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Yoneda T, Sakata H, Yamasaki S, Hayashi-Nishino M, Nishino K. Analysis of multidrug efflux transporters in resistance to fatty acid salts reveals a TolC-independent function of EmrAB in Salmonella enterica. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266806. [PMID: 35421142 PMCID: PMC9045224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids salts exhibit bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects to inhibit
bacterial growth and survival. Bacteria adapt to their environment to overcome
these antibacterial effects through undefined mechanisms. In Gram-negative
bacteria, drug efflux systems are associated with resistance to various
substances. Studies have identified multiple drug efflux systems in
Salmonella enterica. The aim of this study was to
investigate whether drug efflux systems contribute to fatty acid salts
resistance in S. enterica. We used deletion
and overexpressing strains of S. enterica for
drug efflux transporters. Susceptibility to fatty acid salts was determined by
measuring minimum inhibitory concentrations and performing growth assays. Our
findings revealed that acrAB, acrEF,
emrAB and tolC in S.
enterica contribute resistance to fatty acid salts.
Furthermore, EmrAB, which is known to function with TolC, contributes to the
fatty acid salts resistance of S. enterica in
a TolC-independent manner. This study revealed that drug efflux systems confer
fatty acid satls resistance to S. enterica.
Notably, although EmrAB is normally associated with antimicrobial resistance in
a TolC-dependent manner, it was found to be involved in fatty acid salts
resistance in a TolC-independent manner, indicating that the utilization of TolC
by EmrAB is substrate dependent in S.
enterica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yoneda
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka
University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita,
Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakata
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka
University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita,
Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamasaki
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka
University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita,
Osaka, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Suita,
Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Hayashi-Nishino
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka
University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita,
Osaka, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Nishino
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka
University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita,
Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University,
Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Endo N, Ito T, Watanabe K, Nakazawa K. Enhancement of loudness discrimination acuity for self-generated sound is independent of musical experience. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260859. [PMID: 34874970 PMCID: PMC8651135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Musicians tend to have better auditory and motor performance than non-musicians because of their extensive musical experience. In a previous study, we established that loudness discrimination acuity is enhanced when sound is produced by a precise force generation task. In this study, we compared the enhancement effect between experienced pianists and non-musicians. Without the force generation task, loudness discrimination acuity was better in pianists than non-musicians in the condition. However, the force generation task enhanced loudness discrimination acuity similarly in both pianists and non-musicians. The reaction time was also reduced with the force control task, but only in the non-musician group. The results suggest that the enhancement of loudness discrimination acuity with the precise force generation task is independent of musical experience and is, therefore, a fundamental function in auditory-motor interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Endo
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ito
- CNRS, Grenoble INP, GIPSA-Lab, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Katsumi Watanabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Arts, Design and Architecture, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Daicho K, Kobayashi K, Fujisawa S, Saito T. Recovery of the Irreversible Crystallinity of Nanocellulose by Crystallite Fusion: A Strategy for Achieving Efficient Energy Transfers in Sustainable Biopolymer Skeletons*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24630-24636. [PMID: 34490699 PMCID: PMC8596833 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Crystallites form a grain boundary or the inter-crystallite interface. A grain boundary is a structural defect that hinders the efficient directional transfer of mechanical stress or thermal phonons in crystal aggregates. We observed that grain boundaries within an aggregate of crystalline cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were crystallized by enhancing their inter-crystallite interactions; multiple crystallites were coupled into single fusion crystals, without passing through a melting or dissolving state. Accordingly, the lowered crystallinity of CNFs, which has been considered irreversible, was recovered, and the thermal energy transfer in the aggregate was significantly improved. Other nanofibrous crystallites of chitin also showed a similar fusion phenomenon by enhancing the inter-crystallite interactions. Such crystallite fusion may naturally occur in biological structures with network skeletons of aggregated fibrillar crystallites having mechanical or thermal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuho Daicho
- Department of Biomaterial SciencesGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoYayoi, Bunkyo-kuTokyo113-8657Japan
| | - Kayoko Kobayashi
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials ScienceGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversitySakyo-kuKyoto606-8502Japan
| | - Shuji Fujisawa
- Department of Biomaterial SciencesGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoYayoi, Bunkyo-kuTokyo113-8657Japan
| | - Tsuguyuki Saito
- Department of Biomaterial SciencesGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoYayoi, Bunkyo-kuTokyo113-8657Japan
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Aoki R, Onuki M, Hattori K, Ito M, Yamada T, Kamikado K, Kim YG, Nakamoto N, Kimura I, Clarke JM, Kanai T, Hase K. Commensal microbe-derived acetate suppresses NAFLD/NASH development via hepatic FFAR2 signalling in mice. Microbiome 2021; 9:188. [PMID: 34530928 PMCID: PMC8447789 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, and it can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Alterations in the gut microbiome have been implicated in the development of NAFLD/NASH, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. RESULTS We found that the consumption of the prebiotic inulin markedly ameliorated the phenotype of NAFLD/NASH, including hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, in mice. Inulin consumption resulted in global changes in the gut microbiome, including concomitant enrichment of the genera Bacteroides and Blautia, and increased concentrations of short-chain fatty acids, particularly acetate, in the gut lumen and portal blood. The consumption of acetate-releasing resistant starch protected against NAFLD development. Colonisation by Bacteroides acidifaciens and Blautia producta in germ-free mice resulted in synergetic effects on acetate production from inulin. Furthermore, the absence of free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), an acetate receptor, abolished the protective effect of inulin, as indicated by the more severe liver hypertrophy, hypercholesterolaemia and inflammation. These effects can be attributed to an exacerbation of insulin resistance in the liver, but not in muscle or adipose tissue. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated that the commensal microbiome-acetate-FFAR2 molecular circuit improves insulin sensitivity in the liver and prevents the development of NAFLD/NASH. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Aoki
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., Osaka, 555-8502, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Onuki
- Division of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science and Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Koya Hattori
- Division of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science and Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Masato Ito
- Division of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science and Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamada
- Division of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science and Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kohei Kamikado
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., Osaka, 555-8502, Japan
| | - Yun-Gi Kim
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Julie M Clarke
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science and Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
- International Research and Development Centre for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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Urakubo H, Yagishita S, Kasai H, Kubota Y, Ishii S. The critical balance between dopamine D2 receptor and RGS for the sensitive detection of a transient decay in dopamine signal. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009364. [PMID: 34591840 PMCID: PMC8483376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In behavioral learning, reward-related events are encoded into phasic dopamine (DA) signals in the brain. In particular, unexpected reward omission leads to a phasic decrease in DA (DA dip) in the striatum, which triggers long-term potentiation (LTP) in DA D2 receptor (D2R)-expressing spiny-projection neurons (D2 SPNs). While this LTP is required for reward discrimination, it is unclear how such a short DA-dip signal (0.5-2 s) is transferred through intracellular signaling to the coincidence detector, adenylate cyclase (AC). In the present study, we built a computational model of D2 signaling to determine conditions for the DA-dip detection. The DA dip can be detected only if the basal DA signal sufficiently inhibits AC, and the DA-dip signal sufficiently disinhibits AC. We found that those two requirements were simultaneously satisfied only if two key molecules, D2R and regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) were balanced within a certain range; this balance has indeed been observed in experimental studies. We also found that high level of RGS was required for the detection of a 0.5-s short DA dip, and the analytical solutions for these requirements confirmed their universality. The imbalance between D2R and RGS is associated with schizophrenia and DYT1 dystonia, both of which are accompanied by abnormal striatal LTP. Our simulations suggest that D2 SPNs in patients with schizophrenia and DYT1 dystonia cannot detect short DA dips. We finally discussed that such psychiatric and movement disorders can be understood in terms of the imbalance between D2R and RGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Urakubo
- Integrated Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Section of Electron Microscopy, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sho Yagishita
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruo Kasai
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubota
- Section of Electron Microscopy, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shin Ishii
- Integrated Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), Tokyo, Japan
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