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Wang JY, Ma D, Luo M, Tan YP, Tian G, Lv YT, Li MX, Chen X, Tang ZH, Hu LL, Lei XC. Effect of spermidine on ameliorating spermatogenic disorders in diabetic mice via regulating glycolysis pathway. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2022; 20:45. [PMID: 35255928 PMCID: PMC8900360 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-022-00890-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM), a high incidence metabolic disease, is related to the impairment of male spermatogenic function. Spermidine (SPM), one of the biogenic amines, was identified from human seminal plasma and believed to have multiple pharmacological functions. However, there exists little evidence that reported SPM's effects on moderating diabetic male spermatogenic function. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the SPM's protective effects on testicular spermatogenic function in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic mice. Therefore, 40 mature male C57BL/6 J mice were divided into four main groups: the control group (n = 10), the diabetic group (n = 10), the 2.5 mg/kg SPM-treated diabetic group (n = 10) and the 5 mg/kg SPM-treated diabetic group (n = 10), which was given intraperitoneally for 8 weeks. The type 1 diabetic mice model was established by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ 120 mg/kg. The results showed that, compare to the control group, the body and testis weight, as well the number of sperm were decreased, while the rate of sperm malformation was significantly increased in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Then the testicular morphology was observed, which showed that seminiferous tubule of testis were arranged in mess, the area and diameter of which was decreased, along with downregulated anti-apoptotic factor (Bcl-2) expression, and upregulated pro-apoptotic factor (Bax) expression in the testes. Furthermore, testicular genetic expression levels of Sertoli cells (SCs) markers (WT1, GATA4 and Vimentin) detected that the pathological changes aggravated observably, such as the severity of tubule degeneration increased. Compared to the saline-treated DM mice, SPM treatment markedly improved testicular function, with an increment in the body and testis weight as well as sperm count. Pro-apoptotic factor (Bax) was down-regulated expression with the up-regulated expression of Bcl-2 and suppression of apoptosis in the testes. What's more, expression of WT1, GATA4, Vimentin and the expressions of glycolytic rate-limiting enzyme genes (HK2, PKM2, LDHA) in diabetic testes were also upregulated by SPM supplement. The evidence derived from this study indicated that the SMP's positive effect on moderating spermatogenic disorder in T1DM mice's testis. This positive effect is delivered via promoting spermatogenic cell proliferation and participating in the glycolytic pathway's activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yuan Wang
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Heng Yang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan China
| | - Duo Ma
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Heng Yang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan China
| | - Min Luo
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Heng Yang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan China
| | - Yong-Peng Tan
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Heng Yang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan China
| | - Ge Tian
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Heng Yang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan China
| | - Yong-Ting Lv
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Heng Yang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan China
| | - Mei-Xiang Li
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Heng Yang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan China
| | - Xi Chen
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Heng Yang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan China
| | - Zhi-Han Tang
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Postdoctoral Station for Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan China
| | - Lin-Lin Hu
- grid.460081.bChina Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000 Guangxi China
| | - Xiao-Can Lei
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Heng Yang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan China
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Postdoctoral Station for Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan China
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He W, Liu H, Hu L, Wang Y, Huang L, Liang A, Wang X, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Cao Y, Li S, Wang J, Lei X. Icariin improves testicular dysfunction via enhancing proliferation and inhibiting mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2021; 19:168. [PMID: 34753504 PMCID: PMC8576896 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-021-00851-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic metabolic disease, severely impairs male reproductive function. However, the underpinning mechanisms are still incompletely defined, and there are no effective strategies or medicines for these reproductive lesions. Icariin (ICA), the main active component extracted from Herba epimedii, is a flavonoid traditionally used to treat testicular dysfunction. Whether ICA can improve male reproductive dysfunction caused by DM and its underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, by employing metformin as a comparative group, we evaluated the protective effects of ICA on male reproductive damages caused by DM and explored the possible mechanisms. METHODS Rats were fed with a high fat diet (HFD) and then intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes. Diabetic rats were randomly divided into T2DM + saline group, T2DM + metformin group and T2DM + ICA group. Rats without the treatment of HFD and STZ were used as control group. The morphology of testicular tissues was examined by histological staining. The mRNA expression levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Immunostaining detected the protein levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in testicular tissues. TUNEL assay was performed to determine cell apoptosis in the testicular tissues. The protein expression levels of HIF-1α and SIRT1 in the testicular tissues were determined by western blot assay. RESULTS ICA effectively improved male reproductive dysfunction of diabetic rats. ICA administration significantly decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) and insulin resistance index (IRI). In addition, ICA increased testis weight, epididymis weight, sperm number, sperm motility and the cross-sectional area of seminiferous tubule. ICA recovered the number of spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and Sertoli cells. Furthermore, ICA upregulated the expression of PCNA, activated SRIT1-HIF-1α signaling pathway, and inhibited intrinsic mitochondria dependent apoptosis pathway by upregulating the expression of Bcl-2 and downregulating the expression of Bax and caspase 3. CONCLUSION These results suggest that ICA could attenuate male reproductive dysfunction of diabetic rats possibly via increasing cell proliferation and decreasing cell apoptosis of testis. ICA potentially represents a novel therapeutic strategy against DM-induced testicular damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo He
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Huiqing Liu
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Linlin Hu
- grid.460081.bReproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000 China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- grid.417409.f0000 0001 0240 6969School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 China
| | - Lane Huang
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Aihong Liang
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Xuan Wang
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Qing Zhang
- grid.417409.f0000 0001 0240 6969School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 China
| | - Yi Chen
- grid.417409.f0000 0001 0240 6969School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 China
| | - Yi Cao
- grid.417409.f0000 0001 0240 6969School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 China
| | - Suyun Li
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Junli Wang
- grid.460081.bReproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000 China
| | - Xiaocan Lei
- grid.412017.10000 0001 0266 8918Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
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