1
|
Sohail A, Barry A, Auburn S, Cheng Q, Lau CL, Lee R, Price RN, Furuya-Kanamori L, Bareng P, McGuinness SL, Leder K. Imported malaria into Australia: surveillance insights and opportunities. J Travel Med 2024; 31:taad164. [PMID: 38127641 PMCID: PMC10998534 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria continues to pose a significant burden in endemic countries, many of which lack access to molecular surveillance. Insights from malaria cases in travellers returning to non-endemic areas can provide valuable data to inform endemic country programmes. To evaluate the potential for novel global insights into malaria, we examined epidemiological and molecular data from imported malaria cases to Australia. METHODS We analysed malaria cases reported in Australia from 2012 to 2022 using National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System data. Molecular data on imported malaria cases were obtained from literature searches. RESULTS Between 2012 and 2022, 3204 malaria cases were reported in Australia. Most cases (69%) were male and 44% occurred in young adults aged 20-39 years. Incidence rates initially declined between 2012 and 2015, then increased until 2019. During 2012-2019, the incidence in travellers ranged from 1.34 to 7.71 per 100 000 trips. Cases were primarily acquired in Sub-Saharan Africa (n = 1433; 45%), Oceania (n = 569; 18%) and Southern and Central Asia (n = 367; 12%). The most common countries of acquisition were Papua New Guinea (n = 474) and India (n = 277). Plasmodium falciparum accounted for 58% (1871/3204) of cases and was predominantly acquired in Sub-Saharan Africa, and Plasmodium vivax accounted for 32% (1016/3204), predominantly from Oceania and Asia. Molecular studies of imported malaria cases to Australia identified genetic mutations and deletions associated with drug resistance and false-negative rapid diagnostic test results, and led to the establishment of reference genomes for P. vivax and Plasmodium malariae. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis highlights the continuing burden of imported malaria into Australia. Molecular studies have offered valuable insights into drug resistance and diagnostic limitations, and established reference genomes. Integrating molecular data into national surveillance systems could provide important infectious disease intelligence to optimize treatment guidelines for returning travellers and support endemic country surveillance programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Sohail
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Grampians Health, Ballarat 3350, Australia
| | - Alyssa Barry
- Institute for Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT) and School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Sarah Auburn
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin 0800, Australia
| | - Qin Cheng
- Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane 4051, Australia
| | - Colleen L Lau
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Australia
| | - Rogan Lee
- Parasitology Unit, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney 2145, Australia
| | - Ric N Price
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin 0800, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Australia
| | - Paolo Bareng
- Institute for Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT) and School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - Sarah L McGuinness
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Karin Leder
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Melbourne Health, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Prentice R, Flanagan E, Wright E, Hardikar W, Ross A, Burns M, Prideaux L, Connell W, Sparrow M, De Cruz P, Lust M, Goldberg R, Vogrin S, Greeve T, Bell S. Thrombocytosis and Transaminitis in Infants Born to Women With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Is Associated With Exposure to Maternal Inflammation In Utero. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024:izae008. [PMID: 38330216 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite reassuring clinical safety data, thrombocytosis, anemia, lymphopenia, and liver function derangements have been observed in infants born to women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated with thiopurines and biologics. We aimed to define the prevalence, course, associations, and clinical impact of hematological and biochemical abnormalities in such infants. METHODS This multicenter prospective cohort study assessed clinical, hematologic, and biochemical outcomes of infants exposed to thiopurines or biologics in utero for management of maternal IBD. Liver transaminases, full blood examination, and infant thiopurine metabolites (where exposed) were taken at delivery and 6 weeks of age. Abnormal results were repeated until normalization. Infants were followed clinically by a pediatric gastroenterologist up to 2 years of age. RESULTS A total of 130 infants were included. Thrombocytosis and elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) were seen in over half of infants up to 6 months of age with no significant clinical impact. Elevated ALT was associated with increasing maternal C-reactive protein in second trimester, while thrombocytosis was associated with increasing maternal C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin in third trimester. Preceding infection and vaccination were associated with an increased risk of elevated alkaline phosphatase at 3 months. In those exposed to thiopurines, increasing maternal 6-methylmercaptopurine at delivery was associated with increased ALT to 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Infants born to women with IBD commonly developed thrombocytosis, elevated alkaline phosphatase, and elevated ALT. These findings were associated with exposure to maternal inflammation, elevated 6-methylmercaptopurine at delivery, and infant vaccinations and infections, and had minimal clinical consequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralley Prentice
- Gastroenterology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Gastroenterology Department, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma Flanagan
- Gastroenterology Department, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emily Wright
- Gastroenterology Department, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Winita Hardikar
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Gastroenterology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alyson Ross
- Gastroenterology Department, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Megan Burns
- Gastroenterology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lani Prideaux
- Gastroenterology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - William Connell
- Gastroenterology Department, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Miles Sparrow
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Gastroenterology Department, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter De Cruz
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Gastroenterology Department, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark Lust
- Gastroenterology Department, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rimma Goldberg
- Gastroenterology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sara Vogrin
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tessa Greeve
- Gastroenterology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sally Bell
- Gastroenterology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ng E, Gwini SM, Zheng W, Fuller PJ, Yang J. Predicting Bilateral Subtypes of Primary Aldosteronism Without Adrenal Vein Sampling: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e837-e855. [PMID: 37531636 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common endocrine cause of hypertension. The final diagnostic step involves subtyping, using adrenal vein sampling (AVS), to determine if PA is unilateral or bilateral. The complete PA diagnostic process is time and resource intensive, which can impact rates of diagnosis and treatment. Previous studies have developed tools to predict bilateral PA before AVS. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of published tools that aim to identify bilateral subtypes of PA. METHODS Medline and Embase databases were searched to identify published models that sought to subtype PA, and algorithms to predict bilateral PA are reported. Meta-analysis and meta-regression were then performed. RESULTS There were 35 studies included, evaluating 55 unique algorithms to predict bilateral PA. The algorithms were grouped into 6 categories: those combining biochemical, radiological, and demographic characteristics (A); confirmatory testing alone or combined with biochemical, radiological, and demographic characteristics (B); biochemistry results alone (C); adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation testing (D); anatomical imaging (E); and functional imaging (F). Across the identified algorithms, sensitivity and specificity ranged from 5% to 100% and 36% to 100%, respectively. Meta-analysis of 30 unique predictive tools from 32 studies showed that the group A algorithms had the highest specificity for predicting bilateral PA, while group F had the highest sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Despite the variability in published predictive algorithms, they are likely important for decision-making regarding the value of AVS. Prospective validation may enable medical treatment upfront for people with a high likelihood of bilateral PA without the need for an invasive and resource-intensive test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Ng
- Centre for Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Stella May Gwini
- Centre for Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Winston Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia
| | - Peter J Fuller
- Centre for Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jun Yang
- Centre for Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wong AK, Klepstad P, Somogyi AA, Vogrin S, Le B, Philip J, Rubio JP. Effect of gene variants on opioid dose, pain and adverse effect outcomes in advanced cancer: an explorative study. Pharmacogenomics 2023; 24:901-913. [PMID: 38126330 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2023-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Associations between gene variants and opioid net effect are unclear. We conducted an exploratory pharmacogenetic analysis of 35 gene variants and opioid response in advanced cancer. Patients & methods: This multi-center prospective cohort study included clinical data, questionnaires (pain and adverse effects) and DNA (blood). Negative binomial regression and logistic regression were used. Results: Within 54 participants, eight statistically significant associations (p = 0.002-0.038) were observed between gene variants and opioid dose, pain scores or adverse effects, the majority being within the neuroimmune TLR4 pathway (IL1B [rs1143634], IL2 [rs2069762], IL6 [rs1800795], BDNF [rs6265]) and ARRB2 pathway (ARRB2 [rs3786047], DRD2 [rs6275]). Conclusion: Neuroimmune pathway genes may contribute to differences in opioid response in cancer and may be included in future similar studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K Wong
- Peter MacCallum Cancer center, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- The Royal Melbourne Hospital, 300 Grattan St, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne Eastern Hill Campus, Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Pal Klepstad
- Department Intensive Care Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andrew A Somogyi
- Professor of Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology, Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Sara Vogrin
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brian Le
- Peter MacCallum Cancer center, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- The Royal Melbourne Hospital, 300 Grattan St, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
| | - Jennifer Philip
- Peter MacCallum Cancer center, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- The Royal Melbourne Hospital, 300 Grattan St, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne Eastern Hill Campus, Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
- St Vincent's Hospital, Palliative Care Service Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Justin P Rubio
- Principal Research Fellow Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Scholes‐Robertson N, Blazek K, Tong A, Gutman T, Craig JC, Essue BM, Howard K, Wong G, Howell M. Financial toxicity experienced by rural Australian families with chronic kidney disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 2023; 28:456-466. [PMID: 37286370 PMCID: PMC10947551 DOI: 10.1111/nep.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its treatment places a financial burden on healthcare systems and households worldwide, yet little is known of its financial impact, on those who reside in rural settings. We aimed to quantify the financial impacts and out-of-pocket expenditure experienced by adult rural patients with CKD in Australia. METHODS A web based structured survey was completed between November 2020 and January 2021. English speaking participants over 18 years of age, diagnosed with CKD stages 3-5, those receiving dialysis or with a kidney transplant, who lived in a rural location in Australia. RESULTS In total 77 (69% completion rate) participated. The mean out of pocket expenses were 5056 AUD annually (excluding private health insurance costs), 78% of households experienced financial hardship with 54% classified as experiencing financial catastrophe (out-of-pocket expenditure greater than 10% of household income). Mean distances to access health services for all rural and remote classifications was greater than 50 kilometres for specialist nephrology services and greater than 300 kilometres for transplanting centres. Relocation for a period greater than 3 months to access care was experienced by 24% of participants. CONCLUSION Rural households experience considerable financial hardship due to out-of-pocket costs in accessing treatment for CKD and other health-related care, raising concerns about equity in Australia, a high-income country with universal healthcare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Scholes‐Robertson
- Sydney School of Public HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Centre for Kidney ResearchThe Children's Hospital at WestmeadSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Katrina Blazek
- Centre for Kidney ResearchThe Children's Hospital at WestmeadSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Allison Tong
- Sydney School of Public HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Centre for Kidney ResearchThe Children's Hospital at WestmeadSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Talia Gutman
- Sydney School of Public HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Centre for Kidney ResearchThe Children's Hospital at WestmeadSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jonathan C. Craig
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Beverley M. Essue
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and EvaluationUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Kirsten Howard
- Sydney School of Public HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, Sydney School of Public HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Germaine Wong
- Sydney School of Public HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Centre for Kidney ResearchThe Children's Hospital at WestmeadSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Martin Howell
- Sydney School of Public HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Centre for Kidney ResearchThe Children's Hospital at WestmeadSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bhaskaran A, De Silva K, Kumar S. Contemporary updates on ventricular arrhythmias: from mechanisms to management. Intern Med J 2023; 53:892-906. [PMID: 36369893 PMCID: PMC10947276 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) are a group of heart rhythm disorders that can be life-threatening and cause significant morbidity. VA in the presence of structural heart disease (SHD) has distinct prognostic implications and requires a comprehensive and multifaceted approach for investigation and management. Early specialist referral should be considered for all patients with VA. Particular urgency is recommended in patients with syncope, nonsustained/sustained VA on Holter monitor and SHD on cardiac imaging because of the heightened risk of sudden cardiac death. Comprehensive phenotyping is recommended for most patients with VA, encompassing noninvasive cardiac functional testing, multimodality imaging and genetic testing in select circumstances. Management of idiopathic VA is guided heavily by symptom burden and the presence of ventricular systolic impairment. In SHD, guideline-directed heart failure therapy and device implantation are critical considerations. Whilst commonly used and well-established, antiarrhythmic drugs can be hampered by toxicity and failure of adequate arrhythmia control. Catheter ablation is increasingly being considered a feasible first-line alternative to medical therapy, where outcomes are influenced by disease aetiology and scar burden in SHD. Catheter ablation is associated with reduced arrhythmia recurrence and burden and improved quality of life at follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Bhaskaran
- Department of CardiologyWestmead HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Westmead Applied Research CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Kasun De Silva
- Department of CardiologyWestmead HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Westmead Applied Research CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Department of CardiologyWestmead HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Westmead Applied Research CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Santos JA, Rosewarne E, Hogendorf M, Trieu K, Pillay A, Ieremia M, Naseri LTT, Tukana I, Snowdon W, Petersen K, Webster J. Estimating mean population salt intake in Fiji and Samoa using spot urine samples. Nutr J 2019; 18:55. [PMID: 31506072 PMCID: PMC6737719 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-019-0484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increasing interest in finding less costly and burdensome alternatives to measuring population-level salt intake than 24-h urine collection, such as spot urine samples. However, little is known about their usefulness in developing countries like Fiji and Samoa. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of spot urine samples to estimate mean population salt intake in Fiji and Samoa. METHODS The study involved secondary analyses of urine data from cross-sectional surveys conducted in Fiji and Samoa between 2012 and 2016. Mean salt intake was estimated from spot urine samples using six equations, and compared with the measured salt intake from 24-h urine samples. Differences and agreement between the two methods were examined through paired samples t-test, intraclass correlation coefficient analysis, and Bland-Altman plots and analyses. RESULTS A total of 414 participants from Fiji and 725 participants from Samoa were included. Unweighted mean salt intake based on 24-h urine collection was 10.58 g/day (95% CI 9.95 to 11.22) in Fiji and 7.09 g/day (95% CI 6.83 to 7.36) in Samoa. In both samples, the INTERSALT equation with potassium produced the closest salt intake estimate to the 24-h urine (difference of - 0.92 g/day, 95% CI - 1.67 to - 0.18 in the Fiji sample and + 1.53 g/day, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.77 in the Samoa sample). The presence of proportional bias was evident for all equations except for the Kawasaki equation. CONCLUSION These data suggest that additional studies where both 24-h urine and spot urine samples are collected are needed to further assess whether methods based on spot urine samples can be confidently used to estimate mean population salt intake in Fiji and Samoa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Alvin Santos
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Emalie Rosewarne
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Martyna Hogendorf
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Kathy Trieu
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Arti Pillay
- Pacific Research Centre for the Prevention of Obesity and Noncommunicable Diseases, Fiji National University, Nasinu, Fiji
| | | | | | - Isimeli Tukana
- National Wellness Centre, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Suva, Fiji
| | - Wendy Snowdon
- Global Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216 Australia
| | - Kristina Petersen
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Jacqui Webster
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| |
Collapse
|