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Wangtrakuldee P, Adeniji AO, Zang T, Duan L, Khatri B, Twenter BM, Estrada MA, Higgins TF, Winkler JD, Penning TM. A 3-(4-nitronaphthen-1-yl) amino-benzoate analog as a bifunctional AKR1C3 inhibitor and AR antagonist: Head to head comparison with other advanced AKR1C3 targeted therapeutics. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 192:105283. [PMID: 30641225 PMCID: PMC6625945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Drugs used for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) include Abiraterone acetate (Zytiga®) and Enzalutamide (XTANDI®). However, these drugs provide clinical benefit in metastatic disease for only a brief period before drug resistance emerges. One mechanism of drug resistance involves the overexpression of type 5 17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (aldo-keto reductase 1C3 or AKR1C3), a major enzyme responsible for the formation of intratumoral androgens that activate the androgen receptor (AR). 3-((4-Nitronaphthalen-1-yl)amino)benzoic acid 1 is a "first-in-class" AKR1C3 competitive inhibitor and AR antagonist. Compound 1 was compared in a battery of in vitro studies with structurally related N-naphthyl-aminobenzoates, and AKR1C3 targeted therapeutics e.g. GTx-560 and ASP9521, as well as with R-bicalutamide, enzalutamide and abiraterone acetate. Compound 1 was the only naphthyl derivative that was a selective AKR1C3 inhibitor and AR antagonist in direct competitive binding assays and in AR driven reporter gene assays. GTx-560 displayed weak activity as a direct AR antagonist but had high potency in the AR reporter gene assay consistent with its ability to inhibit the co-activator function of AKR1C3. By contrast ASP9521 did not act as either an AR antagonist or block AR reporter gene activity. Compound 1 was the only compound that showed comparable potency to inhibit AKR1C3 and act as a direct AR antagonist. Compound 1 blocked the formation of testosterone in LNCaP-AKR1C3 cells, and the expression of PSA driven by the AKR1C3 substrate (4-androstene-3,17-dione) and by an AR agonist, 5α-dihydrotestosterone consistent with its bifunctional role. Compound 1 blocked the nuclear translocation of the AR at similar concentrations to enzalutamide and caused disappearance of the AR from cell lysates. R-biaclutamide and enzalutamide inhibited AKR1C3 at concentrations 200x greater than compound 1, suggesting that its bifunctionality can be explained by a shared pharmacophore that can be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phumvadee Wangtrakuldee
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and the Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1315 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Adegoke O Adeniji
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and the Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1315 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Tianzhu Zang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and the Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1315 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Ling Duan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and the Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1315 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Buddha Khatri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34thStreet, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Barry M Twenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34thStreet, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Michelle A Estrada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34thStreet, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Tyler F Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34thStreet, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34thStreet, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and the Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1315 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA.
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Mudalkar S, Sreeharsha RV, Reddy AR. A novel aldo-keto reductase from Jatropha curcas L. (JcAKR) plays a crucial role in the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a potent electrophile. J Plant Physiol 2016; 195:39-49. [PMID: 26995646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which further results in the production of reactive carbonyls (RCs) including methylglyoxal (MG). MG, an α, β-dicarbonyl aldehyde, is highly toxic to plants and the mechanism behind its detoxification is not well understood. Aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) play a role in detoxification of reactive aldehydes and ketones. In the present study, we cloned and characterised a putative AKR from Jatropha curcas (JcAKR). Phylogenetically, it forms a small clade with AKRs of Glycine max and Rauwolfia serpentina. JcAKR was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL-21(DE3) cells and the identity of the purified protein was confirmed through MALDI-TOF analysis. The recombinant protein had high enzyme activity and catalytic efficiency in assays containing MG as the substrate. Protein modelling and docking studies revealed MG was efficiently bound to JcAKR. Under progressive drought and salinity stress, the enzyme and transcript levels of JcAKR were higher in leaves compared to roots. Further, the bacterial and yeast cells expressing JcAKR showed more tolerance towards PEG (5%), NaCl (200mM) and MG (5mM) treatments compared to controls. In conclusion, our results project JcAKR as a possible and potential target in crop improvement for abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Mudalkar
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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