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Kim BY, Gellert HR, Church SH, Suvorov A, Anderson SS, Barmina O, Beskid SG, Comeault AA, Crown KN, Diamond SE, Dorus S, Fujichika T, Hemker JA, Hrcek J, Kankare M, Katoh T, Magnacca KN, Martin RA, Matsunaga T, Medeiros MJ, Miller DE, Pitnick S, Simoni S, Steenwinkel TE, Schiffer M, Syed ZA, Takahashi A, Wei KHC, Yokoyama T, Eisen MB, Kopp A, Matute D, Obbard DJ, O'Grady PM, Price DK, Toda MJ, Werner T, Petrov DA. Single-fly assemblies fill major phylogenomic gaps across the Drosophilidae Tree of Life. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.02.560517. [PMID: 37873137 PMCID: PMC10592941 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Long-read sequencing is driving rapid progress in genome assembly across all major groups of life, including species of the family Drosophilidae, a longtime model system for genetics, genomics, and evolution. We previously developed a cost-effective hybrid Oxford Nanopore (ONT) long-read and Illumina short-read sequencing approach and used it to assemble 101 drosophilid genomes from laboratory cultures, greatly increasing the number of genome assemblies for this taxonomic group. The next major challenge is to address the laboratory culture bias in taxon sampling by sequencing genomes of species that cannot easily be reared in the lab. Here, we build upon our previous methods to perform amplification-free ONT sequencing of single wild flies obtained either directly from the field or from ethanol-preserved specimens in museum collections, greatly improving the representation of lesser studied drosophilid taxa in whole-genome data. Using Illumina Novaseq X Plus and ONT P2 sequencers with R10.4.1 chemistry, we set a new benchmark for inexpensive hybrid genome assembly at US $150 per genome while assembling genomes from as little as 35 ng of genomic DNA from a single fly. We present 183 new genome assemblies for 179 species as a resource for drosophilid systematics, phylogenetics, and comparative genomics. Of these genomes, 62 are from pooled lab strains and 121 from single adult flies. Despite the sample limitations of working with small insects, most single-fly diploid assemblies are comparable in contiguity (>1Mb contig N50), completeness (>98% complete dipteran BUSCOs), and accuracy (>QV40 genome-wide with ONT R10.4.1) to assemblies from inbred lines. We present a well-resolved multi-locus phylogeny for 360 drosophilid and 4 outgroup species encompassing all publicly available (as of August 2023) genomes for this group. Finally, we present a Progressive Cactus whole-genome, reference-free alignment built from a subset of 298 suitably high-quality drosophilid genomes. The new assemblies and alignment, along with updated laboratory protocols and computational pipelines, are released as an open resource and as a tool for studying evolution at the scale of an entire insect family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel H Church
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, USA
| | - Anton Suvorov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Sean S Anderson
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Olga Barmina
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, USA
| | | | - Aaron A Comeault
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, UK
| | - K Nicole Crown
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | | | - Steve Dorus
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, USA
| | - Takako Fujichika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - James A Hemker
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, USA
| | - Jan Hrcek
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czechia
| | - Maaria Kankare
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Toru Katoh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Karl N Magnacca
- Hawaii Invertebrate Program, Division of Forestry & Wildlife, State of Hawaii, USA
| | - Ryan A Martin
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - Teruyuki Matsunaga
- Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Danny E Miller
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, USA
| | - Scott Pitnick
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, USA
| | - Sara Simoni
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, USA
| | | | - Michele Schiffer
- Daintree Rainforest Observatory, James Cook University, Australia
| | - Zeeshan A Syed
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, USA
| | - Aya Takahashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Kevin H-C Wei
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia
| | | | - Michael B Eisen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of California Berkeley, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute,University of California Berkeley, United States
| | - Artyom Kopp
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, USA
| | - Daniel Matute
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Darren J Obbard
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Donald K Price
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, USA
| | | | - Thomas Werner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, USA
| | - Dmitri A Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, USA
- CZ Biohub, Investigator
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Daher ND, Milman T, Syed ZA. Migratory subconjunctival cyst. J Fr Ophtalmol 2023:S0181-5512(23)00279-6. [PMID: 37414670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2023.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N D Daher
- Cornea Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - T Milman
- Pathology Department, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Z A Syed
- Cornea Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Syed ZA, Dallai R, Nasirzadeh N, Brill JA, O’Grady PM, Cong S, Leef EM, Rice S, Asif A, Nguyen S, Hansen MM, Dorus S, Pitnick S. Sperm Cyst "Looping": A Developmental Novelty Enabling Extreme Male Ornament Evolution. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102762. [PMID: 34685746 PMCID: PMC8534658 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Postcopulatory sexual selection is credited as a principal force behind the rapid evolution of reproductive characters, often generating a pattern of correlated evolution between interacting, sex-specific traits. Because the female reproductive tract is the selective environment for sperm, one taxonomically widespread example of this pattern is the co-diversification of sperm length and female sperm-storage organ dimension. In Drosophila, having testes that are longer than the sperm they manufacture was believed to be a universal physiological constraint. Further, the energetic and time costs of developing long testes have been credited with underlying the steep evolutionary allometry of sperm length and constraining sperm length evolution in Drosophila. Here, we report on the discovery of a novel spermatogenic mechanism—sperm cyst looping—that enables males to produce relatively long sperm in short testis. This phenomenon (restricted to members of the saltans and willistoni species groups) begins early during spermatogenesis and is potentially attributable to heterochronic evolution, resulting in growth asynchrony between spermatid tails and the surrounding spermatid and somatic cyst cell membranes. By removing the allometric constraint on sperm length, this evolutionary innovation appears to have enabled males to evolve extremely long sperm for their body mass while evading delays in reproductive maturation time. On the other hand, sperm cyst looping was found to exact a cost by requiring greater total energetic investment in testes and a pronounced reduction in male lifespan. We speculate on the ecological selection pressures underlying the evolutionary origin and maintenance of this unique adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan A. Syed
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (S.C.); (E.M.L.); (S.R.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (M.M.H.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: (Z.A.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Romano Dallai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Negar Nasirzadeh
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (N.N.); (J.A.B.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Julie A. Brill
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (N.N.); (J.A.B.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Siyuan Cong
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (S.C.); (E.M.L.); (S.R.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (M.M.H.); (S.D.)
| | - Ethan M. Leef
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (S.C.); (E.M.L.); (S.R.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (M.M.H.); (S.D.)
| | - Sarah Rice
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (S.C.); (E.M.L.); (S.R.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (M.M.H.); (S.D.)
| | - Amaar Asif
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (S.C.); (E.M.L.); (S.R.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (M.M.H.); (S.D.)
| | - Stephanie Nguyen
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (S.C.); (E.M.L.); (S.R.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (M.M.H.); (S.D.)
| | - Matthew M. Hansen
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (S.C.); (E.M.L.); (S.R.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (M.M.H.); (S.D.)
| | - Steve Dorus
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (S.C.); (E.M.L.); (S.R.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (M.M.H.); (S.D.)
| | - Scott Pitnick
- Center for Reproductive Evolution, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (S.C.); (E.M.L.); (S.R.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (M.M.H.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: (Z.A.S.); (S.P.)
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Gupta V, Venkatesan S, Chatterjee M, Syed ZA, Nivsarkar V, Prasad NG. No apparent cost of evolved immune response in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 2016; 70:934-43. [PMID: 26932243 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance and deployment of the immune system are costly and are hence predicted to trade-off with other resource-demanding traits, such as reproduction. We subjected this longstanding idea to test using laboratory experimental evolution approach. In the present study, replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster were subjected to three selection regimes-I (Infection with Pseudomonas entomophila), S (Sham-infection with MgSO4 ), and U (Unhandled Control). After 30 generations of selection flies from the I regime had evolved better survivorship upon infection with P. entomophila compared to flies from U and S regimes. However, contrary to expectations and previous reports, we did not find any evidence of trade-offs between immunity and other life history related traits, such as longevity, fecundity, egg hatchability, or development time. After 45 generations of selection, the selection was relaxed for a set of populations. Even after 15 generations, the postinfection survivorship of populations under relaxed selection regime did not decline. We speculate that either there is a negligible cost to the evolved immune response or that trade-offs occur on traits such as reproductive behavior or other immune mechanisms that we have not investigated in this study. Our research suggests that at least under certain conditions, life-history trade-offs might play little role in maintaining variation in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanika Gupta
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, P.O. Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Saudamini Venkatesan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, P.O. Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Martik Chatterjee
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, P.O. Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Zeeshan A Syed
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, P.O. Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Vaishnavi Nivsarkar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, P.O. Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Nagaraj G Prasad
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, P.O. Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
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Javaid A, Hasan R, Zafar A, Ghafoor A, Pathan AJ, Rab A, Sadiq A, Akram CM, Burki I, Shah K, Ansari M, Rizvi N, Khan SU, Awan SR, Syed ZA, Iqbal ZH, Shaheen Z, ur Rehman N. Prevalence of primary multidrug resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs in Pakistan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2008; 12:326-331. [PMID: 18284840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Pakistan ranks sixth in the world in terms of tuberculosis (TB) burden, with a World Health Organization estimated incidence of 181 per 100000, or 286000 new cases annually. Hospital-based data indicate a significant problem of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) in the country and highlight the need to assess its extent at community level. In this cross-sectional study, sputum samples from 742 untreated newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients from all over the country were used. OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of primary drug resistance in Pakistan. RESULTS Of 672 culture-positive patients, 76 (11.3%) showed resistance to one or more drugs. Resistance to streptomycin (10 microg/ml) was found in 36 (5.4%) patients, isoniazid (INH) (1 microg/ml) in 51 (7.6%), rifampicin (RMP) (5 microg/ml) in 15 (2.2%), ethambutol (10 microg/ml) in 12 (1.8%) and pyrazinamide in 22 (3.3%) samples. Forty-six (6.8%) of the isolates tested were resistant to a single drug, 10 (1.5%) to two drugs, 12 (1.8%) to three drugs, and 6 (0.9%) to four drugs, while 2 (0.3%) isolates were resistant to all five first-line agents. Primary MDR-TB was 1.8% (n=12) (INH 1 microg/ml, RMP 5 microg/ml). CONCLUSION The results of this study show a prevalence of primary MDR-TB in Pakistan of <2%, which needs to be addressed through an effective DOTS strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Javaid
- Department of Pulmonology, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using quality of life criteria, this pilot study prospectively evaluates if the ultrasonic dissector coagulator's (Harmonic Scalpel [HS], Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc, Cincinnati, OH) unique properties offer advantages over traditional electrocautery (EC) tonsillectomies with respect to return to regular diet, activity, and complications such as bleeding and dehydration. METHODS Over a 13-month period, 316 tonsillectomies (161 EC and 155 HS) were evaluated. Return to regular diet, regular activity, and the use of postoperative pain medications were monitored via a brief questionnaire. Complications, such as increased perioperative and postoperative bleeding, were monitored by chart review. Statistical analysis of the questionnaire data was performed. RESULTS Seventy-five (46.6%) of the patients in the EC group responded versus 97 (62.6%) in the HS group. The ages ranged from 1 to 19 years old. Return to regular diet in 24 hours was statistically significant when comparing HS and EC questionnaire responders, 44.3% versus 22.7%, respectively; as was 72 hours, HS (74.2%) and EC (46.7%). Twenty-eight percent of the HS questionnaire responders versus 12% of EC resumed normal activity within 24 hours. The perioperative blood loss was equal in the 2 groups. There were 14 late bleeds; 9 were EC patients and 5 HS patients. Two HS patients and 4 EC patients had readmissions for dehydration. CONCLUSIONS It appears from this early pilot study that the Harmonic Scalpel tonsillectomy offers advantages of early return to diet and activity over standard electrocautery tonsillectomies. We report no difference in perioperative or postoperative bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Walker
- McIntire Ear, Nose, and Throat Center, Joplin, MO 64804, USA.
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Fischbach PS, Barrett TD, Goyal R, Tran BC, Syed ZA, Hennan JK, Lucchesi BR. Conversion of atrial fibrillation by the experimental antiarrhythmic drug tedisamil in two canine models. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001; 12:1138-44. [PMID: 11699522 DOI: 10.1046/j.1540-8167.2001.01138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tedisamil is an experimental bradycardic agent possessing action potential-prolonging effects. It has been proven effective in terminating ventricular arrhythmias in several animal models and atrial flutter in a conscious dog model. There are no reports to date evaluating tedisamil's efficacy in terminating atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS AND RESULTS Two different canine models of AF were used. One group of dogs (n = 6) was subjected to 28 days of chronic fibrillatory pacing at 50 Hz using an implantable neural stimulator. Sustained AF was achieved in all dogs within 14 days of initiating pacing. A second set of dogs (n = 5) had AF induced via bilateral vagal stimulation. Tedisamil 1 mg/kg was 100% effective in terminating AF in both models. Cardioversion was associated with a statistically significant prolongation of the fibrillatory cycle length immediately before return to normal sinus rhythm in both models. A dose-response trial was performed in the vagal AF group as well as in a second group of three dogs that underwent chronic fibrillatory pacing. The efficacy of tedisamil was dose dependent, with limited efficacy at 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg intravenously in both models. Tedisamil was able to prevent reinduction of sustained AF 30 minutes after administration of 1 mg/kg in the chronic pacing model in all dogs. Side effects included minor hypersalivation in most dogs receiving the 1 mg/kg dose. No ventricular ectopy or arrhythmias were observed. CONCLUSION Tedisamil is effective for conversion of sustained AF to normal sinus rhythm in two different models of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Fischbach
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0632, USA.
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Goyal R, Mukhopadhyay PS, Syed ZA, Knight BP, Bahu M, Weiss R, Daoud EG, Man KC, Strickberger SA, Morady F. Effect of isoproterenol on QRS complex morphology during ventricular pacing: implications for pace mapping. J Electrocardiol 1998; 31:133-6. [PMID: 9588659 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0736(98)90044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ventricular pace mapping may be used to identify the site of origin of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia. Isoproterenol is often required to induce this type of ventricular tachycardia, but its effect on QRS morphology during pace mapping is unknown. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the effect of isoproterenol on QRS morphology during ventricular pacing. The study population consisted of 20 patients (mean age 38 +/- 14 years) undergoing a clinically indicated electrophysiology procedure. Ventricular overdrive pacing was performed in trains of 12 stimuli at cycle lengths of 400, 350, 300, and 250 ms, first in the baseline state during an infusion of isoproterenol, and again after isoproterenol washout. Pacing was performed at the right ventricular apex in 10 patients, in the right ventricular outflow tract in 6 patients, and in the left ventricle in 4 patients. Visual evaluation revealed no apparent effects of isoproterenol on QRS morphology at any of the three pacing sites or at any of the pacing cycle lengths. It was concluded that QRS morphology during ventricular pacing is not affected by isoproterenol infusion. Therefore, in patients with idiopathic ventricular tachycardia, even if the induction of tachycardia requires infusion of isoproterenol, successful pace mapping may be performed in its absence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Goyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, USA
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Goyal R, Syed ZA, Mukhopadhyay PS, Souza J, Zivin A, Knight BP, Man KC, Strickberger SA, Morady F. Changes in cardiac repolarization following short periods of ventricular pacing. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998; 9:269-80. [PMID: 9554732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.1998.tb00912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION "Cardiac memory" (primary T wave change) is thought to occur after 15 minutes to several hours of right ventricular (RV) pacing. The two components of the temporal change in repolarization are memory and accumulation. The purpose of this study was to examine quantitatively the effect of short periods of ventricular pacing on the human cardiac action potential, using monophasic action potential (MAP) recordings. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-one patients (ages 43+/-14 years) with structurally normal hearts undergoing a clinically indicated electrophysiologic procedure were enrolled. Catheters were placed in the right atrium (RA) and RV, and a MAP catheter was positioned at the RV septum. APD90 was calculated from digitized MAP recordings. MAP morphology comparisons were performed using the root mean square (RMS) of the difference between complexes. All pacing was at 500-msec cycle length. There were four pacing protocols: (1) RA pacing was performed for approximately 15 minutes to evaluate temporal stability of the MAP recordings (5 pts); (2) to evaluate the memory phenomenon, four successive 1-minute episodes of RV pacing were interspersed with 2 minutes of RA pacing (5 pts); (3) the accumulation phenomenon was evaluated by assessing the effects of 1, 5, 10, and 15 minutes of RV pacing on the MAP during RA pacing (16 pts); and (4) 20 minutes of RV pacing was followed by 10 minutes of RA pacing to correlate visually apparent T wave changes with changes in MAP recordings (5 pts). In the control patients, no changes in APD90 or RMS analysis were noted during 14.9+/-1.4 minutes of RA pacing. In the second protocol, RMS of the difference between the baseline MAP complexes and the signal average of the first 50 beats following each of four 1-minute RV pacing trains demonstrated progressively greater differences in morphology after successive episodes of RV pacing. In protocol 3, RMS analysis identified a progressively greater difference between the baseline MAP recording and the average of the first 50 beats after 1, 5, 10, and 15 minutes of RV pacing. In protocol 4, visually apparent changes in T waves occurred in parallel with the RMS of the difference between the baseline MAP recordings and the average of the first 50 beats after 20 minutes of RV pacing. Similar changes also were demonstrated by APD90 analysis. CONCLUSION This study is the first to demonstrate that episodes of abnormal ventricular activation as short as 1 minute in duration may exert lingering effects on the repolarization process once normal ventricular activation resumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Goyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0022, USA
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