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Cernea S. NAFLD Fibrosis Progression and Type 2 Diabetes: The Hepatic-Metabolic Interplay. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:272. [PMID: 38398781 PMCID: PMC10890557 DOI: 10.3390/life14020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional relationship between type 2 diabetes and (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) NAFLD is indicated by the higher prevalence and worse disease course of one condition in the presence of the other, but also by apparent beneficial effects observed in one, when the other is improved. This is partly explained by their belonging to a multisystemic disease that includes components of the metabolic syndrome and shared pathogenetic mechanisms. Throughout the progression of NAFLD to more advanced stages, complex systemic and local metabolic derangements are involved. During fibrogenesis, a significant metabolic reprogramming occurs in the hepatic stellate cells, hepatocytes, and immune cells, engaging carbohydrate and lipid pathways to support the high-energy-requiring processes. The natural history of NAFLD evolves in a variable and dynamic manner, probably due to the interaction of a variable number of modifiable (diet, physical exercise, microbiota composition, etc.) and non-modifiable (genetics, age, ethnicity, etc.) risk factors that may intervene concomitantly, or subsequently/intermittently in time. This may influence the risk (and rate) of fibrosis progression/regression. The recognition and control of the factors that determine a rapid progression of fibrosis (or its regression) are critical, as the fibrosis stages are associated with the risk of liver-related and all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cernea
- Department M3, Internal Medicine I, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureş, 540142 Târgu Mureş, Romania; or
- Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Outpatient Unit, Emergency County Clinical Hospital, 540136 Târgu Mureş, Romania
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Pușcaș A, Ștefănescu R, Vari CE, Ősz BE, Filip C, Bitzan JK, Buț MG, Tero-Vescan A. Biochemical Aspects That Lead to Abusive Use of Trimetazidine in Performance Athletes: A Mini-Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1605. [PMID: 38338885 PMCID: PMC10855343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Trimetazidine (TMZ), used for treating stable angina pectoris, has garnered attention in the realm of sports due to its potential performance-enhancing properties, and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has classified TMZ on the S4 list of prohibited substances since 2014. The purpose of this narrative mini-review is to emphasize the biochemical aspects underlying the abusive use of TMZ among athletes as a metabolic modulator of cardiac energy metabolism. The myocardium's ability to adapt its energy substrate utilization between glucose and fatty acids is crucial for maintaining cardiac function under various conditions, such as rest, moderate exercise, and intense effort. TMZ acts as a partial inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation by inhibiting 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (KAT), shifting energy production from long-chain fatty acids to glucose, reducing oxygen consumption, improving cardiac function, and enhancing exercise capacity. Furthermore, TMZ modulates pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, promoting glucose oxidation while lowering lactate production, and ultimately stabilizing myocardial function. TMZs role in reducing oxidative stress is notable, as it activates antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In conclusion, TMZs biochemical mechanisms make it an attractive but controversial option for athletes seeking a competitive edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Pușcaș
- Biochemistry and Chemistry of the Environmental Factors Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.P.); (C.F.)
| | - Ruxandra Ștefănescu
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Camil-Eugen Vari
- Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (C.-E.V.); (B.-E.Ő.)
| | - Bianca-Eugenia Ősz
- Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (C.-E.V.); (B.-E.Ő.)
| | - Cristina Filip
- Biochemistry and Chemistry of the Environmental Factors Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.P.); (C.F.)
| | - Jana Karlina Bitzan
- Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine in English, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Campus Hamburg—UMCH, 22761 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Mădălina-Georgiana Buț
- Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine in English, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (M.-G.B.); (A.T.-V.)
| | - Amelia Tero-Vescan
- Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine in English, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (M.-G.B.); (A.T.-V.)
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Balan AI, Halațiu VB, Scridon A. Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Link between Obesity and Atrial Fibrillation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:117. [PMID: 38247541 PMCID: PMC10812976 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The adipose tissue has long been thought to represent a passive source of triglycerides and fatty acids. However, extensive data have demonstrated that the adipose tissue is also a major endocrine organ that directly or indirectly affects the physiological functions of almost all cell types. Obesity is recognized as a risk factor for multiple systemic conditions, including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, sleep apnea, cardiovascular disorders, and many others. Obesity-related changes in the adipose tissue induce functional and structural changes in cardiac myocytes, promoting a wide range of cardiovascular disorders, including atrial fibrillation (AF). Due to the wealth of epidemiologic data linking AF to obesity, the mechanisms underlying AF occurrence in obese patients are an area of rich ongoing investigation. However, progress has been somewhat slowed by the complex phenotypes of both obesity and AF. The triad inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction are critical for AF pathogenesis in the setting of obesity via multiple structural and functional proarrhythmic changes at the level of the atria. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive view of the close relationship between obesity-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction and the pathogenesis of AF. The clinical implications of these mechanistic insights are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkora Ioana Balan
- Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Vasile Bogdan Halațiu
- Physiology Department, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Alina Scridon
- Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
- Physiology Department, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
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Codreanu SI, Ciurea CN. Candida spp. DNA Extraction in the Age of Molecular Diagnosis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040818. [PMID: 37110241 PMCID: PMC10143247 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The standard procedure for the detection of candidemia is blood culture, a method that might require 3-5 days for a positive result. Compared with culturing, molecular diagnosis techniques can provide faster diagnosis. The current paper aimed to present the main strengths and constraints of current molecular techniques for Candida spp. DNA extraction, analyzing their efficiency from a time, price, and ease of usage point of view. A comprehensive search was conducted using the PubMed NIH database for peer-reviewed full-text articles published before October 2022. The studies provided adequate data on the diagnosis of the infection with the Candida spp. DNA extraction is a relevant step in yielding pure qualitative DNA to be amplified in molecular diagnostic techniques. The most used fungal DNA extraction strategies are: mechanical (bead beating, ultrasonication, steel-bullet beating), enzymatic (proteinase K, lysozyme, lyticase), and chemical extraction (formic acid, liquid nitrogen, ammonium chloride). More clinical studies are needed to formulate adequate guidelines for fungal DNA extraction as the current paper highlighted discrepancies in the reported outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smaranda Ioana Codreanu
- Faculty of Medicine, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mures, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania
| | - Cristina Nicoleta Ciurea
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mures, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mures, Romania
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