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Liu L, Xu W, Cui C, Wei L, Tian Y, Liu H, Zhang Y, Li Y, Yang Z, Zhao F, Tian Y. Endophytic fungi of Lycium barbarum: isolation, determination, bioactivity and separation of compounds. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:26. [PMID: 38057589 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Lycium barbarum is widely distributed in China and used as a traditional Chinese medicine herb to treat dizziness, abdominal pain, dry cough, headache and fatigue. Several studies have examined the endophytes of L. barbarum from northwest China; however, few have focused on that from eastern China. The objective of this study was to isolate and determine the endophytic fungi of L. barbarum from Shandong province, as well as to obtain and identify active secondary metabolites from the endophytes. In this study, 17 endophytic fungi were isolated from L. barbarum and denoted as GQ-1 to GQ-17, respectively. These fungi were further classified into ten genera based on the morphological and ITS identification. The crude extracts of these fungi were obtained by using liquid fermentation and EtOAc extraction, and their antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activities were evaluated. The results showed that GQ-6 and GQ-16 exhibited high inhibitory activity; GQ-6 and GQ-9 showed high cytotoxic activity and GQ-5 exhibited high scavenging capability for DPPH free radicals. Additionally, Cladosporium sp. GQ-6 was used to investigate the secondary metabolites. The crude extracts were purified by using column chromatography, reverse column, and liquid chromatography, and four monomeric compounds were identified, including two known compounds (α-acetylorcinol (1) and cladosporester B (2)) and two new compounds (cladosporacid F (3) and cladosporester D (4)). The anti-fungal and antibacterial activities of these compounds were confirmed, but no cytotoxic activity was observed. In conclusion, endophytic fungi of L. barbarum from eastern China can serve as a potential source of active natural products with antibacterial and antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Agriculture Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- College of Life Science, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Changde Cui
- College of Life Science, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Lixuan Wei
- College of Life Science, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Yutong Tian
- College of Life Science, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Hanlin Liu
- College of Life Science, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Yihao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Yanling Li
- College of Life Science, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271016, China
| | - Zhengyou Yang
- Key Laboratory for Agriculture Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Fengchun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Agriculture Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Yuan Tian
- College of Life Science, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271016, China.
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Zuo T, Gong B, Gao Y, Yuan L. An in vitro study on the stimulatory effects of extracellular glutamate on astrocytes. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6611-6617. [PMID: 37344642 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08601-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our previous research, it was found that the cerebrospinal fluid had higher levels of glutamate, astrocytes were stimulated and released pro-inflammatory factors in a subarachnoid hemorrhage model. Glutamate is a neurotransmitter produced in abundance by excitatory neurons in the central nervous system, residual glutamate can cause neurotoxicity. Recent studies indicate that most glutamate is absorbed by astrocytes, to optimize neurological functions and prevent excitotoxicity. However, it is still unclear if astrocytes could be stimulated by glutamate, and the concentration range of glutamate transportable by astrocytes. Thus, further research is necessary. METHODS AND RESULTS This study aimed to clarify these scientific questions by stimulating primary astrocytes at different glutamate concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 100 µM) for 24 h. The results showed that glutamate induced an increased response in astrocytes, the protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were upregulated in treatment groups with 50 and 100 µM. Additionally, the protein expression of complement component 3 (C3) significantly increased following glutamate stimulation (50 and 100 µM) for 24 h. Furthermore, the supernatant of the 100 µM treatment group significantly decreased the viability of HT-22 (an immortalized mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line). CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results indicate that increased extracellular glutamate levels can activate astrocytes and promote pro-inflammatory factor production. Moreover, the concentration range of glutamate transported by astrocytes is approximately less than 50-100 µM. Therefore, our study suggests that experimental antagonization of glutamate excitotoxicity is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zuo
- School of Clinical Medicine and Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Bingzheng Gong
- School of Clinical Medicine and Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Clinical Medicine and Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Liangjie Yuan
- School of Clinical Medicine and Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250000, China.
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