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González YR, Kamkar F, Jafar-Nejad P, Wang S, Qu D, Alvarez LS, Hawari D, Sonnenfeld M, Slack RS, Albert PR, Park DS, Joselin A. PFTK1 kinase regulates axogenesis during development via RhoA activation. BMC Biol 2023; 21:240. [PMID: 37907898 PMCID: PMC10617079 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01732-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PFTK1/Eip63E is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) family and plays an important role in normal cell cycle progression. Eip63E expresses primarily in postnatal and adult nervous system in Drosophila melanogaster but its role in CNS development remains unknown. We sought to understand the function of Eip63E in the CNS by studying the fly ventral nerve cord during development. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that Eip63E regulates axogenesis in neurons and its deficiency leads to neuronal defects. Functional interaction studies performed using the same system identify an interaction between Eip63E and the small GTPase Rho1. Furthermore, deficiency of Eip63E homolog in mice, PFTK1, in a newly generated PFTK1 knockout mice results in increased axonal outgrowth confirming that the developmental defects observed in the fly model are due to defects in axogenesis. Importantly, RhoA phosphorylation and activity are affected by PFTK1 in primary neuronal cultures. We report that GDP-bound inactive RhoA is a substrate of PFTK1 and PFTK1 phosphorylation is required for RhoA activity. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our work establishes an unreported neuronal role of PFTK1 in axon development mediated by phosphorylation and activation of GDP-bound RhoA. The results presented add to our understanding of the role of Cdks in the maintenance of RhoA-mediated axon growth and its impact on CNS development and axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Kamkar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Paymaan Jafar-Nejad
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Present Address: Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, CA, 92010, USA
| | - Suzi Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Dianbo Qu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Leticia Sanchez Alvarez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Dina Hawari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Margaret Sonnenfeld
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Ruth S Slack
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Paul R Albert
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - David S Park
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Alvin Joselin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Judge C, O’Donnell MJ, Hankey GJ, Rangarajan S, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P, Ferguson J, Smyth A, Xavier D, Lisheng L, Zhang H, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Damasceno A, Langhorne P, Rosengren A, Dans AL, Elsayed A, Avezum A, Mondo C, Ryglewicz D, Czlonkowska A, Pogosova N, Weimar C, Diaz R, Yusoff K, Yusufali A, Oguz A, Wang X, Lanas F, Ogah OS, Ogunniyi A, Iversen HK, Malaga G, Rumboldt Z, Oveisgharan S, Al Hussain F, Yusuf S. Urinary Sodium and Potassium, and Risk of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke (INTERSTROKE): A Case-Control Study. Am J Hypertens 2021; 34:414-425. [PMID: 33197265 PMCID: PMC8057138 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although low sodium intake (<2 g/day) and high potassium intake (>3.5 g/day) are proposed as public health interventions to reduce stroke risk, there is uncertainty about the benefit and feasibility of this combined recommendation on prevention of stroke. METHODS We obtained random urine samples from 9,275 cases of acute first stroke and 9,726 matched controls from 27 countries and estimated the 24-hour sodium and potassium excretion, a surrogate for intake, using the Tanaka formula. Using multivariable conditional logistic regression, we determined the associations of estimated 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion with stroke and its subtypes. RESULTS Compared with an estimated urinary sodium excretion of 2.8-3.5 g/day (reference), higher (>4.26 g/day) (odds ratio [OR] 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65-2.00) and lower (<2.8 g/day) sodium excretion (OR 1.39; 95% CI, 1.26-1.53) were significantly associated with increased risk of stroke. The stroke risk associated with the highest quartile of sodium intake (sodium excretion >4.26 g/day) was significantly greater (P < 0.001) for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) (OR 2.38; 95% CI, 1.93-2.92) than for ischemic stroke (OR 1.67; 95% CI, 1.50-1.87). Urinary potassium was inversely and linearly associated with risk of stroke, and stronger for ischemic stroke than ICH (P = 0.026). In an analysis of combined sodium and potassium excretion, the combination of high potassium intake (>1.58 g/day) and moderate sodium intake (2.8-3.5 g/day) was associated with the lowest risk of stroke. CONCLUSIONS The association of sodium intake and stroke is J-shaped, with high sodium intake a stronger risk factor for ICH than ischemic stroke. Our data suggest that moderate sodium intake-rather than low sodium intake-combined with high potassium intake may be associated with the lowest risk of stroke and expected to be a more feasible combined dietary target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Judge
- Department of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Wellcome Trust Health Research Board Irish Clinical Academic Training (ICAT), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin J O’Donnell
- Department of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graeme J Hankey
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sumathy Rangarajan
- Department of Medicine, Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Siu Lim Chin
- Department of Medicine, Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Purnima Rao-Melacini
- Department of Medicine, Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Andrew Smyth
- Department of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Denis Xavier
- Department of Medicine, St John’s Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Liu Lisheng
- Department of Medicine, National Center of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Hongye Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Beijing Hypertension League Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo
- Department of Medicine, Instituto de Investigaciones MASIRA, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | | | - Peter Langhorne
- Department of Medicine, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Annika Rosengren
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antonio L Dans
- College of Medicine, University of Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ahmed Elsayed
- Department of Surgery, Al Shaab Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Alvaro Avezum
- Department of Medicine, International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charles Mondo
- Department of Medicine, Kiruddu National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Anna Czlonkowska
- Department of Medicine, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nana Pogosova
- Department of Medicine, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Rafael Diaz
- Department of Medicine, Estudios Clínicos Latino America (ECLA), Instituto Cardiovascular de Rosario (ICR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Khalid Yusoff
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selayang, Selangor and UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Afzalhussein Yusufali
- Department of Medicine, Hatta Hospital, Dubai Health Authority/Dubai Medical College, Dubai, UAE
| | - Aytekin Oguz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Xingyu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Beijing Hypertension League Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Fernando Lanas
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Okechukwu S Ogah
- Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adesola Ogunniyi
- Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Helle K Iversen
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - German Malaga
- School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Shahram Oveisgharan
- Department of Medicine, Rush Alzheimer Disease Research Center in Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fawaz Al Hussain
- Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Department of Medicine, Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Limbani F, Goudge J, Joshi R, Maar MA, Miranda JJ, Oldenburg B, Parker G, Pesantes MA, Riddell MA, Salam A, Trieu K, Thrift AG, Van Olmen J, Vedanthan R, Webster R, Yeates K, Webster J. Process evaluation in the field: global learnings from seven implementation research hypertension projects in low-and middle-income countries. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:953. [PMID: 31340828 PMCID: PMC6651979 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Process evaluation is increasingly recognized as an important component of effective implementation research and yet, there has been surprisingly little work to understand what constitutes best practice. Researchers use different methodologies describing causal pathways and understanding barriers and facilitators to implementation of interventions in diverse contexts and settings. We report on challenges and lessons learned from undertaking process evaluation of seven hypertension intervention trials funded through the Global Alliance of Chronic Diseases (GACD). METHODS Preliminary data collected from the GACD hypertension teams in 2015 were used to inform a template for data collection. Case study themes included: (1) description of the intervention, (2) objectives of the process evaluation, (3) methods including theoretical basis, (4) main findings of the study and the process evaluation, (5) implications for the project, policy and research practice and (6) lessons for future process evaluations. The information was summarized and reported descriptively and narratively and key lessons were identified. RESULTS The case studies were from low- and middle-income countries and Indigenous communities in Canada. They were implementation research projects with intervention arm. Six theoretical approaches were used but most comprised of mixed-methods approaches. Each of the process evaluations generated findings on whether interventions were implemented with fidelity, the extent of capacity building, contextual factors and the extent to which relationships between researchers and community impacted on intervention implementation. The most important learning was that although process evaluation is time consuming, it enhances understanding of factors affecting implementation of complex interventions. The research highlighted the need to initiate process evaluations early on in the project, to help guide design of the intervention; and the importance of effective communication between researchers responsible for trial implementation, process evaluation and outcome evaluation. CONCLUSION This research demonstrates the important role of process evaluation in understanding implementation process of complex interventions. This can help to highlight a broad range of system requirements such as new policies and capacity building to support implementation. Process evaluation is crucial in understanding contextual factors that may impact intervention implementation which is important in considering whether or not the intervention can be translated to other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Limbani
- Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 St Andrews Rd Parktown, Private Bag X3 Wits, Johannesburg, 2050 South Africa
| | - Jane Goudge
- Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 St Andrews Rd Parktown, Private Bag X3 Wits, Johannesburg, 2050 South Africa
| | - Rohina Joshi
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
| | - Marion A. Maar
- Faculty of Medicine, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON Canada
| | - J. Jaime Miranda
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Brian Oldenburg
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Gary Parker
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Amalia Pesantes
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Michaela A. Riddell
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Abdul Salam
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kathy Trieu
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amanda G. Thrift
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Josefien Van Olmen
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Ruth Webster
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karen Yeates
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario Canada
- New York University College of Global Public Health, New York, USA
| | - Jacqui Webster
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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