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Zhang Y, Amardeep A, Wu Z, Tao L, Xu J, Freschi DJ, Liu J. A Tellurium-Boosted High-Areal-Capacity Zinc-Sulfur Battery. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024:e2308580. [PMID: 38566441 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous rechargeable zinc-sulfur (Zn-S) batteries are a promising, cost-effective, and high-capacity energy storage technology. Still, they are challenged by the poor reversibility of S cathodes, sluggish redox kinetics, low S utilization, and unsatisfactory areal capacity. This work develops a facile strategy to achieve an appealing high-areal-capacity (above 5 mAh cm-2) Zn-S battery by molecular-level regulation between S and high-electrical-conductivity tellurium (Te). The incorporation of Te as a dopant allows for manipulation of the Zn-S electrochemistry, resulting in accelerated redox conversion, and enhanced S utilization. Meanwhile, accompanied by the S-ZnS conversion, Te is converted to zinc telluride during the discharge process, as revealed by ex-situ characterizations. This additional redox reaction contributes to the S cathode's total excellent discharge capacity. With this unique cathode structure design, the carbon-confined TeS cathode (denoted as Te1S7/C) delivers a high reversible capacity of 1335.0 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 with a mass loading of 4.22 mg cm-2, corresponding to a remarkable areal capacity of 5.64 mAh cm-2. Notably, a hybrid electrolyte design uplifts discharge plateau, reduces overpotential, suppresses Zn dendrites growth, and extends the calendar life of Zn-Te1S7 batteries. This study provides a rational S cathode structure to realize high-capacity Zn-S batteries for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
- Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions and School of Environmental Studies, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Amardeep Amardeep
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
- Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions and School of Environmental Studies, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Zhenrui Wu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
- Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions and School of Environmental Studies, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Li Tao
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
- Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions and School of Environmental Studies, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
- Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions and School of Environmental Studies, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Donald J Freschi
- Fenix Advanced Materials, 2950 Highway Drive, Trail, BC, V1R 2T3, Canada
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
- Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions and School of Environmental Studies, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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Baron JN, Hessburg PF, Parisien MA, Greene GA, Gergel SE, Daniels LD. Fuel types misrepresent forest structure and composition in interior British Columbia: a way forward. Fire Ecol 2024; 20:15. [PMID: 38333107 PMCID: PMC10847212 DOI: 10.1186/s42408-024-00249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Background A clear understanding of the connectivity, structure, and composition of wildland fuels is essential for effective wildfire management. However, fuel typing and mapping are challenging owing to a broad diversity of fuel conditions and their spatial and temporal heterogeneity. In Canada, fuel types and potential fire behavior are characterized using the Fire Behavior Prediction (FBP) System, which uses an association approach to categorize vegetation into 16 fuel types based on stand structure and composition. In British Columbia (BC), provincial and national FBP System fuel type maps are derived from remotely sensed forest inventory data and are widely used for wildfire operations, fuel management, and scientific research. Despite their widespread usage, the accuracy and applicability of these fuel type maps have not been formally assessed. To address this knowledge gap, we quantified the agreement between on-site assessments and provincial and national fuel type maps in interior BC. Results We consistently found poor correspondence between field assessment data and both provincial and national fuel types. Mismatches were particularly frequent for (i) dry interior ecosystems, (ii) mixedwood and deciduous fuel types, and (iii) post-harvesting conditions. For 58% of field plots, there was no suitable match to the extant fuel structure and composition. Mismatches were driven by the accuracy and availability of forest inventory data and low applicability of the Canadian FBP System to interior BC fuels. Conclusions The fuel typing mismatches we identified can limit scientific research, but also challenge wildfire operations and fuel management decisions. Improving fuel typing accuracy will require a significant effort in fuel inventory data and system upgrades to adequately represent the diversity of extant fuels. To more effectively link conditions to expected fire behavior outcomes, we recommend a fuel classification approach and emphasis on observed fuels and measured fire behavior data for the systems we seek to represent. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42408-024-00249-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N. Baron
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Paul F. Hessburg
- USDA-FS, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA
- University of Washington, School of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Marc-André Parisien
- Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Center, Edmonton, AB T6H 3S5 Canada
| | - Gregory A. Greene
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Sarah. E. Gergel
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Lori D. Daniels
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Xie SH, Kurz WA, McFarlane PN. Inward- versus outward-focused bioeconomy strategies for British Columbia's forest products industry: a harvested wood products carbon storage and emission perspective. Carbon Balance Manag 2021; 16:30. [PMID: 34562161 PMCID: PMC8466961 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-021-00193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND British Columbia's (BC) extensive forest resources provide climate change mitigation opportunities that are available to few other jurisdictions. However, as a consequence of the Mountain Pine Beetle outbreak and large-scale wildfires, BC is anticipating reduced roundwood harvest for the next decades. Progress towards more climatically efficient utilization of forest resources is needed. This research quantitatively compared the greenhouse gas emission consequences of nine harvested wood products trade and consumption strategies. Inward-focused strategies use wood products within Canada to achieve emission reduction objectives, while outward-focused strategies encourage exports of wood products. RESULTS In the business-as-usual baseline scenario, average emissions arising from BC-originated harvested wood products between 2016 and 2050 were 40 MtCO2e yr-1. The estimated theoretical boundaries were 11 MtCO2e yr-1 and 54 MtCO2e yr-1, under the scenarios of using all harvests for either construction purposes or biofuel production, respectively. Due to the constrained domestic market size, inward-focused scenarios that were based on population and market capacity achieved 0.3-10% emission reductions compared to the baseline. The international markets were larger, however the emissions varied substantially between 68% reduction and 25% increase depending on wood products' end uses. CONCLUSIONS Future bioeconomy strategies can have a substantial impact on emissions. This analysis revealed that from a carbon storage and emission perspective, it was better to consume BC's harvests within Canada and only export those products that would be used for long-lived construction applications, provided that construction market access beyond the US was available. However, restricting export of wood products destined for short-lived uses such as pulp and wood pellets would have significant economic and social impacts. On the other hand, inward-focused strategies had a small but politically and environmentally meaningful contribution to BC's climate action plan. This study also revealed the conflicts between a demand-driven bioeconomy and targeted environmental outcomes. A hierarchical incentive system that could co-exist with other market drivers may help achieve emission reduction goals, but this would require a better quantitative understanding of wood products' substitution effects. While the analyses were conducted for BC, other regions that are net exporters of wood products may face similar issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng H. Xie
- Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions, University House 1, 2489 Sinclair Rd, Victoria, BC V8N 6M2 Canada
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Werner A. Kurz
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, 506 Burnside Road West, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5 Canada
| | - Paul N. McFarlane
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Smyth CE, Xu Z, Lemprière TC, Kurz WA. Climate change mitigation in British Columbia's forest sector: GHG reductions, costs, and environmental impacts. Carbon Balance Manag 2020; 15:21. [PMID: 33001303 PMCID: PMC7531139 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-020-00155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential contributions from forest-based greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation actions need to be quantified to develop pathways towards net negative emissions. Here we present results from a comparative analysis that examined mitigation options for British Columbia's forest sector. Mitigation scenarios were evaluated using a systems perspective that takes into account the changes in emissions and removals in forest ecosystems, in harvested wood product (HWP) carbon stocks, and in other sectors where wood products substitute for emission-intensive materials and fossil fuels. All mitigation activities were assessed relative to a forward-looking 'business as usual' baseline for three implementation levels. In addition to quantifying net GHG emission reductions, we assessed economic, and socio-economic impacts as well as other environmental indicators relating to forest species, age class, deadwood availability and future timber supply. We further considered risks of reversal for land-based scenarios, by assessing impacts of increasing future wildfires on stands that were not harvested. RESULTS Our spatially explicit analyses of forest sector mitigation options demonstrated a cost-effective portfolio of regionally differentiated scenarios that directed more of the harvested wood to longer-lived wood products, stopped burning of harvest residues and instead produced bioenergy to displace fossil fuel burning, and reduced harvest levels in regions with low disturbance rates. Domestically, net GHG emissions were reduced by an average of -9 MtCO2e year-1 over 2020-2050 for a portfolio of mitigation activities at a default implementation level, with about 85% of the GHG emission reductions achieved below a cost of $50/tCO2e. Normalizing the net GHG reduction by changes in harvested wood levels permitted comparisons of the scenarios with different ambition levels, and showed that a 1 MtCO2 increase in cumulative harvested stemwood results in a 1 MtCO2e reduction in cumulative emissions, relative to the baseline, for the Higher Recovery scenario in 2070. CONCLUSIONS The analyses conducted in this study contribute to the global understanding of forest sector mitigation options by providing an integrated framework to synthesize the methods, assumptions, datasets and models needed to quantify mitigation activities using a systems approach. An understanding of economically feasible and socio-economically attractive mitigation scenarios along with trade offs for environmental indicators relating to species composition and age, helps decision makers with long-term planning for land sector contributions to GHG emission reduction efforts, and provides valuable information for stakeholder consultations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Smyth
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, 506 Burnside Road West, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada.
| | - Z Xu
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, 580 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0E4, Canada
| | - T C Lemprière
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, 300-655 Bay St, Toronto, ON, M5G 2K4, Canada
| | - W A Kurz
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, 506 Burnside Road West, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada
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Peterson St-Laurent G, Hagerman S, Kozak R, Hoberg G. Public perceptions about climate change mitigation in British Columbia's forest sector. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195999. [PMID: 29684041 PMCID: PMC5912731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of forest management in mitigating climate change is a central concern for the Canadian province of British Columbia. The successful implementation of forest management activities to achieve climate change mitigation in British Columbia will be strongly influenced by public support or opposition. While we now have increasingly clear ideas of the management opportunities associated with forest mitigation and some insight into public support for climate change mitigation in the context of sustainable forest management, very little is known with respect to the levels and basis of public support for potential forest management strategies to mitigate climate change. This paper, by describing the results of a web-based survey, documents levels of public support for the implementation of eight forest carbon mitigation strategies in British Columbia's forest sector, and examines and quantifies the influence of the factors that shape this support. Overall, respondents ascribed a high level of importance to forest carbon mitigation and supported all of the eight proposed strategies, indicating that the British Columbia public is inclined to consider alternative practices in managing forests and wood products to mitigate climate change. That said, we found differences in levels of support for the mitigation strategies. In general, we found greater levels of support for a rehabilitation strategy (e.g. reforestation of unproductive forest land), and to a lesser extent for conservation strategies (e.g. old growth conservation, reduced harvest) over enhanced forest management strategies (e.g. improved harvesting and silvicultural techniques). We also highlighted multiple variables within the British Columbia population that appear to play a role in predicting levels of support for conservation and/or enhanced forest management strategies, including environmental values, risk perception, trust in groups of actors, prioritized objectives of forest management and socio-demographic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Peterson St-Laurent
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shannon Hagerman
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert Kozak
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - George Hoberg
- Liu Institute for Global Issues, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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