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Yang S, Wen D, Zheng F, Pu S, Chen Z, Chen M, Di B, Liu W, Shi Y. Simple and rapid detection of three amatoxins and three phallotoxins in human body fluids by UPLC-MS-MS and its application in 15 poisoning cases. J Anal Toxicol 2024; 48:44-53. [PMID: 37929913 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amatoxins and phallotoxins are toxic cyclopeptides found in the genus Amanita and are among the predominant causes of foodborne sickness and poisoning-related fatalities in China. This study introduces and validates a simple, rapid and cost-effective ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination and quantification of α-amanitin, β-amanitin, γ-amanitin, phallisacin, phallacidin and phalloidin in human blood and urine. Quick therapeutic decision-making is supported by a 9 min chromatographic separation performed on a Waters Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm) using a gradient of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade water and methanol:0.005% formic acid. The analyte limit of quantification was 1-3 ng/mL in blood and 0.5-2 ng/mL in urine. Calibrations curves, prepared by spiking drug-free blood and urine, demonstrated acceptable linearity with mean correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0.99 for all phallotoxins and amatoxins. Acceptable intraday and interday precision (relative standard deviation <15%) and accuracy (bias, -4.8% to 13.0% for blood and-9.0% to 14.7% for urine) were achieved. The validated method was successfully applied to analyze 9 blood samples and 2 urine samples testing positive for amatoxins and/or phallotoxins. Amatoxins and/or phallotoxins were identified in each whole blood sample at a range of 1.12-5.63 ng/mL and in two urine samples from 1.01-9.27 ng/mL. The method has the benefits of simple sample preparation (protein precipitation) and wide analyte coverage, making it suitable for emergency quantitative surveillance toxicological analysis in clinics and forensic poisoning practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Academy of Forensic science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No. 1347 Guangfuxi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Di Wen
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Fenshuang Zheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University (Yunnan Second People's Hospital, Yunnan Eye Hospital), No. 176 Qingnian Road, Kunming 650021, China
| | - Shanbai Pu
- Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University (Yunnan Second People's Hospital, Yunnan Eye Hospital), No. 176 Qingnian Road, Kunming 650021, China
| | - Zhuonan Chen
- Academy of Forensic science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No. 1347 Guangfuxi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mobing Chen
- Academy of Forensic science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No. 1347 Guangfuxi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bin Di
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Academy of Forensic science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No. 1347 Guangfuxi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Academy of Forensic science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, No. 1347 Guangfuxi Road, Shanghai 200063, China
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Xu Q, Zhou L, Lv M, Chen Z, Hu C, Xiang P, Chen H. Nontargeted screening based on EI-MS spectra using statistical methods: An investigative study of synthetic indole/indazole cannabinoids. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2023; 37:e9524. [PMID: 37062936 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mass spectrometry has evolved into a highly powerful tool for qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses. However, the identification of trace amounts of previously unknown structures in complex chemical matrix environments remains challenging. The rapid emergence of new synthetic cannabinoid substances is a typical example of this. Existing laboratory techniques are mostly based on methods used for lists of known illegal compounds. This situation poses a challenge to traditional data analysis and the risk of missing the compounds. Therefore, we propose to develop and validate a statistical model to classify newly emerging synthetic cannabinoid substances into a structural class or subclass. METHODS We obtained 70 electrospray ionization spectra of indole/indazole synthetic cannabinoids from both the actual standard analysis and the SWGDRUG mass spectral library (version 3.10). Each sample consisted of 330 m/z variables and corresponding relative intensities. We first cleared the variables with a variance below 0.1. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the variance-filtered data, and the two principal components were retained to generate new data for hierarchical clustering. After hierarchical clustering, we used the receiver operating characteristic method in this cluster. RESULTS Seventy synthetic indole/indazole cannabinoids were classified into four clusters. The side chain of cluster 1 is mainly fluorobenzyl, cluster 2 is pentyl, cluster 3 includes compounds from several structures, and cluster 4 is mainly fluoropentyl. The most relevant characteristic ions are m/z 109, m/z 252, and m/z 253 for cluster 1; m/z 144 and m/z 214 for cluster 2; and m/z 232 and m/z 233 for cluster 4. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a more objective and less time-consuming solution for characterizing synthetic cannabinoids. And this work validates the ability of PCA to extract characteristic fragment ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xu
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liying Zhou
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Lv
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuonan Chen
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chi Hu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Guo C, Yan H, Liu W, Xiang P, Di B, Shen M. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric method for determination of 425 drugs and poisons in dried blood spots and application to forensic cases. Forensic Toxicol 2023; 41:241-248. [PMID: 36719526 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-023-00659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE An analytical method using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was established and validated for screening 425 drugs and poisons in dried blood spots (DBSs). METHODS Blood (20 μL) was spotted on Whatman FTA™ classic card to prepare DBS sample, then extracted with 150 μL methanol and analyzed by LC-MS/MS using a multiple reaction monitoring method. RESULTS The limit of detection of the compounds were 0.1-10 ng/mL. The values for recovery and matrix effect were 40.3-114.9% and 40.2-118.4%, respectively. This method was successfully applied to DBS samples from 105 humans suspected of drug poisoning, which was stored for 3-5 years at room temperature. Thirty-three kinds of drugs, including benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, antidepressants, antipyretic analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, antiepileptic drugs, new psychoactive drugs were confirmed in 102 cases, while no compound was detected in the other 3 cases. Estazolam, a benzodiazepine widely used in clinical practice as a sedative, hypnotic, and anti-anxiety drug, was the most frequently detected substance, occurring in 34.2% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS Most drugs in DBS could still be detected after storage for 3-5 years, but ambroxol, zopiclone, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, and valproic acid were not detectable after 3-5 years of storage at room temperature. The components measured in DBS were consistent with those measured in whole blood at the collection time, thereby confirming that DBS samples have the advantage of stable storage at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Guo
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai, 200063, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai, 200063, China
| | - Bin Di
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 Guangfu Xi Road, Shanghai, 200063, China.
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Pei M, Zou D, Gao Y, Zhang J, Huang P, Wang J, Huang J, Li Z, Chen Y. The influence of sample geometry and size on porcine aortic material properties from uniaxial tensile tests using custom-designed tissue cutters, clamps and molds. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244390. [PMID: 33556052 PMCID: PMC7869995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the influence of specimen geometry and size on the results of aortic uniaxial tensile tests using custom-designed tissue cutters, clamps and molds. Six descending thoracic aortas from pigs were used for rectangular sample tests, in which the circumferential and axial specimens had widths of 6 mm, 8 mm and 10 mm. The other six aortas were used for the dog-bone-shaped sample tests and were punched into circumferential, axial and oblique specimens with widths of 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm. We performed uniaxial tensile tests on the specimens and compared the test results. The results showed that mid-sample failure occurred in 85.2% of the dog-bone-shaped specimens and in 11.1% of the rectangular samples, which could be caused by Saint-Venant’s principle. Therefore, rectangular specimens were not suitable for aortic uniaxial tensile testing performed until rupture. The results also showed that the size effect of the aorta conformed to Weibull theory, and dog-bone-shaped specimens with a width of 4 mm were the optimal choice for aortic uniaxial tensile testing performed until rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Pei
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Forensic Science, Xuzhou Public Security Bureau, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Donghua Zou
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yong Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jiang Huang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhengdong Li
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (YC)
| | - Yijiu Chen
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (YC)
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