Scalable Superior Chemical Sensing Performance of Stretchable Ionotronic Skin via a π-Hole Receptor Effect

Skin-attachable gas sensors provide a next-generation wearable platform for real-time protection of human health by monitoring environmental and physiological chemicals. However, the creation of skin-like wearable gas sensors, possessing high sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and scalability (4S) simultaneously, has been a big challenge. Here, an ionotronic gas-sensing sticker (IGS) is demonstrated, implemented with free-standing polymer electrolyte (ionic thermoplastic polyurethane, i-TPU) as a sensing channel and inkjet-printed stretchable carbon nanotube electrodes, which enables the IGS to exhibit high sensitivity, selectivity, stability (against mechanical stress, humidity, and temperature), and scalable fabrication, simultaneously. The IGS demonstrates reliable sensing capability against nitrogen dioxide molecules under not only harsh mechanical stress (cyclic bending with the radius of curvature of 1 mm and cyclic straining at 50%), but also environmental conditions (thermal aging from -45 to 125 °C for 1000 cycles and humidity aging for 24 h at 85% relative humidity). Further, through systematic experiments and theoretical calculations, a π-hole receptor mechanism is proposed, which can effectively elucidate the origin of the high sensitivity (up to parts per billion level) and selectivity of the ionotronic sensing system. Consequently, this work provides a guideline for the design of ionotronic materials for the achievement of high-performance and skin-attachable gas-sensor platforms.