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Geers DWT, Gavriel K, Neumann K. Rapid, traceless and facile peptide cyclization enabled by tetrazine-thiol exchange. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3548. [PMID: 37779097 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides offer many advantages compared to their linear counterparts, including prolonged stability within the biological environment and enhanced binding affinity. Typically, peptides are cyclized by forming an amide bond, either on-resin or in solution, through extensive use of orthogonal protecting groups or chemoselective ligation strategies, respectively. Here, we show that the chemoselective tetrazine-thiol exchange is a powerful tool for rapid in situ cyclization of peptides without the need for additional activation reagents or extensive protecting group reshuffling. The reaction between N-terminal sulfide-bearing unsymmetric tetrazines and internal cysteines occurs spontaneously within a mildly acidic environment (pH 6.5) and is of traceless nature. The rapidly available unsymmetric sulfide tetrazine building blocks can be incorporated on resin using standard solid-phase peptide synthesis protocols and are orthogonal to trifluoroacetic acid cleavage conditions. The cyclized peptides display high stability, even when incubated with a large excess of free thiols. Due to its traceless and mild nature, we expect that the tetrazine-thiol exchange will be of high value for the in situ formation of cyclic peptide libraries, thus being applicable in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle W T Geers
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katerina Gavriel
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Neumann
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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Johansson ME, Toni I, Kessels RPC, Bloem BR, Helmich RC. Clinical severity in Parkinson's disease is determined by decline in cortical compensation. Brain 2024; 147:871-886. [PMID: 37757883 PMCID: PMC10907095 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic dysfunction in the basal ganglia, particularly in the posterior putamen, is often viewed as the primary pathological mechanism behind motor slowing (i.e. bradykinesia) in Parkinson's disease. However, striatal dopamine loss fails to account for interindividual differences in motor phenotype and rate of decline, implying that the expression of motor symptoms depends on additional mechanisms, some of which may be compensatory in nature. Building on observations of increased motor-related activity in the parieto-premotor cortex of Parkinson patients, we tested the hypothesis that interindividual differences in clinical severity are determined by compensatory cortical mechanisms and not just by basal ganglia dysfunction. Using functional MRI, we measured variability in motor- and selection-related brain activity during a visuomotor task in 353 patients with Parkinson's disease (≤5 years disease duration) and 60 healthy controls. In this task, we manipulated action selection demand by varying the number of possible actions that individuals could choose from. Clinical variability was characterized in two ways. First, patients were categorized into three previously validated, discrete clinical subtypes that are hypothesized to reflect distinct routes of α-synuclein propagation: diffuse-malignant (n = 42), intermediate (n = 128) or mild motor-predominant (n = 150). Second, we used the scores of bradykinesia severity and cognitive performance across the entire sample as continuous measures. Patients showed motor slowing (longer response times) and reduced motor-related activity in the basal ganglia compared with controls. However, basal ganglia activity did not differ between clinical subtypes and was not associated with clinical scores. This indicates a limited role for striatal dysfunction in shaping interindividual differences in clinical severity. Consistent with our hypothesis, we observed enhanced action selection-related activity in the parieto-premotor cortex of patients with a mild-motor predominant subtype, both compared to patients with a diffuse-malignant subtype and controls. Furthermore, increased parieto-premotor activity was related to lower bradykinesia severity and better cognitive performance, which points to a compensatory role. We conclude that parieto-premotor compensation, rather than basal ganglia dysfunction, shapes interindividual variability in symptom severity in Parkinson's disease. Future interventions may focus on maintaining and enhancing compensatory cortical mechanisms, rather than only attempting to normalize basal ganglia dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E Johansson
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Centre of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivan Toni
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roy P C Kessels
- Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboudumc Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, 5803 AC Venray, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Centre of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick C Helmich
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Centre of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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3
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Nejad GG, Mottarlini F, Tavassoli Z, Caffino L, Fumagalli F, Homberg JR, Fathollahi Y. Conditioned morphine tolerance promotes neurogenesis, dendritic remodelling and pro-plasticity molecules in the adult rat hippocampus. Addict Biol 2024; 29:e13377. [PMID: 38506630 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Structural neuroplasticity of the hippocampus in the form of neurogenesis and dendritic remodelling underlying morphine tolerance is still less known. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to assess whether unconditioned- and conditioned-morphine tolerance can trigger structural neuroplasticity in the dorsal and ventral parts of the adult male rat hippocampus. Evaluation of the levels of neurogenesis markers (Ki67 and DCX) by immunohistochemistry shows that conditioned morphine tolerance is sufficient to increase the baseline topographic level of hippocampal neurogenesis in adult rats. Dendritic spine visualization by Golgi staining shows that the behavioural testing paradigms themselves are sufficient to trigger the hippocampus subregion-specific changes in the dendritic remodelling along the apical dendrites of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and dentate granule cells in adult rats. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of Bdnf, Trkb, Rac-1 and RhoA mRNA levels as pro-plasticity molecules, shows that the conditioned morphine tolerance is effective in changing Bdnf and RhoA mRNA levels in the ventral hippocampus of adult rats. In summary, we demonstrate that the acquisition of morphine tolerance promotes adult neurogenesis, dendritic remodelling and pro-plasticity molecules such as Bdnf/Trkb in the rat hippocampus. Indeed, the structural neuroplasticity of the hippocampus may underlie the newly formed aberrant memory and could provide the initial basis for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of morphine-tolerance plasticity in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Ghamkhari Nejad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Francesca Mottarlini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Zohreh Tavassoli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lucia Caffino
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Yaghoub Fathollahi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Kraaijenvanger EJ, Banaschewski T, Eickhoff SB, Holz NE. A coordinate-based meta-analysis of human amygdala connectivity alterations related to early life adversities. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16541. [PMID: 37783710 PMCID: PMC10545708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
By affecting core neurobiological systems early in development, early life adversities (ELAs) might confer latent vulnerability to future psychopathologies. This coordinate-based meta-analysis aims to identify significant convergent alterations in functional connectivity of the amygdala related to ELAs across resting-state and task-based fMRI-studies. Five electronic databases were systematically searched until 22 October 2020, retrieving 49 eligible studies (n = 3162 participants). Convergent alterations in functional connectivity related to ELAs between the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and left hippocampus were found. Sub-analyses based on hemisphere and direction showed that connectivity seeded in the right amygdala was affected and, moreover, revealed that connectivity with ACC was decreased. Analyses based on paradigm and age showed that amygdala-ACC coupling was altered during resting state and that amygdala-left hippocampus connectivity was mostly affected during task-based paradigms and in adult participants. While both regions showed altered connectivity during emotion processing and following adverse social postnatal experiences such as maltreatment, amygdala-ACC coupling was mainly affected when ELAs were retrospectively assessed through self-report. We show that ELAs are associated with altered functional connectivity of the amygdala with the ACC and hippocampus. As such, ELAs may embed latent vulnerability to future psychopathologies by systematically affecting important neurocognitive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline J Kraaijenvanger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nathalie E Holz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
- Donders Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
In this research, we attempt to understand a common real-life labor/leisure decision, i.e., to perform cognitive work or to interact with one's smartphone. In an ecologically valid experiment, participants (N = 112) could freely switch back and forth between doing a 2-back task and interacting with their own smartphone. We manipulated the value of the 2-back task (by varying the value of monetary rewards; within-subjects) and of the smartphone (by switching on and off airplane mode; within-subjects) while we recorded incoming notifications, such as text messages. Our study produced three main findings: (1) the current value of the smartphone did not increase our statistical model's ability to predict switches from labor to leisure when the current task value was also taken into account; (2) however, participants reacted strongly to naturally incoming notifications, which were the strongest predictor of labor-to-leisure switches; (3) there was no evidence that taking into account individual differences (in the value assigned to labor and leisure) improved the model's ability to predict labor-leisure switches. In sum, using a situated approach to studying labor/leisure decisions, our findings highlight the importance of high task motivation, as well as the temporary distractive potential of smartphone notifications, when people face the challenge of staying focused on their productive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Dora
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Madelon van Hooff
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Geurts
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kompier
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Bijleveld
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Hoffman AS, Jacobs B, van Gastel B, Schraffenberger H, Sharon T, Pas B. Towards a seamful ethics of Covid-19 contact tracing apps? Ethics Inf Technol 2021; 23:105-115. [PMID: 33013191 PMCID: PMC7521862 DOI: 10.1007/s10676-020-09559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In the early months of 2020, the deadly Covid-19 disease spread rapidly around the world. In response, national and regional governments implemented a range of emergency lockdown measures, curtailing citizens' movements and greatly limiting economic activity. More recently, as restrictions begin to be loosened or lifted entirely, the use of so-called contact tracing apps has figured prominently in many jurisdictions' plans to reopen society. Critics have questioned the utility of such technologies on a number of fronts, both practical and ethical. However, little has been said about the ways in which the normative design choices of app developers, and the products that result therefrom, might contribute to ethical reflection and wider political debate. Drawing from scholarship in critical design and human-computer interaction, this paper examines the development of a QR code-based tracking app called Zwaai ('Wave' in Dutch), where its designers explicitly positioned the app as an alternative to the predominant Bluetooth and GPS-based approaches. Through analyzing these designers' choices, this paper argues that QR code infrastructures can work to surface a set of ethical-political seams, two of which are discussed here-responsibilization and networked (im)permanence-that more 'seamless' protocols like Bluetooth actively aim to bypass, and which may go otherwise unnoticed by existing ethical frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Hoffman
- Interdisciplinary Hub for Security, Privacy and Data Governance (iHub), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Practical Philosophy, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Jacobs
- Interdisciplinary Hub for Security, Privacy and Data Governance (iHub), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bernard van Gastel
- Interdisciplinary Hub for Security, Privacy and Data Governance (iHub), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Open University, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Hanna Schraffenberger
- Interdisciplinary Hub for Security, Privacy and Data Governance (iHub), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tamar Sharon
- Interdisciplinary Hub for Security, Privacy and Data Governance (iHub), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Practical Philosophy, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Berber Pas
- Interdisciplinary Hub for Security, Privacy and Data Governance (iHub), Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Institute for Management Research, School of Management, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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7
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Abstract
This contribution focuses on volunteer initiatives that seek to assist refugee status holders in Rotterdam. It studies initiatives that are still in the process of fine-tuning their focus, grappling for funds, searching for volunteers, and seeking collaborations. The article lays bare the inequalities that such aspiring initiatives can be premised on and produce. In analyzing moments in which the label of 'volunteer' is rejected-or instead celebrated or transformed-this article demonstrates that the elastic representation of volunteering clashes with callous boundaries between 'being only a volunteer' and 'doing something together.' These boundaries are heartfelt by the organizers of these aspiring initiatives, who often have a refugee background themselves. By understanding inequality in volunteering in relation to debates about active citizenship, this article seeks to examine the workings of the glass ceiling that hinders the organizers of volunteer initiatives to transition into a position they consider more credible and professional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke van der Veer
- Department of Anthropology and Development Studies, Radboud University, Postbus 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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8
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Abstract
Small heat shock proteins function as chaperones by binding unfolding substrate proteins in an ATP-independent manner to keep them in a folding-competent state and to prevent irreversible aggregation. They play crucial roles in diseases that are characterized by protein aggregation, such as neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases, but are also involved in cataract, cancer, and congenital disorders. For this reason, these proteins are interesting therapeutic targets for finding molecules that could affect the chaperone activity or compensate specific mutations. This review will give an overview of the available knowledge on the structural complexity of human small heat shock proteins, which may aid in the search for such therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert C Boelens
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry 284, Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, PO Box 9101, NL-6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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9
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Abstract
In everyday decision-making, individuals make trade-offs between short-term and long-term benefits or costs. Depending on many factors, individuals may choose to wait for larger delayed reward, yet in other situations they may prefer the smaller, immediate reward. In addition to within-subject variation in the short-term versus long-term reward trade-off, there are also interindividual differences in delay discounting (DD), which have been shown to be quite stable. The extent to which individuals discount the value of delayed rewards turns out to be associated with important health and disorder-related outcomes: the more discounting, the more unhealthy or problematic choices. This has led to the hypothesis that DD can be conceptualized as trans-disease process. The current systematic review presents an overview of behavioral trainings and manipulations that have been developed to reduce DD in human participants aged 12 years or older. Manipulation studies mostly contain one session and measure DD directly after the manipulation. Training studies add a multiple session training component that is not per se related to DD, in between two DD task measurements. Ninety-eight studies (151 experiments) were identified that tested behavioral trainings and manipulations to decrease DD. Overall, results indicated that DD can be decreased, showing that DD is profoundly context dependent and changeable. Most promising avenues to pursue in future research seem to be acceptance-based/mindfulness-based trainings, and even more so manipulations involving a future orientation. Limitations and recommendations are discussed to identify the mechanistic processes that allow for changes in discount rate and behavior accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Scholten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anouk Scheres
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik de Water
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Uta Graf
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Isabela Granic
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Luijten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500, HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Previous research on the impact of parental loss on labor market outcomes in adulthood has often suffered from low sample sizes. To generate further insights into the long-term consequences of parental death, I use the Historical Sample of the Netherlands (HSN). The HSN contains occupational information on life courses of a sample of more than 8,000 males and almost 7,000 females born between 1850 and 1922, a period of important labor market transformations. Roughly 20 % of the sample population experienced parental death before age 16. Linear regression models show that maternal loss is significantly associated with lower occupational position in adulthood for both men and women, which points to the crucial importance of maternal care in childhood for socioeconomic outcomes in later life. This interpretation is supported by the finding that a stepmother's entry into the family is positively related with sons' occupational position later in life. In contrast to expectations, the loss of economic resources related to the father's death is generally not associated with lower status attainment in adulthood for men or for women. The results indicate, however, that the negative consequences of paternal death on men's socioeconomic outcomes decreased over time, illustrating the complex interaction between individual life courses and surrounding labor market transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rosenbaum-Feldbrügge
- Radboud Group for Historical Demography and Family History, Department of History, Radboud University, Erasmusplein 1, 6525HT, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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11
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Abstract
Daily speech communication often takes place in suboptimal listening conditions, in which interlocutors typically need to segregate the target signal from the background sounds. The present study investigated the influence on speech recognition of a relatively familiar foreign accent in background speech (Exp. 1) and whether short-term immediate exposure to the target talker's voice (Exp. 2) or the background babble (Exp. 3) would either help or hinder the segregation of target from background. A total of 72 native Dutch participants were asked to listen to Dutch target sentences in the presence of Dutch or German-accented Dutch babble without (Exp. 1) or with (Exps. 2 and 3) an exposure phase. Their task was to write down what they heard. The results of Experiment 1 revealed that listeners gained a release from masking when the background speech was accented, indicating that dissimilar and less familiar signals are easier to segregate effectively. Experiment 2 demonstrated that short-term immediate exposure to the target talker had no effect on speech-in-speech recognition, whereas exposure to the background babble could hinder separating the target voice from the background speech (Exp. 3). However, this reduced release from masking only appeared in the more difficult and more familiar babble condition (Dutch in Dutch), in which the speech recognition system may have remained attuned to the babble as a potential source of communicatively relevant information. Overall, this research provides evidence that both short-term adaptation and the degrees of target-background similarity and familiarity are of importance for speech-in-speech recognition.
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12
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Abstract
RATIONALE Trust is a key component of social interactions. In order to assess the trustworthiness of others, people rely on both information learned from previous encounters, as well as on implicit biases associated with specific facial features. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigated the role of catecholamine (dopamine and noradrenaline) transmission on trust decisions as a function of both experienced behavior and facial features. METHODS To increase catecholamine levels, methylphenidate (MPH, i.e., Ritalin®, 20 mg) was administered to participants (N = 24) prior to their playing a well-studied economic task, namely the Trust Game (Berg et al. 1995). We measured the amount of money invested with a variety of game partners. Across game partners, we manipulated two aspects of trust: the facial trust level (high facial trust, low facial trust, and non-social) and the likelihood of reciprocation (high, low). RESULTS Results demonstrated no main effect of MPH on investments, but rather a selective lowering of investments under MPH as compared with placebo with the game partners who were low on facial trustworthiness and were low reciprocators. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence that MPH administration impacts social trust decision-making, but does so in a context-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălina E Rățală
- Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062, PA, The Netherlands.
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sean J Fallon
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke E van der Schaaf
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Ter Huurne
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roshan Cools
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alan G Sanfey
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Abstract
Under poor circumstances, co-residence of a grandmother is generally considered to be beneficial for (grand)children. Empirical evidence does not unequivocally support this expectation and suggests that the grandmother’s importance depends on the family’s circumstances. We study the relationship between grandmother’s co-residence and children’s schooling in sub-Saharan Africa under a broad range of circumstances. Results make clear that the effect of a co-residing grandmother varies but is almost always positive. Grandmothers over age 60 are most effective in helping their (grand)children. They are particularly important for girls, and when the mother is deceased or not living in the household. Grandmothers are less effective in situations with few opportunities, as in very poor regions or in communities with few schooling opportunities. Our findings indicate that providing support to grandmothers should not be overlooked when designing policies aimed at strengthening the position of women and children in the sub-Saharan African context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandor Schrijner
- Department of Economics, Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, PO Box 9108, 6500HK, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen Smits
- Department of Economics, Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, PO Box 9108, 6500HK, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Goddard JC, Janssen DAW. Intravesical hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate for recurrent urinary tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J 2018; 29:933-942. [PMID: 29181550 PMCID: PMC6004275 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-017-3508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS The objective was to assess the efficacy of intravesical hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), alone or in combination, for recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTIs) in adult female patients using a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS English-language articles were obtained from the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases through November 2016, by manual searching and cross-referencing. Randomized and nonrandomized trials of adult female patients with a documented history of RUTIs who received HA, CS or HA plus CS were included. The random effects model was applied to all pooled analyses. Risk of bias was assessed for individual studies and across studies. RESULTS Two randomized (n = 85) and six nonrandomized (n = 715) studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies assessed HA ± CS; studies of CS alone were not identified in the search. HA ± CS decreased the UTI rate per patient-year (pooled mean difference [MD] -2.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] -3.86, -1.26; p < 0.001) and increased the time to first UTI recurrence (pooled MD 130.05 days; 95% CI 5.84, 254.26; p = 0.04). There was heterogeneity in most outcomes considered, and publication bias in many studies. The standard of trial reporting was low. The patient population size, and the number of studies included, were small. CONCLUSIONS HA ± CS appears to reduce the rate of UTI and increase the time to recurrence in women with RUTI. As randomized controlled studies are available only for HA plus CS, the quality of evidence is higher for the combination than for HA alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dick A W Janssen
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grootteplein Zuid 10, 6525, Nijmegen, GA, Netherlands.
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15
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Stienstra R, van Suijlekom WD. Reduction of quantum systems and the local Gauss law. Lett Math Phys 2018; 108:2515-2522. [PMID: 30369712 PMCID: PMC6182777 DOI: 10.1007/s11005-018-1092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We give an operator-algebraic interpretation of the notion of an ideal generated by the unbounded operators associated with the elements of the Lie algebra of a Lie group that implements the symmetries of a quantum system. We use this interpretation to establish a link between Rieffel induction and the implementation of a local Gauss law in lattice gauge theories similar to the method discussed by Kijowski and Rudolph (J Math Phys 43:1796-1808, 2002; J Math Phys 46:032303, 2004).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Stienstra
- Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Walter D. van Suijlekom
- Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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16
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Martens J, Berden G, Bentlage H, Coene KLM, Engelke UF, Wishart D, van Scherpenzeel M, Kluijtmans LAJ, Wevers RA, Oomens J. Unraveling the unknown areas of the human metabolome: the role of infrared ion spectroscopy. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:367-377. [PMID: 29556837 PMCID: PMC5959965 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The identification of molecular biomarkers is critical for diagnosing and treating patients and for establishing a fundamental understanding of the pathophysiology and underlying biochemistry of inborn errors of metabolism. Currently, liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are the principle methods used for biomarker research and for structural elucidation of small molecules in patient body fluids. While both are powerful techniques, several limitations exist that often make the identification of unknown compounds challenging. Here, we describe how infrared ion spectroscopy has the potential to be a valuable orthogonal technique that provides highly-specific molecular structure information while maintaining ultra-high sensitivity. Here, we characterize and distinguish two well-known biomarkers of inborn errors of metabolism, glutaric acid for glutaric aciduria and ethylmalonic acid for short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, using infrared ion spectroscopy. In contrast to tandem mass spectra, in which ion fragments can hardly be predicted, we show that the prediction of an IR spectrum allows reference-free identification in the case that standard compounds are either commercially or synthetically unavailable. Finally, we illustrate how functional group information can be obtained from an IR spectrum for an unknown and how this is valuable information to, for example, narrow down a list of candidate structures resulting from a database query. Early diagnosis in inborn errors of metabolism is crucial for enabling treatment and depends on the identification of biomarkers specific for the disorder. Infrared ion spectroscopy has the potential to play a pivotal role in the identification of challenging biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Martens
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Giel Berden
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Bentlage
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karlien L M Coene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Groote Plein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Udo F Engelke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Groote Plein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David Wishart
- Departments of Computing Science and Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Monique van Scherpenzeel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Groote Plein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A J Kluijtmans
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Groote Plein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A Wevers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Groote Plein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos Oomens
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Eating in response to negative emotions (EE) may be an explanatory factor of the weight regain of many dieters. This narrative review presents evidence on possible causes of EE and the association of EE with depression and obesity and discusses implications of these findings for the treatment of obesity. RECENT FINDINGS Possible causes of EE are high dietary restraint, poor interoceptive awareness, alexithymia, emotion dysregulation and a reversed hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) stress axis. EE may be the outcome of inadequate parenting or depressive feelings in interaction with genetic susceptibility. There is also robust evidence that EE is a mediator between depression and obesity. The association of EE with depression and poor emotion regulation skills suggests that the treatment of obese people with high EE should not focus on calorie-restricted diets but on emotion regulation skills. The DEBQ (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire) enables such a matched treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana van Strien
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Public Health research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Kuster SM, van Weerdenburg M, Gompel M, Bosman AMT. Dyslexie font does not benefit reading in children with or without dyslexia. Ann Dyslexia 2018; 68:25-42. [PMID: 29204931 PMCID: PMC5934461 DOI: 10.1007/s11881-017-0154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In two experiments, the claim was tested that the font "Dyslexie", specifically designed for people with dyslexia, eases reading performance of children with (and without) dyslexia. Three questions were investigated. (1) Does the Dyslexie font lead to faster and/or more accurate reading? (2) Do children have a preference for the Dyslexie font? And, (3) is font preference related to reading performance? In Experiment 1, children with dyslexia (n = 170) did not read text written in Dyslexie font faster or more accurately than in Arial font. The majority preferred reading in Arial and preference was not related to reading performance. In Experiment 2, children with (n = 102) and without dyslexia (n = 45) read word lists in three different font types (Dyslexie, Arial, Times New Roman). Words written in Dyslexie font were not read faster or more accurately. Moreover, participants showed a preference for the fonts Arial and Times New Roman rather than Dyslexie, and again, preference was not related to reading performance. These experiments clearly justify the conclusion that the Dyslexie font neither benefits nor impedes the reading process of children with and without dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne M Kuster
- Behavioural Science Institute & Department of Special Education, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525, HR, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Braams & Partners, Center for Diagnostic Assessment and Treatment of Learning Disorders, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn van Weerdenburg
- Behavioural Science Institute & Department of Special Education, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525, HR, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Gompel
- Behavioural Science Institute & Department of Special Education, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525, HR, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna M T Bosman
- Behavioural Science Institute & Department of Special Education, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525, HR, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is increasingly used to study motor- and non-motor-related functions of the cerebellum. The aim of the present study was to quantitatively review available studies to estimate the efficacy of cerebellar tDCS in altering motor- and cognitive-related behavioral performance in healthy volunteers. The present meta-analysis included 32 sham-controlled studies. Results from random effects modeling of the cumulative effect size demonstrated that anodal and cathodal tDCS to the cerebellum were effective in changing performance. No evidence for polarity-dependent effects of cerebellar tDCS was found. Current findings establish the feasibility to target motor and non-motor-related cerebellar functions with tDCS, but arguably due to anatomical differences between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, the polarity of tDCS is not predictive of the direction of the behavioral changes in healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Oldrati
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Piazza A. Botta 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dennis J L G Schutter
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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20
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van Engelen BL, van Rooij ACM. Order isomophisms between Riesz spaces. Positivity (Dordr) 2018; 22:1081-1096. [PMID: 30956534 PMCID: PMC6428224 DOI: 10.1007/s11117-018-0560-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The first aim of this paper is to give a description of the (not necessarily linear) order isomorphisms C ( X ) → C ( Y ) where X, Y are compact Hausdorff spaces. For a simple case, suppose X is metrizable and T is such an order isomorphism. By a theorem of Kaplansky, T induces a homeomorphism τ : X → Y . We prove the existence of a homeomorphism X × R → Y × R that maps the graph of any f ∈ C ( X ) onto the graph of Tf. For nonmetrizable spaces the result is similar, although slightly more complicated. Secondly, we let X and Y be compact and extremally disconnected. The theory of the first part extends directly to order isomorphisms C ∞ ( X ) → C ∞ ( Y ) . (Here C ∞ ( X ) is the space of all continuous functions X → [ - ∞ , ∞ ] that are finite on a dense set.) The third part of the paper considers order isomorphisms T between arbitrary Archimedean Riesz spaces E and F. We prove that such a T extends uniquely to an order isomorphism between their universal completions. (In the absence of linearity this is not obvious.) It follows, that there exist an extremally disconnected compact Hausdorff space X, Riesz isomorphisms ^ of E and F onto order dense Riesz subspaces of C ∞ ( X ) and an order isomorphism S : C ∞ ( X ) → C ∞ ( X ) such that Tf ^ = S f ^ ( f ∈ E ).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. C. M. van Rooij
- Department of Mathematics, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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21
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Frejlich P, Mărcuț I. Normal forms for Poisson maps and symplectic groupoids around Poisson transversals. Lett Math Phys 2017; 108:711-735. [PMID: 29497238 PMCID: PMC5818580 DOI: 10.1007/s11005-017-1007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Poisson transversals are submanifolds in a Poisson manifold which intersect all symplectic leaves transversally and symplectically. In this communication, we prove a normal form theorem for Poisson maps around Poisson transversals. A Poisson map pulls a Poisson transversal back to a Poisson transversal, and our first main result states that simultaneous normal forms exist around such transversals, for which the Poisson map becomes transversally linear, and intertwines the normal form data of the transversals. Our second result concerns symplectic integrations. We prove that a neighborhood of a Poisson transversal is integrable exactly when the Poisson transversal itself is integrable, and in that case we prove a normal form theorem for the symplectic groupoid around its restriction to the Poisson transversal, which puts all structure maps in normal form. We conclude by illustrating our results with examples arising from Lie algebras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Frejlich
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Litoral Norte Rodovia RS 030, 11.700 - Km 92, Emboaba, Tramandaí, RS CEP 95590-000 Brazil
| | - Ioan Mărcuț
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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22
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Hildebrandt M. Saved by Design? The Case of Legal Protection by Design. Nanoethics 2017; 11:307-311. [PMID: 29238410 PMCID: PMC5712324 DOI: 10.1007/s11569-017-0299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This discussion note does three things: (1) it explains the notion of 'legal protection by design' in relation to data-driven infrastructures that form the backbone of our new 'onlife world', (2) it explains how the notion of 'by design' relates to the relational nature of what an environment affords its inhabitants, referring to the work of James Gibson, and (3) it explains how this affects our understanding of human capabilities in relation to the affordances of changing environments. Finally, this brief note argues that 'safer by design' in the case of nanotechnology will require legal protection by design to make sure that human capabilities are reinvented and sustained in nano-technical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Hildebrandt
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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23
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Renner T, Meijerink S. Policy entrepreneurs in international river basins-getting climate adaptation on the cross-border water policy agenda. Reg Environ Change 2017; 18:1287-1298. [PMID: 31007592 PMCID: PMC6448351 DOI: 10.1007/s10113-017-1178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we look at the role which water policy entrepreneurs play in promoting and stimulating climate adaptation measures in international river basins. In a Dutch-German case study in the Rhine delta, we explore the range of strategies that policy entrepreneurs employ in cross-border water management to effectively anchor and embed climate adaptation in the water policy debate. We focus on climate adaptation on the local and regional scale in the Deltarhine region where increased flooding and prolonged drought periods are expected under the current climate change scenarios with a considerable impact on flood protection, agricultural activities, drinking water and ecosystem development. We analyse the impact of policy entrepreneurs while coping with the challenging cross-border setting and dealing with structural differences in national systems such as the legal and institutional framework. It is shown that whilst the European water guidelines advocate a river basin approach across borders, the guidelines do not (yet) play a catalyst role regarding climate adaptation, and the presence and activities of policy entrepreneurs contribute in putting climate adaptation on the cross-border policy agenda. Finally, marked differences in the presence of entrepreneurs in Germany and the Netherlands are observed for which two important complementary explanations are offered relating to contextual elements of power asymmetry and dependency as well as different policy styles and organisational cultures in both countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Renner
- Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Meijerink
- Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, PO Box 9108, 6500 HK, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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24
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de Bruijn TWP, Sohier J, van der Burg JJW. Outpatient Treatment Based on Self-Management Strategies for Chronic Drooling in Two Children. J Dev Phys Disabil 2017; 29:735-755. [PMID: 28943744 PMCID: PMC5585278 DOI: 10.1007/s10882-017-9553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Drooling is a distressing condition, which is often caused by reduced oral motor control associated with a neurological disorder. It has significant medical, practical and psychosocial impact on children or youth and their families. Therefore, treatment is necessary. Although behavioural therapy for drooling shows promising results, it is generally time- and cost-intensive. For this reason, alternative ways to provide behavioural treatment for chronic drooling need to be explored. In a pair of case studies, the feasibility and potential of an outpatient variant of a behavioural treatment programme for drooling based on self-management strategies was researched with two children with oral motor difficulties. In a three week programme, these children were taught to perform a self-management routine in order to achieve saliva control during regular visits to the child rehabilitation centre. In addition, their parents and teachers were taught to prompt the self-management routine and instructed to provide additional practice at home and at school. In doing so, they were offered support by means of telehealth and personal contact. At the end of the treatment programme, both children showed a significant decrease in drooling severity. Their parents and teachers were satisfied with the treatment effect. Although the present treatment programme showed promising results, further adaptions are necessary to make the treatment programme more widely accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa W. P. de Bruijn
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Sint Maartenskliniek, Postbus 9011, 6500 GM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jody Sohier
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Sint Maartenskliniek, Postbus 9011, 6500 GM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan J. W. van der Burg
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Sint Maartenskliniek, Postbus 9011, 6500 GM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Radboud University, Postbus 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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25
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Abstract
I review the brain disease model of addiction promoted by medical, scientific, and clinical authorities in the US and elsewhere. I then show that the disease model is flawed because brain changes in addiction are similar to those generally observed when recurrent, highly motivated goal seeking results in the development of deep habits, Pavlovian learning, and prefrontal disengagement. This analysis relies on concepts of self-organization, neuroplasticity, personality development, and delay discounting. It also highlights neural and behavioral parallels between substance addictions, behavioral addictions, normative compulsive behaviors, and falling in love. I note that the short duration of addictive rewards leads to negative emotions that accelerate the learning cycle, but cortical reconfiguration in recovery should also inform our understanding of addiction. I end by showing that the ethos of the disease model makes it difficult to reconcile with a developmental-learning orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lewis
- University of Toronto, 27 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON Canada
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26
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Abstract
Cells exhibit transient nuclear envelope ruptures during interphase, but the responsible biophysical processes remain unclear. In this issue, Hatch and Hetzer (2016. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201603053) show that actin fibers constrict the nucleus, causing chromatin protrusions and nuclear membrane ruptures at sites with nuclear lamina defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lammerding
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Katarina Wolf
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
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