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Abstract
The urea cycle generates arginine that is one of the major precursors for creatine biosynthesis. Here we evaluate levels of creatine and guanidinoacetate (the precursor in the synthesis of creatine) in plasma samples (ns = 207) of patients (np = 73) with different types of urea cycle disorders (ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (ns = 22; np = 7), citrullinemia type 1 (ns = 60; np = 22), argininosuccinic aciduria (ns = 81; np = 31), arginase deficiency (ns = 44; np = 13)). The concentration of plasma guanidinoacetate positively correlated (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.64) with levels of arginine, but not with glycine in all patients with urea cycle defects, rising to levels above normal in most samples (34 out of 44) of patients with arginase deficiency. In contrast to patients with guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency (a disorder of creatine synthesis characterized by elevated guanidinoacetate concentrations), creatine levels were normal (32 out of 44) or above normal (12 out of 44) in samples from patients with arginase deficiency. Creatine levels correlated significantly, but poorly (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.1) with guanidinoacetate levels and, despite being overall in the normal range in patients with all other urea cycle disorders, were occasionally below normal in some patients with argininosuccinic acid synthase and lyase deficiency. Creatine levels positively correlated with levels of methionine (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.16), the donor of the methyl group for creatine synthesis. The direct correlation of arginine levels with guanidinoacetate in patients with urea cycle disorders explains the increased concentration of guanidino compounds in arginase deficiency. Low creatine levels in some patients with other urea cycle defects might be explained by low protein intake (creatine is naturally present in meat) and relative or absolute intracellular arginine deficiency.
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Key Words
- AGAT, arginine glycine amidinotransferase
- ASL, argininosuccinate lyase
- ASS, argininosuccinate synthase
- Arginase deficiency
- Arginine
- CT1, creatine transporter 1
- Creatine
- Creatine deficiency
- GAA, guanidinoacetate
- GAMT, guanidino acetate methyltransferase
- Guanidinoacetate
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- ORNT1, ornithine transporter 1
- OTC, ornithine transcarbamylase
- SLC6A8, solute carrier family 6 member 8 gene
- UCD, urea cycle disorders
- Urea cycle defect
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Ingoglia
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.,ARUP Laboratories, 500 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Jean-Leon Chong
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.,ARUP Laboratories, 500 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Marzia Pasquali
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.,ARUP Laboratories, 500 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Nicola Longo
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.,ARUP Laboratories, 500 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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Joffin N, Jaubert AM, Durant S, Barouki R, Forest C, Noirez P. Citrulline counteracts overweight- and aging-related effects on adiponectin and leptin gene expression in rat white adipose tissue. Biochim Open 2015; 1:1-5. [PMID: 29632824 PMCID: PMC5889428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopen.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that citrulline (CIT) reduced the expression of inflammatory genes in cultured explants from retroperitoneal (RET) white adipose tissue (WAT) from young (2–4 months) but not old (25 months) rats. Here we show that in RET WAT from old rats and high-fat-diet-fed (HFD) young rats, the basal expression of the leptin gene was increased (275–345%) whereas that of the adiponectin gene was decreased (48–60%), when compared to those from control-diet-fed (CD) young rats. We show also that in RET WAT from old rats, a diet supplemented with CIT for 3 months reduced macrophage (F4/80, CD68) and inflammation (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α) marker genes 23–97%. CIT supplementation lowered leptin mRNA 62% and increased adiponectin mRNA 232%. In cultured explants of RET WAT from 4 month-old CD, 4 month-old HFD and 25-month-old CD rats, the exposure to 2.5 mmol/L CIT for 24 h up-regulated adiponectin gene expression 151%, 362% and 216% respectively. In contrast, leptin gene expression was down-regulated 66% selectively in CIT-treated explants from 25-month-old CD rats. These results further support the proposed beneficial effect of CIT to counteract the deleterious effects of aging and overweight on the metabolic, inflammatory and endocrine functions of WAT. HFD and aging increase leptin mRNA and decrease adiponectin mRNA in rat adipose tissue. In old rats a CIT diet reduces leptin mRNA and augments adiponectin mRNA. In adipose tissue explants, CIT induces adiponectin mRNA whatever age and diet. CIT exposure of adipose tissue explants reduces leptin mRNA selectively in old rats.
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Key Words
- ASL, argininosuccinate lyase
- ASS, argininosuccinate synthase
- Adiponectin
- Adipose tissue
- Aging
- CD, control diet
- CIT, citrulline
- Citrulline
- HFD, high-fat diet
- IL, interleukin
- INFγ, interferon gamma
- Leptin
- NFκB, nuclear factor κ B
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- Obesity
- RET, retroperitoneal
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- UCP1, uncoupling protein 1
- WAT, white adipose tissue
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Joffin
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S 1124, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Pharmacologie Toxicologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Jaubert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S 1124, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Pharmacologie Toxicologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Durant
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S 1124, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Pharmacologie Toxicologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S 1124, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Pharmacologie Toxicologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Claude Forest
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S 1124, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Pharmacologie Toxicologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
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Joffin N, Jaubert AM, Bamba J, Barouki R, Noirez P, Forest C. Acute induction of uncoupling protein 1 by citrulline in cultured explants of white adipose tissue from lean and high-fat-diet-fed rats. Adipocyte 2015; 4:129-34. [PMID: 26167416 PMCID: PMC4497294 DOI: 10.4161/21623945.2014.989748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A diet enriched with citrulline (CIT) reduces white adipose tissue (WAT) mass. We recently showed that CIT stimulated β-oxidation in rat WAT explants from young (2-4 months) but not old (25 months) rats. Here we show that both in old rats and high-fat-diet-fed young rats, uncoupling protein one (UCP1) mRNA and protein expressions were weaker than those in young control rats. Selectively in WAT from young rats, a 24h CIT treatment up-regulated expressions of UCP1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), PPARγ-coactivator-1-α and mitochondrial-transcription-factor-A whereas it down-regulated PPARγ2 gene expression, whatever the diet. These results suggest that CIT induces a new metabolic status in WAT, with increased β-oxidation and uncoupling of respiratory chain, resulting in energy expenditure that favors fat mass reduction.
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Key Words
- ARG, arginine
- ASL, argininosuccinate lyase
- ASS, argininosuccinate synthase
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CD, control diet
- CIT, citrulline
- CPT1-b, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1-b
- EPI, epididymal
- HFD, high-fat-diet
- KREBS, Krebs Ringer Buffer Saline
- NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- PEPCK-C, cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
- PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- RET, retroperitoneal
- TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A
- UCP1
- VLCAD, very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- WAT, white adipose tissue
- adipose tissue
- browning
- citrulline
- fatty acids
- obesity
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