilhelm Johannsen Center for Functional Genome Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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19
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Møller RS, Hansen CP, Jackson GD, Ullmann R, Ropers HH, Tommerup N, Tümer Z. Interstitial deletion of chromosome 4p associated with mild mental retardation, epilepsy and polymicrogyria of the left temporal lobe. Clin Genet 2007; 72:593-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Tümer Z, Henriksen A, Bache I, Brixen K, Kalscheuer V, Illum N, Rasmussen K, Larsen L, Tommerup N. Eponymous Jacobsen syndrome: Mapping the breakpoints of the original family suggests an association between the distal 1.1 Mb of chromosome 21 and osteoporosis in Down syndrome (Am J Med Genet 135A:339–341). Am J Med Genet A 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Cingoz S, Bisgaard AM, Bache I, Bryndorf T, Kirchoff M, Petersen W, Ropers HH, Maas N, Van Buggenhout G, Tommerup N, Tümer Z. 4q35 deletion and 10p15 duplication associated with immunodeficiency. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:2231-5. [PMID: 16964622 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a familial cryptic reciprocal translocation between 4q35 and 10p15 leading to deletion of the terminal long arm of chromosome 4 and duplication of the terminal short arm of chromosome 10 in two family members who both have immunological disturbances and a similar facial appearance. The precise location and extent of the deletion and duplication was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Furthermore, we investigated the deletion breakpoint of a previously reported patient with 4q34.3-qter deletion [Van Buggenhout et al. (2004); Am J Med Genet Part A 131A:186-189].
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cingoz
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, IMBG/G, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Tümer Z, Henriksen AM, Bache I, Brixen K, Kalscheuer V, Illum N, Rasmussen K, Larsen LA, Tommerup N. Eponymous Jacobsen syndrome: mapping the breakpoints of the original family suggests an association between the distal 1.1 Mb of chromosome 21 and osteoporosis in Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 135:339-41. [PMID: 15887263 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Dlugaszewska B, Silahtaroglu A, Menzel C, Kübart S, Cohen M, Mundlos S, Tümer Z, Kjaer K, Friedrich U, Ropers HH, Tommerup N, Neitzel H, Kalscheuer VM. Breakpoints around the HOXD cluster result in various limb malformations. J Med Genet 2005; 43:111-8. [PMID: 15980115 PMCID: PMC2564623 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.033555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterisation of disease associated balanced chromosome rearrangements is a promising starting point in the search for candidate genes and regulatory elements. METHODS We have identified and investigated three patients with limb abnormalities and breakpoints involving chromosome 2q31. Patient 1 with severe brachydactyly and syndactyly, mental retardation, hypoplasia of the cerebellum, scoliosis, and ectopic anus, carries a balanced t(2;10)(q31.1;q26.3) translocation. Patient 2, with translocation t(2;10)(q31.1;q23.33), has aplasia of the ulna, shortening of the radius, finger anomalies, and scoliosis. Patient 3 carries a pericentric inversion of chromosome 2, inv(2)(p15q31). Her phenotype is characterised by bilateral aplasia of the fibula and the radius, bilateral hypoplasia of the ulna, unossified carpal bones, and hypoplasia and dislocation of both tibiae. RESULTS By fluorescence in situ hybridisation, we have mapped the breakpoints to intervals of approximately 170 kb or less. None of the three 2q31 breakpoints, which all mapped close to the HOXD cluster, disrupted any known genes. CONCLUSIONS Hoxd gene expression in the mouse is regulated by cis-acting DNA elements acting over distances of several hundred kilobases. Moreover, Hoxd genes play an established role in bone development. It is therefore very likely that the three rearrangements disturb normal HOXD gene regulation by position effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dlugaszewska
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Boonen SE, Stahl D, Kreiborg S, Rosenberg T, Kalscheuer V, Larsen LA, Tommerup N, Brøndum-Nielsen K, Tümer Z. Delineation of an interstitial 9q22 deletion in basal cell nevus syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 132A:324-8. [PMID: 15690381 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell nevus syndrome (Gorlin syndrome) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the presence of multiple basal cell carcinomas (BCC), odontogenic keratocysts, palmoplantar pits, and calcification in the falx cerebri caused by mutational inactivation of the PTCH gene. In few cases, the syndrome is due to a microdeletion at 9q22. Using high-resolution chromosome analysis we have identified a patient with the karyotype, 46,XY,del(9)(q21.3q31) de novo. He had typical clinical features consistent with basal cell nevus syndrome, but also additional features likely to be caused by loss of additional chromosomal material in this region. The deletion breakpoints were characterized with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using BAC clones. The 15 Mb long deletion includes 87 RefSeq genes including PTCH. Hemizygosity of one or more genes might contribute to the additional symptoms observed in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Boonen
- The John F. Kennedy Institute, Glostrup, Denmark
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25
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Tümer Z, Harboe TL, Blennow E, Kalscheuer VM, Tommerup N, Brøndum-Nielsen K. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of ring chromosome 15 in three unrelated patients. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 130A:340-4. [PMID: 15384084 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report molecular cytogenetic characterization of ring chromosome 15 in three unrelated male patients with the karyotype 46,XY,r(15). One was a stillborn child with several malformations, and the other two cases showed pre- and postnatal growth retardation and developmental delay, common features for ring chromosome 15 syndrome. One of these patients also displayed clinical features resembling Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). To delineate the extent of the deletion on chromosome 15, we have carried out fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) mapping to the distal long arm of chromosome 15. The deletion breakpoints clustered within a 4.5-6.5 Mb region proximal to the 15q telomere. Two deletions involved the same known genes, while the largest deletion observed in the stillborn child involved three additional genes, including the COUP-TFII gene, which has been suggested to play a role in heart development. The heart malformations, which are observed in this patient, are thus likely to be due to hemizygosity/haploinsufficiency of the COUP-TFII gene. In all three patients, the insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene (IGF1R) gene was deleted supporting the association between IGF1R and growth retardation seen in ring chromosome 15 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Tümer
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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26
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Silahtaroglu AN, Jensen LR, Harboe TL, Horn P, Bendixen C, Tommerup N, Tümer Z. Sequencing and mapping of the porcine CCS gene. Anim Genet 2004; 35:353-4. [PMID: 15265083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A N Silahtaroglu
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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27
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Hertz JM, Sivertsen B, Silahtaroglu A, Bugge M, Kalscheuer V, Weber A, Wirth J, Ropers HH, Tommerup N, Tümer Z. Early onset, non-progressive, mild cerebellar ataxia co-segregating with a familial balanced translocation t(8;20)(p22;q13). J Med Genet 2004; 41:e25. [PMID: 14985396 PMCID: PMC1735697 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2003.011510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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28
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Harboe TL, Jensen LR, Hansen C, Horn P, Bendixen C, Tommerup N, Tümer Z. Cloning, characterization and chromosomal localization of the Sus scrofa SLC31A1 gene. Anim Genet 2003; 34:59-61. [PMID: 12580789 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2003.00940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential element necessary for normal function of numerous enzymes in all living organisms. Uptake of copper into the cell is thought to occur through the membrane protein, SLC31A1 (CTR1), which has been described in a variety of species including yeast, human and mouse. In this study, we present cloning, gene structure, chromosomal localization and expression pattern of the Sus scrofa SLC31A1 gene, which encodes a 189 amino acid protein. The (SSC) SLC31A1 gene is organized in four exons and spans an approximately 2.3 kb genomic region. We have localized the gene to chromosome 1q28-q2.13 using a somatic cell hybrid panel. This region shows conservation of synteny with human chromosome 9, where the human SLC31A1 (CTR1) gene has been localized. Expression studies suggest that SLC31A1 mRNA is transcribed in all tissues examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Harboe
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Menkes disease is an X-linked recessive lethal disorder of copper metabolism, caused by defects in the ATP7A gene. Partial gene deletions comprise about 15% of the mutations causing Menkes disease. We have previously demonstrated identification of partial ATP7A deletions in patients by Southern blot analysis. In the present study, we report the use of three fast and reliable polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods for the identification of partial ATP7A deletions in Menkes disease patients. First we demonstrate the use of multiplex PCR, a fast method for identification and rough localization of partial gene deletions, in which two exons of ATP7A are coamplified. Second, we present PCR amplification of genomic DNA across the deletion junctions, a method enabling identification of the deletion breakpoints and hence the exact size of the deletion. Finally, application of reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for identification and localization of gene deletions at the cDNA level is demonstrated. By studying the mutation at the cDNA level the predicted effect of the mutation on the amino acid sequence and consequently the protein structure and function can be inferred. We demonstrate characterization of partial gene deletions in five patients, and in three of these we were able to determine the breakpoint sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Poulsen
- The John F. Kennedy Institute, Glostrup, Denmark
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30
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Rendtorff ND, Vissing H, Tümer Z, Silahtaroglu A, Tommerup N. Assignment of the NR2E3 gene to mouse chromosome 9 and to human chromosome 15q22.33-->q23. Cytogenet Cell Genet 2000; 89:279-80. [PMID: 10965145 DOI: 10.1159/000015635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N D Rendtorff
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Harboe TL, Tümer Z, Hansen C, Jensen NA, Tommerup N. Assignment of the human zinc finger gene, ZNF288, to chromosome 3 band q13.2 by radiation hybrid mapping and fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Cytogenet Cell Genet 2000; 89:156-7. [PMID: 10965110 DOI: 10.1159/000015600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T L Harboe
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Kirchhoff M, Rose H, Maahr J, Gerdes T, Bugge M, Tommerup N, Tümer Z, Lespinasse J, Jensen PK, Wirth J, Lundsteen C. High resolution comparative genomic hybridisation analysis reveals imbalances in dyschromosomal patients with normal or apparently balanced conventional karyotypes. Eur J Hum Genet 2000; 8:661-8. [PMID: 10980571 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive technique is needed for screening whole genome imbalances in dyschromosomal patients when G-banding shows normal karyotypes or apparently balanced translocations. In this study we performed highly sensitive comparative genomic hybridisation analysis on a number of such cases and revealed chromosomal imbalances in all.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kirchhoff
- Cytogenetic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Genetics, Juliane Marie Center, The National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Møller LB, Tümer Z, Lund C, Petersen C, Cole T, Hanusch R, Seidel J, Jensen LR, Horn N. Similar splice-site mutations of the ATP7A gene lead to different phenotypes: classical Menkes disease or occipital horn syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66:1211-20. [PMID: 10739752 PMCID: PMC1288188 DOI: 10.1086/302857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/1999] [Accepted: 01/18/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 150 point mutations have now been identified in the ATP7A gene. Most of these mutations lead to the classic form of Menkes disease (MD), and a few lead to the milder occipital horn syndrome (OHS). To get a better understanding of molecular changes leading to classic MD and OHS, we took advantage of the unique finding of three patients with similar mutations but different phenotypes. Although all three patients had mutations located in the splice-donor site of intron 6, only two of the patients had the MD phenotype; the third had the OHS phenotype. Fibroblast cultures from the three patients were analyzed by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR to try to find an explanation of the different phenotypes. In all three patients, exon 6 was deleted in the majority of the ATP7A transcripts. However, by RT-PCR amplification with an exon 6-specific primer, we were able to amplify exon 6-containing mRNA products from all three patients, even though they were in low abundance. Sequencing of these products indicated that only the patient with OHS had correctly spliced exon 6-containing transcripts. We used two different methods of quantitative RT-PCR analysis and found that the level of correctly spliced mRNA in this patient was 2%-5% of the level found in unaffected individuals. These findings indicate that the presence of barely detectable amounts of correctly spliced ATP7A transcript is sufficient to permit the development of the milder OHS phenotype, as opposed to classic MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Møller
- The John F. Kennedy Institute, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
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34
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Jensen PY, Bonander N, Horn N, Tümer Z, Farver O. Expression, purification and copper-binding studies of the first metal-binding domain of Menkes protein. Eur J Biochem 1999; 264:890-6. [PMID: 10491137 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA, coding for the first metal-binding domain (MBD1) of Menkes protein, was cloned into the T7-system based vector, pCA. The T7 lysozyme-encoding plasmid, pLysS, is shown to be crucial for expression, suggesting that the protein is toxic to the cells. Adding copper to the growth medium did not affect the plasmid stability. MBD1 is purified in two steps with a typical yield of 12 mg.L-1. Menkes protein, a P-type ATPase, contains a sequence GMXCXSC that is repeated six times, at the N-terminus. The paired cysteine residues are involved in metal binding. MBD1 has only two cysteine residues, which can exist as free thiol groups (reduced), as a disulphide bond (oxidized) or bound to a metal ion [e.g. Cu(I)-MBD1]. These three MBD1 forms have been investigated using CD. No major spectral change was seen between the different MBD1 forms, indicating that the folding is not changed upon metal binding. A copper-bound MBD1 was also studied by EPR, and the lack of an EPR signal suggests that the oxidation state of copper bound to MBD1 is Cu(I). Cu(I) binding studies were performed by equilibrium dialysis and revealed a stoichiometry of 1 : 1 and an apparent Kd = 46 microM. Oxidized MBD1, however, is not able to bind copper. Different copper complexes were investigated for their ability to reconstitute apo-MBD1. Given the same total copper concentration CuCl43- was superior to Cu(I)-thiourea (structural analogue of metallothionein) and Cu(I)-glutathione (used at fivefold higher copper concentration) although the latter two were able to partially reconstitute apo-MBD1. Cu(II) was not able to reconstitute apo-MBD1, presumably due to Cu(II)-induced oxidation of the thiol groups. Based on our results, glutathione and/or metallothionein are likely candidates for the in vivo incorporation of copper to Menkes protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Jensen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Demark.
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35
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Abstract
Our knowledge about Menkes disease (MD) has expanded greatly since its description in 1962 as a new X-linked recessive neurodegenerative disorder of early infancy. Ten years later a defect in copper metabolism was established as the underlying biochemical deficiency. In the beginning of 1990s efforts were concentrated on the molecular genetic aspects. The disease locus was mapped to Xq13.3 and the gene has been isolated by means of positional cloning. This was the beginning of a series of new findings which have greatly enhanced our understanding of copper metabolism not only in human, but also in other species. This review will focus on the molecular genetic aspects of Menkes disease and its allelic form occipital horn syndrome. The mutations will be compared briefly with those described in the animal model mottled mouse, and in Wilson disease, the autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Tümer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Silahtaroglu A, Hol FA, Jensen PK, Erdel M, Duba HC, Geurds MP, Knoers NV, Mariman EC, Tümer Z, Utermann G, Wirth J, Bugge M, Tommerup N. Molecular cytogenetic detection of 9q34 breakpoints associated with nail patella syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 1999; 7:68-76. [PMID: 10094193 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The nail patella syndrome (NPS1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by dysplasia of the finger nails and skeletal abnormalities. NPS1 has been mapped to 9q34, to a 1 cM interval between D9S315 and the adenylate kinase gene (AK1). We have mapped the breakpoints within the candidate NPS1 region in two unrelated patients with balanced translocations. One patient [46,XY,t(1;9)(q32.1;q34)] was detected during a systematic survey of old cytogenetic files in Denmark and southern Sweden. The other patient [46,XY,t(9;17)(q34.1;q25)] was reported previously. D9S315 and AK1 were used to isolate YACs, from which endclones were used to isolate PACs. Two overlapping PAC clones span the 9q34 breakpoints in both patients, suggesting that NPS1 is caused by haploinsufficiency due to truncation or otherwise inactivation of a gene at or in the vicinity of the breakpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Silahtaroglu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jankov RP, Boerkoel CF, Hellmann J, Sirkin WL, Tümer Z, Horn N, Feigenbaum A. Lethal neonatal Menkes' disease with severe vasculopathy and fractures. Acta Paediatr 1998; 87:1297-300. [PMID: 9894833 DOI: 10.1080/080352598750031013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
A male neonate presented with an acute onset of severe intra-abdominal bleeding, haemorrhagic shock and multiple fractures leading to death on d 27. Menkes' disease was diagnosed at autopsy and confirmed by copper accumulation studies on cultured fibroblasts. Such an early onset of fatal complications in this condition has not been previously reported. New insights into the pathogenesis of Menkes' disease provided by DNA mutation analysis and difficulties in neonatal diagnosis are discussed. Menkes' disease should be considered in male infants with pathological fractures and other signs of connective tissue disease, even in the neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Jankov
- Division of Neonatology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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38
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Abstract
Cloning of the gene defective in the X-linked neurodegenerative disorder Menkes disease led to a cascade of new findings. Besides giving a better understanding of the intracellular copper homeostasis, these findings had important consequences from a clinical point of view. Today the underlying genetic defect has been described in several patients affected by one of the three hereditary disorders of copper metabolism: Menkes disease, occipital horn syndrome and wilson disease. In this review we discuss mainly Menkes disease and the impact of the recent findings on the diagnosis of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Tümer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Silahtaroglu AN, Hacihanefioglu S, Güven GS, Cenani A, Wirth J, Tommerup N, Tümer Z. Not para-, not peri-, but centric inversion of chromosome 12. J Med Genet 1998; 35:682-4. [PMID: 9719380 PMCID: PMC1051399 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.35.8.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A 39 year old male with primary infertility was diagnosed as having Klinefelter syndrome by conventional cytogenetic analysis, which also showed an abnormal chromosome 12. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) analysis of the aberrant chromosome using a 12 specific centromeric probe showed a break in the alphoid repeats followed by an inversion within the short arm, resulting in a pseudodicentric chromosome. Further FISH analyses using telomeric and subtelomeric probes showed that the other breakpoint was in the subtelomeric region of the short arm. The karyotype is designated 47,XXY,inv(12)(p10p13.3). To our knowledge this is the first report of a case of "centric inversion".
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Silahtaroglu
- The Genetic and Teratology Research Centre (GETAM), Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey
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Jensen PY, Bonander N, Karlsson BG, Horn N, Tümer Z, Farver O. Investigation of the copper binding sites in the Menkes disease protein, ATP7A. SSIEM Award. Society of the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 1998; 21:195-8. [PMID: 9686355 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005331130245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Y Jensen
- Department of Analytical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Allele and genotype frequencies were determined for the STR (short tandem repeat) locus TPOX in a random Turkish population sample of 200 individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vural
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey
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Christodoulou J, Danks DM, Sarkar B, Baerlocher KE, Casey R, Horn N, Tümer Z, Clarke JT. Early treatment of Menkes disease with parenteral copper-histidine: long-term follow-up of four treated patients. Am J Med Genet 1998; 76:154-64. [PMID: 9511979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the long-term clinical course of 4 boys with Menkes disease, treated from early infancy with parenteral copper-histidine, with follow-up over 10-20 years. Three of the 4 had male relatives with a severe clinical course compatible with classical Menkes disease. As a consequence of early treatment, our patients have normal or near-normal intellectual development, but have developed many of the more severe somatic abnormalities of the related disorder, occipital horn syndrome, including severe orthostatic hypotension in 2. In addition, 1 boy developed a previously unreported anomaly, namely, massive splenomegaly and hypersplenism as a consequence of a splenic artery aneurysm. Previously reported molecular studies in 2 of these patients had shown gene defects which would have predicted a truncated and probably nonfunctional gene product. Despite the favorable effects on the neurological symptoms, parenteral copper treatment for Menkes disease should still be regarded as experimental. The development of more effective treatments must await a more precise delineation of the role which the Menkes protein plays in intracellular copper trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christodoulou
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kaler SG, Tümer Z. Prenatal diagnosis of Menkes disease. Prenat Diagn 1998; 18:287-9. [PMID: 9556046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S G Kaler
- National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1424, USA.
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Tümer Z, Wolff D, Silahtaroglu AN, Orum A, Brøndum-Nielsen K. Characterization of a supernumerary small marker X chromosome in two females with similar phenotypes. Am J Med Genet 1998; 76:45-50. [PMID: 9508064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe two female patients mosaic for a cell line with an extra marker X chromosome in addition to a normal 46,XX cell line. To our knowledge, these cases are the first reports of females who had a cell line with a supernumerary marker X chromosome in addition to a normal cell line. They also had strikingly similar manifestations, including small hands and feet, minor facial anomalies, obesity, and mental retardation. The DNA content of the mar(X) chromosomes was investigated by fluorescent in situ hybridization using pericentromeric probes. The XIST gene, which is necessary for initiation of X-inactivation, was deleted from both marker chromosomes, suggesting that these chromosomes were not subject to inactivation. The short arm breakpoints of the mar(X)s were between the DNA markers DXS423E on Xp11.21 and UBE1 on Xp11.23. In Patient 1, mar(X) contained the androgen receptor gene and the DNA marker DXS1, both mapping to Xq11.2, whereas in Patient 2 the chromosome breakpoint was proximal to these markers. We suggest that the similar phenotypes of these patients may be due to the overexpression of genes in the common pericentromeric region of the X chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Tümer
- The John F. Kennedy Institute, Glostrup, Denmark
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45
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the presence of genetic anticipation in families with Behçet's syndrome (BS). METHODS A total of 18 families with 40 affected members in two successive generations were evaluated by interviewing them for their ages at the onset of the first symptom of BS and for their ages at the time they fulfilled the diagnostic criteria. RESULTS It was noted that the age of onset of the first symptom was lower in the second generation in 14 families (p = 0.01) with a mean (SD) age of 20.57 (7.47) years in the children compared with 33.29 (9.92) years in the parents (t = 7.79, p < 0.0001), whereas the diagnostic criteria were fulfilled at an earlier age in the children in 15 families (p = 0.01) with a mean age of 21.2 (6.74) years in the children compared with 36.4 (9.55) years in the parents (t = 7.41, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Genetic anticipation was present in 15 of 18 (84%) of the families with BS in the form of earlier disease onset in the children compared with their parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fresko
- Department of Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Tümer
- John F Kennedy Institute, Glostrup, Denmark
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47
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Tümer Z, Lund C, Tolshave J, Vural B, Tønnesen T, Horn N. Identification of point mutations in 41 unrelated patients affected with Menkes disease. Am J Hum Genet 1997; 60:63-71. [PMID: 8981948 PMCID: PMC1712537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic DNA of 41 unrelated patients affected with the classical severe form of Menkes disease was investigated for point mutations in the ATP7A gene (previously designated as the "MNK" gene). Using SSCP analysis and direct sequencing of the exons amplified by PCR, we identified 41 different mutations, including 19 insertions/deletions, 10 nonsense mutations, 4 missense mutations, and 8 splice-site alterations. Approximately 90% of the mutations were predicted to result in the truncation of the protein (ATP7A). In 20 patients the mutations were within exons 7-10, and half of these mutations affected exon 8. Furthermore, five alterations were observed within the 6-bp sequence at the splice-donor site of intron 8, which would be predicted to affect the efficiency of splicing of exon 8. Although a specific function has not been attributed to the protein region encoded by this exon, this region may be important in serving as a "stalk" joining the metal-binding domains and the ATPase core. The present findings not only help us in understanding the underlying genetic defect but are invaluable data especially for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis of this lethal disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Tümer
- The John F. Kennedy Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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48
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Abstract
Copper is a trace element necessary for the normal function of several important enzymes but copper homeostasis is still poorly understood. In recent years remarkable progress has been made in this field following the isolation of the gene defective in Menkes disease. Menkes disease and occipital horn syndrome are X-linked recessive disorders, demonstrating the vital importance of copper, which is also highly toxic in excessive amounts. Its destructive effects are reflected in the autosomal recessive Wilson's disease. Progressive neurodegeneration and connective tissue disturbances are the main manifestations of Menkes disease. Although many patients present a severe clinical course, variable forms can be distinguished, and the occipital horn syndrome has been suggested to be a mild allelic form. The Menkes locus is mapped to Xq13.3 and the gene defective in Menkes disease has been isolated by positional cloning. The gene is predicted to encode an energy-dependent copper-binding protein, the first intracellular copper transporter described in eukaryotes. Isolation of the gene and subsequent characterization of the exon-intron organization now enables the establishment of DNA-based diagnostic methods. Furthermore, identification of the Menkes disease gene led to other important findings, such as isolation of its mouse homologue, confirming the allelic relationship between Menkes disease and occipital horn syndrome, and isolation of the defective genes in Wilson's disease and its rat homologue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Tümer
- John F. Kennedy Institute, Glostrup, Denmark
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50
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Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis of a girl with moderate mental retardation and dysmorphic features revealed a 46,XX/47,XX,+mar karyotype. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using chromosome specific alpha satellite probes showed that the supernumerary marker originated from the X chromosome. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a female patient mosaic for a supernumerary small marker chromosome derived from X, and hence mosaic for trisomy of the pericentric region of the X chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Silahtaroglu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Turkey
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