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Smith E, Reimer D. Understanding gender inequality in children's reading behavior: New insights from digital behavioral data. Child Dev 2024; 95:625-635. [PMID: 37593914 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
This study examined gender differences in reading behavior of 2652 Danish 5th-grade students (age 10-12 years, girls 51%, 14% immigrant background) observed for 218 days in 2019/2020, using data from a popular reading app. Reading behavior was operationalized as time spent reading. Analyses of timing of reading behavior and models of day-to-day reading time were employed to investigate the gender gap in reading behavior. Results show that girls read more than boys. This differential can be attributed to girls reading more outside school hours, during weekends and holidays than boys while there are no gender differences in reading activity during school hours. Results suggest that girls with positive academic attitudes were more inclined to read than boys with similar attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Smith
- DPU-Danish School of Education/Department of Educational Sociology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - David Reimer
- University of Iceland and DPU-Danish School of Education/Department of Educational Sociology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Jakobsen SS, Frøkjaer JB, Fisker RV, Kristensen SR, Thorlacius-Ussing O, Larsen AC. Monocyte recruitment in venous pulmonary embolism at time of cancer diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal cancer patients. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2024; 57:11-20. [PMID: 37792208 PMCID: PMC10830795 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-023-02897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Upper gastrointestinal cancer is frequently complicated by venous thromboembolisms (VTE), especially pulmonary embolisms (PE) increase the mortality rate. Monocytes are a part of the innate immune system and up-regulation may indicate an ongoing inflammatory response or infectious disease and has lately been associated with a moderate risk of suffering from VTE. This prospectively study aims to compare the incidence of pulmonary embolism with markers of coagulation and compare it to the absolute monocyte count. A consecutive cohort of 250 patients with biopsy proven upper gastrointestinal cancer (i.e. pancreas, biliary tract, esophagus and gastric cancer) where included at the time of cancer diagnosis and before treatment. All patients underwent bilateral compression ultrasonography for detection of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Of these 143 had an additionally pulmonary angiografi (CTPA) with the staging computer tomography. 13 of 250 patients (5.2%) had a DVT and 11 of 143 (7.7%) had CTPA proven PE. PE was significantly more common among patients with elevated D-dimer (OR 11.62, 95%CI: 1.13-119, P = 0.039) and elevated absolute monocyte count (OR 7.59, 95%CI: 1.37-41.98, P = 0.020). Only patients with pancreatic cancer had a significantly higher risk of DVT (OR 11.03, 95%CI: 1.25-97.43, P = 0.031). The sensitivity of absolute monocyte count was 63.6 (95%CI: 30.8-89.1) and specificity 80.3 (95%CI: 72.5-86.7), with a negative predictive value of 96.4 (95%CI: 91-99) in PE. An increased absolute monocyte count was detected in patients suffering from PE but not DVT, suggesting a possible interaction with the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Jakobsen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
- Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens B Frøkjaer
- Department of Radiology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
- Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rune V Fisker
- Department of Radiology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
- Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Søren R Kristensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Aalborg University, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ole Thorlacius-Ussing
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
- Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anders C Larsen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark.
- Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark.
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Jensen PD, Nielsen AH, Simonsen CW, Baandrup UT, Jensen SE, Bøgsted M, Magnusdottir SO, Jensen ABH, Kjaergaard B. In vivo calibration of the T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance method at 1.5 T for estimation of cardiac iron in a minipig model of transfusional iron overload. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2021; 23:27. [PMID: 33691716 PMCID: PMC7948337 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-021-00715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-invasive estimation of the cardiac iron concentration (CIC) by T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has been validated repeatedly and is in widespread clinical use. However, calibration data are limited, and mostly from post-mortem studies. In the present study, we performed an in vivo calibration in a dextran-iron loaded minipig model. METHODS R2* (= 1/T2*) was assessed in vivo by 1.5 T CMR in the cardiac septum. Chemical CIC was assessed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy in endomyocardial catheter biopsies (EMBs) from cardiac septum taken during follow up of 11 minipigs on dextran-iron loading, and also in full-wall biopsies from cardiac septum, taken post-mortem in another 16 minipigs, after completed iron loading. RESULTS A strong correlation could be demonstrated between chemical CIC in 55 EMBs and parallel cardiac T2* (Spearman rank correlation coefficient 0.72, P < 0.001). Regression analysis led to [CIC] = (R2* - 17.16)/41.12 for the calibration equation with CIC in mg/g dry weight and R2* in Hz. An even stronger correlation was found, when chemical CIC was measured by full-wall biopsies from cardiac septum, taken immediately after euthanasia, in connection with the last CMR session after finished iron loading (Spearman rank correlation coefficient 0.95 (P < 0.001). Regression analysis led to the calibration equation [CIC] = (R2* - 17.2)/31.8. CONCLUSIONS Calibration of cardiac T2* by EMBs is possible in the minipig model but is less accurate than by full-wall biopsies. Likely explanations are sampling error, variable content of non-iron containing tissue and smaller biopsies, when using catheter biopsies. The results further validate the CMR T2* technique for estimation of cardiac iron in conditions with iron overload and add to the limited calibration data published earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Diedrich Jensen
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, PO box 365, 9100, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Ulrik Thorngren Baandrup
- Centre for Clinical Research, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hjoerring, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Bøgsted
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, PO box 365, 9100, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Benedict Kjaergaard
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Skou ST, Roos E, Laursen M, Arendt-Nielsen L, Rasmussen S, Simonsen O, Ibsen R, Larsen AT, Kjellberg J. Cost-effectiveness of total knee replacement in addition to non-surgical treatment: a 2-year outcome from a randomised trial in secondary care in Denmark. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e033495. [PMID: 31948990 PMCID: PMC7044888 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the 24-month cost-effectiveness of total knee replacement (TKR) plus non-surgical treatment compared with non-surgical treatment with the option of later TKR if needed. METHODS 100 adults with moderate-to-severe knee osteoarthritis found eligible for TKR by an orthopaedic surgeon in secondary care were randomised to TKR plus 12 weeks of supervised non-surgical treatment (exercise, education, diet, insoles and pain medication) or to supervised non-surgical treatment alone. Including quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) data from baseline, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months, effectiveness was measured as change at 24 months. Healthcare costs and transfer payments were derived from national registries. Incremental healthcare costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted and the probability of cost-effectiveness was estimated at the 22 665 Euros/QALY threshold defined by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. RESULTS TKR plus non-surgical treatment was more expensive (mean of 23 076 vs 14 514 Euros) but also more effective than non-surgical treatment (mean 24-month improvement in QALY of 0.195 vs 0.056). While cost-effective in the unadjusted scenario (ICER of 18 497 Euros/QALY), TKR plus non-surgical treatment was not cost-effective compared with non-surgical treatment with the option of later TKR if needed in the adjusted (age, sex and baseline values), base-case scenario (ICER of 32 611 Euros/QALY) with a probability of cost-effectiveness of 23.2%. Including deaths, TKR plus non-surgical treatment was still not cost-effective (ICERs of 46 277 to 64 208 Euros/QALY). CONCLUSIONS From a 24-month perspective, TKR plus non-surgical treatment does not appear to be cost-effective compared with non-surgical treatment with the option of later TKR if needed in patients with moderate-to-severe knee osteoarthritis and moderate intensity pain in secondary care in Denmark. Results were sensitive to changes, highlighting the need for further confirmatory research also assessing the long-term cost-effectiveness of TKR. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01410409).
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Thorgaard Skou
- Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Syddanmark, Denmark
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Næstved-Slagelse-Ringsted Hospitals, Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark
- Orthopedic Surgery Research Unit, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ewa Roos
- Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Syddanmark, Denmark
| | - Mogens Laursen
- Orthopedic Surgery Research Unit, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg Universitet, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sten Rasmussen
- Orthopedic Surgery Research Unit, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg Universitet, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ole Simonsen
- Orthopedic Surgery Research Unit, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg Universitet, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Arendse T Larsen
- VIVE - The Danish Center for Social Science Research, Copenhagen, Hovedstaden, Denmark
| | - Jakob Kjellberg
- VIVE - The Danish Center for Social Science Research, Copenhagen, Hovedstaden, Denmark
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Gervasio S, Voigt M, Kersting UG, Farina D, Sinkjær T, Mrachacz-Kersting N. Sensory Feedback in Interlimb Coordination: Contralateral Afferent Contribution to the Short-Latency Crossed Response during Human Walking. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168557. [PMID: 28060839 PMCID: PMC5218569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A constant coordination between the left and right leg is required to maintain stability during human locomotion, especially in a variable environment. The neural mechanisms underlying this interlimb coordination are not yet known. In animals, interneurons located within the spinal cord allow direct communication between the two sides without the need for the involvement of higher centers. These may also exist in humans since sensory feedback elicited by tibial nerve stimulation on one side (ipsilateral) can affect the muscles activation in the opposite side (contralateral), provoking short-latency crossed responses (SLCRs). The current study investigated whether contralateral afferent feedback contributes to the mechanism controlling the SLCR in human gastrocnemius muscle. Surface electromyogram, kinematic and kinetic data were recorded from subjects during normal walking and hybrid walking (with the legs moving in opposite directions). An inverse dynamics model was applied to estimate the gastrocnemius muscle proprioceptors’ firing rate. During normal walking, a significant correlation was observed between the magnitude of SLCRs and the estimated muscle spindle secondary afferent activity (P = 0.04). Moreover, estimated spindle secondary afferent and Golgi tendon organ activity were significantly different (P ≤ 0.01) when opposite responses have been observed, that is during normal (facilitation) and hybrid walking (inhibition) conditions. Contralateral sensory feedback, specifically spindle secondary afferents, likely plays a significant role in generating the SLCR. This observation has important implications for our understanding of what future research should be focusing on to optimize locomotor recovery in patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabata Gervasio
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Michael Voigt
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Uwe G. Kersting
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Sinkjær
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Villum Fonden, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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