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Li S, Wang S, Ye W, Yao Y, Sun F, Zhang C, Liu S, Xi Y. Effect of Mowing on Wheat Growth at Seeding Stage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15353. [PMID: 37895031 PMCID: PMC10607078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Winter wheat is used as forage at the tillering stage in many countries; however, the regrowth pattern of wheat after mowing remains unclear. In this study, the growth patterns of wheat were revealed through cytological and physiological assessments as well as transcriptome sequencing. The results of agronomic traits and paraffin sections showed that the shoot growth rate increased, but root growth was inhibited after mowing. The submicroscopic structure revealed a decrease in heterochromatin in the tillering node cell and a change in mitochondrial shape in the tillering node and secondary root. Analysis of the transcriptome showed the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions; 2492 upregulated DEGs and 1534 downregulated DEGs were identified. The results of the experimental study showed that mowing induced expression of DEGs in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway and increased the activity of PAL and 4CL. The upregulated DEGs in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways and related enzyme activity alterations indicated that the sugar degradation rate increased. The DEGs in the nitrogen metabolism pathway biosynthesis of the amino acids, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis metabolism, and in the TCA pathway also changed after mowing. Hormone content and related gene expression was also altered in the tillering and secondary roots after mowing. When jasmonic acid and ethylene were used to treat the wheat after mowing, the regeneration rate increased, whereas abscisic acid inhibited regrowth. This study revealed the wheat growth patterns after mowing, which could lead to a better understanding of the development of dual-purpose wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yajun Xi
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (S.L.); (S.W.); (W.Y.); (Y.Y.); (F.S.); (C.Z.); (S.L.)
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Wei Q, Wang Y, Lei M, Li M, Li D, Zhang L, Wu Y. Self-Healing Mechanism and Conductivity of the Hydrogel Flexible Sensors: A Review. Gels 2021; 7:216. [PMID: 34842713 PMCID: PMC8628684 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensors are devices that can capture changes in environmental parameters and convert them into electrical signals to output, which are widely used in all aspects of life. Flexible sensors, sensors made of flexible materials, not only overcome the limitations of the environment on detection devices but also expand the application of sensors in human health and biomedicine. Conductivity and flexibility are the most important parameters for flexible sensors, and hydrogels are currently considered to be an ideal matrix material due to their excellent flexibility and biocompatibility. In particular, compared with flexible sensors based on elastomers with a high modulus, the hydrogel sensor has better stretchability and can be tightly attached to the surface of objects. However, for hydrogel sensors, a poor mechanical lifetime is always an issue. To address this challenge, a self-healing hydrogel has been proposed. Currently, a large number of studies on the self-healing property have been performed, and numerous exciting results have been obtained, but there are few detailed reviews focusing on the self-healing mechanism and conductivity of hydrogel flexible sensors. This paper presents an overview of self-healing hydrogel flexible sensors, focusing on their self-healing mechanism and conductivity. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of different types of sensors have been summarized and discussed. Finally, the key issues and challenges for self-healing flexible sensors are also identified and discussed along with recommendations for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yanen Wang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Qinghua Wei
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Mingju Lei
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Dinghao Li
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Longyu Zhang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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Wei Q, Wang Y, Rao Y, Jiang A, Zhang K, Lu T, Chen X. Evaluating the Effects of Nanosilica on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polyacrylamide Polymer Composites for Artificial Cartilage from an Atomic Level. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E76. [PMID: 30960060 PMCID: PMC6402222 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the superior performances of nanosilica particles, this research has been designed to study their effects on the mechanical and trigological properties of a PVA/PAM polymer composite by a molecular dynamics simulation method. To realize the research objectives mentioned above, the molecular models of amorphous cells and sandwiched friction models for pure polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyacrylamide (PAM) (component weight ratio is 1:1) and PVA/PAM/nanosilica (component weight ratio is 5.75:5.75:1) polymer composites were constructed and simulated, respectively. The simulation results of the mechanical properties show increases about 31.6% in the bulk modulus, 53.1% in the shear modulus, and 50.1% in the Young's modulus by incorporating a nanosilica particle into a pure PVA/PAM polymer composite. Meanwhile, the changes in Cauchy pressure, B/G ratio, and Poisson's ratio values indicate that incorporating a nanosilica particle into pure PVA/PAM weakened the ductility of the composite. Incorporating a nanosilica particle into a pure PVA/PAM composite also showed a decrease about 28.2% in the abrasion rates and relative concentration distributions of polymer molecules in the final friction models. Additionally, the binding energy and the pair correlation functions between a nanosilica particle and the polymer chains in a cubic cell demonstrate that incorporating nanosilica into PVA/PAM polymer composites improves the internal binding strength between different components through the forming hydrogen bonds. As a result, the mechanical and tribological properties of PVA/PAM polymer composites can be enhanced by incorporating nanosilica particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wei
- Department of Industry Engineering, College of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Yanen Wang
- Department of Industry Engineering, College of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Yiwen Rao
- Department of Industry Engineering, College of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Anguo Jiang
- Department of Industry Engineering, College of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Industry Engineering, College of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Tingli Lu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience & Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
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