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Xu R, Cui B, Duan X, Zhang P, Zhou X, Yuan Q. Saliva: potential diagnostic value and transmission of 2019-nCoV. Int J Oral Sci 2020; 12:11. [PMID: 32300101 PMCID: PMC7162686 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-0080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
2019-nCoV epidemic was firstly reported at late December of 2019 and has caused a global outbreak of COVID-19 now. Saliva, a biofluid largely generated from salivary glands in oral cavity, has been reported 2019-nCoV nucleic acid positive. Besides lungs, salivary glands and tongue are possibly another hosts of 2019-nCoV due to expression of ACE2. Close contact or short-range transmission of infectious saliva droplets is a primary mode for 2019-nCoV to disseminate as claimed by WHO, while long-distance saliva aerosol transmission is highly environment dependent within indoor space with aerosol-generating procedures such as dental practice. So far, no direct evidence has been found that 2019-nCoV is vital in air flow for long time. Therefore, to prevent formation of infectious saliva droplets, to thoroughly disinfect indoor air and to block acquisition of saliva droplets could slow down 2019-nCoV dissemination. This review summarizes diagnostic value of saliva for 2019-nCoV, possibly direct invasion into oral tissues, and close contact transmission of 2019-nCoV by saliva droplets, expecting to contribute to 2019-nCoV epidemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bomiao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Human Saliva Laboratory & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Human Saliva Laboratory & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Human Saliva Laboratory & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Schwarz C, Fitschek F, Bar-Or D, Klaus DA, Tudor B, Fleischmann E, Roth G, Tamandl D, Wekerle T, Gnant M, Bodingbauer M, Kaczirek K. Inflammatory response and oxidative stress during liver resection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185685. [PMID: 29045432 PMCID: PMC5646773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postoperative complications are still a major concern after liver resection (LR). Systemic inflammation and deregulated reactive oxygen species during major abdominal surgery may impair outcome after hepatectomy. Methods Patients undergoing LR were included in this study (n = 40). Oxidative stress (OS) was measured peri- and post-operatively as static oxidation-reduction potential markers (sORP) and antioxidant capacity ORP (cORP) by using the RedoxSYS Diagnostic system. Furthermore, Th1- and Th2-specific cytokines were assessed. Results Whereas there was no significant change in systemic sORP during LR and in the early postoperative course, there was a substantial decrease of cORP immediately post-surgery, and on postoperative days 1 and 3 (p<0.001). OS response was tightly regulated, as there was a significant correlation between sORP and cORP (p<0.0001; R2:0.457). An increase of OS (sORP) after LR of more than 3 mV was predictive for severe postoperative complications (53.8% vs. 12.5; p = 0.017). There was a significantly higher IL-2 (p = 0.006) and IL-5 (p = 0.001) increase during hepatectomy in patients who developed a severe morbidity. Conclusion Antioxidant capacity remained stable during LR but dropped during the post-surgical period, suggesting a consumption of antioxidants to maintain OS within healthy range. Severe postoperative complications were associated with a pronounced inflammatory response during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schwarz
- Department of Surgery and Center for Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Surgery; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Fitschek
- Department of Surgery and Center for Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Bar-Or
- Trauma Research Department, St. Anthony Hospital, Lakewood, Colorado, United States of America
- Trauma Research Department, Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, Colorado, United States of America
- Trauma Research Department, Medical Center of Plano, Plano, Texas, United States of America
- AYTU BioScience, Inc., Englewood, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Klaus
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, General Intensive Care and Pain Medicine; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bianca Tudor
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, General Intensive Care and Pain Medicine; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edith Fleischmann
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, General Intensive Care and Pain Medicine; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Roth
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, General Intensive Care and Pain Medicine; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Tamandl
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Wekerle
- Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Surgery; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Gnant
- Department of Surgery and Center for Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bodingbauer
- Department of Surgery and Center for Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Kaczirek
- Department of Surgery and Center for Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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