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Burman RJ, Watson LM, Smith DC, Raimondo JV, Ballo R, Scholefield J, Cowley SA, Wood MJA, Kidson SH, Greenberg LJ. Molecular and electrophysiological features of spinocerebellar ataxia type seven in induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247434. [PMID: 33626063 PMCID: PMC7904216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine repeat expansion in the ATXN7 gene. Patients with this disease suffer from a degeneration of their cerebellar Purkinje neurons and retinal photoreceptors that result in a progressive ataxia and loss of vision. As with many neurodegenerative diseases, studies of pathogenesis have been hindered by a lack of disease-relevant models. To this end, we have generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a cohort of SCA7 patients in South Africa. First, we differentiated the SCA7 affected iPSCs into neurons which showed evidence of a transcriptional phenotype affecting components of STAGA (ATXN7 and KAT2A) and the heat shock protein pathway (DNAJA1 and HSP70). We then performed electrophysiology on the SCA7 iPSC-derived neurons and found that these cells show features of functional aberrations. Lastly, we were able to differentiate the SCA7 iPSCs into retinal photoreceptors that also showed similar transcriptional aberrations to the SCA7 neurons. Our findings give technical insights on how iPSC-derived neurons and photoreceptors can be derived from SCA7 patients and demonstrate that these cells express molecular and electrophysiological differences that may be indicative of impaired neuronal health. We hope that these findings will contribute towards the ongoing efforts to establish the cell-derived models of neurodegenerative diseases that are needed to develop patient-specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Burman
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren M. Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Danielle C. Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joseph V. Raimondo
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robea Ballo
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Janine Scholefield
- Gene Expression & Biophysics Group, Synthetic Biology ERA, CSIR Biosciences, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Sally A. Cowley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. A. Wood
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Susan H. Kidson
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leslie J. Greenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Olodo KF, Barnaud A, Kane NA, Mariac C, Faye A, Couderc M, Zekraouï L, Dequincey A, Diouf D, Vigouroux Y, Berthouly-Salazar C. Abandonment of pearl millet cropping and homogenization of its diversity over a 40 year period in Senegal. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239123. [PMID: 32925982 PMCID: PMC7489563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultivated diversity is considered an insurance against major climatic variability. However, since the 1980s, several studies have shown that climate variability and agricultural changes may already have locally eroded crop genetic diversity. We studied pearl millet diversity in Senegal through a comparison of pearl millet landraces collected 40 years apart. We found that more than 20% of villages visited in 1976 had stopped growing pearl millet. Despite this, its overall genetic diversity has been maintained but differentiation between early- and late-flowering accessions has been reduced. We also found stronger crop-to-wild gene flow than wild-to-crop gene flow and that wild-to-crop gene flow was weaker in 2016 than in 1976. In conclusion, our results highlight genetic homogenization in Senegal. This homogenization within cultivated pearl millet and between wild and cultivated forms is a key factor in genetic erosion and it is often overlooked. Improved assessment and conservation strategies are needed to promote and conserve both wild and cultivated pearl millet diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina F. Olodo
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- Centre d’Etude Régional pour l’Amélioration de l’Adaptation à la Sécheresse (CERAAS), Institut Sénégalais de Recherche Agricole (ISRA), Thiès, Senegal
- Laboratoire National de Recherche sur les Productions Végétales (LNRPV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherche Agricole (ISRA), Dakar, Senegal
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LMI LAPSE), Dakar, Senegal
- * E-mail: (KFO); (CBS)
| | - Adeline Barnaud
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- Centre d’Etude Régional pour l’Amélioration de l’Adaptation à la Sécheresse (CERAAS), Institut Sénégalais de Recherche Agricole (ISRA), Thiès, Senegal
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LMI LAPSE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ndjido A. Kane
- Laboratoire National de Recherche sur les Productions Végétales (LNRPV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherche Agricole (ISRA), Dakar, Senegal
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LMI LAPSE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cédric Mariac
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Adama Faye
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire National de Recherche sur les Productions Végétales (LNRPV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherche Agricole (ISRA), Dakar, Senegal
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LMI LAPSE), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Marie Couderc
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Leïla Zekraouï
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Anaïs Dequincey
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Diégane Diouf
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LMI LAPSE), Dakar, Senegal
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie (LCM), Dakar, Senegal
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Environnement, Biodiversité et Développement Durable, Université du Sine Saloum El Hadj Ibrahima Niass (USSEIN), Kaolack, Senegal
| | - Yves Vigouroux
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Berthouly-Salazar
- DIADE, Univ Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- Centre d’Etude Régional pour l’Amélioration de l’Adaptation à la Sécheresse (CERAAS), Institut Sénégalais de Recherche Agricole (ISRA), Thiès, Senegal
- Laboratoire Mixte International Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LMI LAPSE), Dakar, Senegal
- * E-mail: (KFO); (CBS)
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Chitiboi T, Schnell S, Collins J, Carr J, Chowdhary V, Honarmand AR, Hennemuth A, Linsen L, Hahn HK, Markl M. Analyzing myocardial torsion based on tissue phase mapping cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2016; 18:15. [PMID: 27062364 PMCID: PMC4826723 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-016-0234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this work is to analyze differences in left ventricular torsion between volunteers and patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy based on tissue phase mapping (TPM) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). METHODS TPM was performed on 27 patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and 14 normal volunteers. Patients underwent a standard CMR including late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) for the assessment of myocardial scar and ECG-gated cine CMR for global cardiac function. TPM was acquired in short-axis orientation at base, mid, and apex for all subjects. After evaluation by experienced observers, the patients were divided in subgroups according to the presence or absence of LGE (LGE+/LGE-), local wall motion abnormalities (WM+/WM-), and having a preserved (≥50%) or reduced (<50%) ejection fraction (EF+/EF-). TPM data was semi-automatically segmented and global LV torsion was computed for each cardiac time frame for endocardial and epicardial layers, and for the entire myocardium. RESULTS Maximum myocardial torsion was significantly lower for patients with reduced EF compared to controls (0.21 ± 0.15°/mm vs. 0.36 ± 0.11°/mm, p = 0.018), but also for patients with wall motion abnormalities (0.21 ± 0.13°/mm vs. 0.36 ± 0.11°/mm, p = 0.004). Global myocardial torsion showed a positive correlation (r = 0.54, p < 0.001) with EF. Moreover, endocardial torsion was significantly higher than epicardial torsion for EF+ subjects (0.56 ± 0.33°/mm vs. 0.34 ± 0.18°/mm, p = 0.039) and for volunteers (0.46 ± 0.16°/mm vs. 0.30 ± 0.09°/mm, p = 0.004). The difference in maximum torsion between endo- and epicardial layers was positively correlated with EF (r = 0.47, p = 0.002) and age (r = 0.37, p = 0.016) for all subjects. CONCLUSIONS TPM can be used to detect significant differences in LV torsion in patients with reduced EF and in the presence of local wall motion abnormalities. We were able to quantify torsion differences between the endocardium and epicardium, which vary between patient subgroups and are correlated to age and EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Chitiboi
- />Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- />Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Susanne Schnell
- />Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Jeremy Collins
- />Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - James Carr
- />Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Varun Chowdhary
- />Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | | | | | - Horst K. Hahn
- />Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- />Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Michael Markl
- />Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
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