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Rascher M, Wittstein K, Winter B, Rupcic Z, Wolf-Asseburg A, Stadler M, Köster RW. Erinacine C Activates Transcription from a Consensus ETS DNA Binding Site in Astrocytic Cells in Addition to NGF Induction. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101440. [PMID: 33066380 PMCID: PMC7602259 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal mushrooms of the genus Hericium are known to produce secondary metabolites with homeostatic properties for the central nervous system. We and others have recently demonstrated that among these metabolites cyathane diterpenoids and in particular erinacine C possess potent neurotrophin inducing properties in astrocytic cells. Yet, the signaling events downstream of erinacine C induced neurotrophin acitivity in neural-like adrenal phaeochromocytoma cells (PC12) cells have remained elusive. Similar, signaling events activated by erinacine C in astrocytic cells are unknown. Using a combination of genetic and pharmacological inhibitors we show that erinacine C induced neurotrophic activity mediates PC12 cell differentiation via the TrkA receptor and likely its associated PLCγ-, PI3K-, and MAPK/ERK pathways. Furthermore, a small library of transcriptional activation reporters revealed that erinacine C induces transcriptional activation mediated by DNA consensus binding sites of selected conserved transcription factor families. Among these, transcription is activated from an ETS consensus in a concentration dependent manner. Interestingly, induced ETS-consensus transcription occurs in parallel and independent of neurotrophin induction. This finding helps to explain the many pleiotropic functions of cyathane diterpenoids. Moreover, our studies provide genetic access to cyathane diterpenoid functions in astrocytic cells and help to mechanistically understand the action of cyathanes in glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Rascher
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.R.); (B.W.); (A.W.-A.)
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH and Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.W.); (Z.R.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Wittstein
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH and Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.W.); (Z.R.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Barbara Winter
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.R.); (B.W.); (A.W.-A.)
| | - Zeljka Rupcic
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH and Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.W.); (Z.R.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Wolf-Asseburg
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.R.); (B.W.); (A.W.-A.)
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH and Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.W.); (Z.R.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (R.W.K.); Tel.: +49-0531-6181-4240 (M.S.); +49-0531-391-3230 (R.W.K.)
| | - Reinhard W. Köster
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.R.); (B.W.); (A.W.-A.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (R.W.K.); Tel.: +49-0531-6181-4240 (M.S.); +49-0531-391-3230 (R.W.K.)
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Himstedt R, Wagner S, Jaeger RJR, Lieunang Watat M, Backenköhler J, Rupcic Z, Stadler M, Spiteller P. Cover Feature: Formaldehyde as a Chemical Defence Agent of Fruiting Bodies of
Mycena rosea
and its Role in the Generation of the Alkaloid Mycenarubin C (ChemBioChem 11/2020). Chembiochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rieke Himstedt
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität Bremen Leobener Strasse 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Silke Wagner
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität Bremen Leobener Strasse 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Robert J. R. Jaeger
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität Bremen Leobener Strasse 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | | | - Jana Backenköhler
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität Bremen Leobener Strasse 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Zeljka Rupcic
- Mikrobielle WirkstoffeHelmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung Inhoffenstrasse 7 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Mikrobielle WirkstoffeHelmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung Inhoffenstrasse 7 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Peter Spiteller
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität Bremen Leobener Strasse 7 28359 Bremen Germany
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Himstedt R, Wagner S, Jaeger RJR, Lieunang Watat M, Backenköhler J, Rupcic Z, Stadler M, Spiteller P. Formaldehyde as a Chemical Defence Agent of Fruiting Bodies of Mycena rosea and its Role in the Generation of the Alkaloid Mycenarubin C. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1613-1620. [PMID: 31972067 PMCID: PMC7318143 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycenarubin C, a previously unknown red pyrroloquinoline alkaloid, was isolated from fruiting bodies of the mushroom Mycena rosea and its structure was elucidated mainly by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Unlike mycenarubin A, the major pyrroloquinoline alkaloid in fruiting bodies of M. rosea, mycenarubin C, contains an eight-membered ring with an additional C1 unit that is hitherto unprecedented for pyrroloquinoline alkaloids known in nature. Incubation of mycenarubin A with an excess of formaldehyde revealed that mycenarubin C was generated nearly quantitatively from mycenarubin A. An investigation into the formaldehyde content of fresh fruiting bodies of M. rosea showed the presence of considerable amounts of formaldehyde, with values of 5 μg per gram of fresh weight in fresh fruiting bodies. Although mycenarubin C did not show bioactivity against selected bacteria and fungi, formaldehyde inhibits the growth of the mycoparasite Spinellus fusiger at concentrations present in fruiting bodies of M. rosea. Therefore, formaldehyde might play an ecological role in the chemical defence of M. rosea against S. fusiger. In turn, S. fusiger produces gallic acid-presumably to detoxify formaldehyde by reaction of this aldehyde with amino acids and gallic acid to Mannich adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieke Himstedt
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität BremenLeobener Strasse 728359BremenGermany
| | - Silke Wagner
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität BremenLeobener Strasse 728359BremenGermany
| | - Robert J. R. Jaeger
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität BremenLeobener Strasse 728359BremenGermany
| | | | - Jana Backenköhler
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität BremenLeobener Strasse 728359BremenGermany
| | - Zeljka Rupcic
- Mikrobielle WirkstoffeHelmholtz-Zentrum für InfektionsforschungInhoffenstrasse 738124BraunschweigGermany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Mikrobielle WirkstoffeHelmholtz-Zentrum für InfektionsforschungInhoffenstrasse 738124BraunschweigGermany
| | - Peter Spiteller
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität BremenLeobener Strasse 728359BremenGermany
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Blockus S, Sake SM, Wetzke M, Grethe C, Graalmann T, Pils M, Le Goffic R, Galloux M, Prochnow H, Rox K, Hüttel S, Rupcic Z, Wiegmann B, Dijkman R, Rameix-Welti MA, Eléouët JF, Duprex WP, Thiel V, Hansen G, Brönstrup M, Haid S, Pietschmann T. Labyrinthopeptins as virolytic inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus cell entry. Antiviral Res 2020; 177:104774. [PMID: 32197980 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI) caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are associated with a severe disease burden among infants and elderly patients. Treatment options are limited. While numerous drug candidates with different viral targets are under development, the utility of RSV entry inhibitors is challenged by a low resistance barrier and by single mutations causing cross-resistance against a wide spectrum of fusion inhibitor chemotypes. We developed a cell-based screening assay for discovery of compounds inhibiting infection with primary RSV isolates. Using this system, we identified labyrinthopeptin A1 and A2 (Laby A1/A2), lantibiotics isolated from Actinomadura namibiensis, as effective RSV cell entry inhibitors with IC50s of 0.39 μM and 4.97 μM, respectively, and with favourable therapeutic index (>200 and > 20, respectively). Both molecules were active against multiple RSV strains including primary isolates and their antiviral activity against RSV was confirmed in primary human airway cells ex vivo and a murine model in vivo. Laby A1/A2 were antiviral in prophylactic and therapeutic treatment regimens and displayed synergistic activity when applied in combination with each other. Mechanistic studies showed that Laby A1/A2 exert virolytic activity likely by binding to phosphatidylethanolamine moieties within the viral membrane and by disrupting virus particle membrane integrity. Probably due to its specific mode of action, Laby A1/A2 antiviral activity was not affected by common resistance mutations to known RSV entry inhibitors. Taken together, Laby A1/A2 represent promising candidates for development as RSV inhibitors. Moreover, the cell-based screening system with primary RSV isolates described here should be useful to identify further antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Blockus
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Svenja M Sake
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Wetzke
- Department for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; German Centre of Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christina Grethe
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Theresa Graalmann
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Clinic for Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marina Pils
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ronan Le Goffic
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marie Galloux
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hans Prochnow
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; German Centre of Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Katharina Rox
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; German Centre of Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Hüttel
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Zeljka Rupcic
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bettina Wiegmann
- Lower Saxony Center for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ronald Dijkman
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- UMR1173, Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Versailles St. Quentin, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - W Paul Duprex
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gesine Hansen
- Department for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; German Centre of Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sibylle Haid
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; German Centre of Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Winter N, Rupcic Z, Stadler M, Trauner D. Synthesis and biological evaluation of (±)-hippolachnin and analogs. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 72:375-383. [DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Schrey H, Müller FJ, Harz P, Rupcic Z, Stadler M, Spiteller P. Nematicidal anthranilic acid derivatives from Laccaria species. Phytochemistry 2019; 160:85-91. [PMID: 30802801 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Three undescribed natural products, the anthranilic acid derivatives laccanthrilic acids A, B, and C, as well as the known (3S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid were isolated from fruiting bodies of Laccaria laccata. The structures were established by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, HR-(+)-ESIMS and chemical synthesis. The absolute configuration of laccanthrilic acids A and B was determined by GC-MS after hydrolytic cleavage and derivatisation of the resulting glutamic acid with methanol and Mosher's reagent and subsequent comparison with authentic synthetic samples of known absolute configuration. The absolute configuration of laccanthrilic acid C was determined by comparison of the CD spectra of laccanthrilic acids B and C with each other. Metabolic profiling of related species showed that the compounds are common in the genus Laccaria. Laccanthrilic acid B exhibited moderate nematicidal effects against Caenorhabditis elegans, which might explain to some degree the beneficial role of these fungi for the growth and survival of their host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedda Schrey
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Freya Janina Müller
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Philipp Harz
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Zeljka Rupcic
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Spiteller
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
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Rupcic Z, Chepkirui C, Hernández-Restrepo M, Crous PW, Luangsa-Ard JJ, Stadler M. New nematicidal and antimicrobial secondary metabolites from a new species in the new genus, Pseudobambusicola thailandica. MycoKeys 2018:1-23. [PMID: 29681740 PMCID: PMC5904430 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.33.23341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of a study on the functional biodiversity of the mycobiota inhabiting rainforests in Thailand, a fungal strain was isolated from a plant sample and shown to represent an undescribed species, as inferred from a combination of morphological and molecular phylogenetic methods. Molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on four DNA loci, revealed a phylogenetic tree with the newly generated sequences clustering in a separate branch, together with members of the Sulcatisporaceae (Pleosporales, Ascomycota). The Thai specimen morphologically resembled Neobambusicolastrelitziae in having pycnidial conidiomata with phialidic conidiogenous cells that produce both fusoid-ellipsoid macroconidia and subcylindrical microconidia. However, the new fungus, for which the name Pseudobambusicolathailandica is proposed, differs from N.strelitziae in having conidiomata with well-defined necks, the presence of globose to subglobose thick-walled cells adjacent to conidiomata and the production of chlamydospores in culture. When cultures of P.thailandica, growing on water agar, were confronted with Caenorhabditiselegans nematodes, worms approaching the fungal mycelia were killed. This observation gave rise to a study of its secondary metabolites and six novel and two known compounds were isolated from submerged cultures of P.thailandica. The structures of metabolites 1–6, for which the trivial names thailanones A–F are proposed, were elucidated using a combination of spectral methods, including extensive 1 and 2D NMR analysis and high resolution mass spectrometry. Compounds 4 and 8 showed strong nematicidal and weak antifungal activity, whereas all other tested compounds showed moderate to weak nematicidal activity but no significant effects in the serial dilution assay against various fungi and bacteria. Compounds 1 and 8 also inhibited growth of the pathogenic basidiomycete Phellinustremulae in a plate diffusion assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljka Rupcic
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Clara Chepkirui
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Pedro W Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marc Stadler
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Wittstein K, Rascher M, Rupcic Z, Löwen E, Winter B, Köster RW, Stadler M. Corallocins A-C, Nerve Growth and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Inducing Metabolites from the Mushroom Hericium coralloides. J Nat Prod 2016; 79:2264-2269. [PMID: 27588730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Three new natural products, corallocins A-C (1-3), along with two known compounds were isolated from the mushroom Hericium coralloides. Their benzofuranone and isoindolinone structures were elucidated by spectral methods. All corallocins induced nerve growth factor and/or brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in human 1321N1 astrocytes. Furthermore, corallocin B showed antiproliferative activity against HUVEC and human cancer cell lines MCF-7 and KB-3-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Wittstein
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH , Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig , 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Monique Rascher
- Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig , Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Zeljka Rupcic
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH , Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig , 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Eduard Löwen
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH , Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig , 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Barbara Winter
- Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig , Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Reinhard W Köster
- Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig , Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH , Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig , 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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