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Peralta AVP, Rivera SAG, Tobar-Ruiz MG, Sánchez-Salazar ME, Oscullo PDC, Ñuste LFM. Typology and characterization of the agricultural productive units in the NE Amazonian region of Ecuador. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11:171-180. [PMID: 38680805 PMCID: PMC11055592 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2024.k762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Many studies have observed different characteristics among productive systems in the rural territories of Latin America. Therefore, understanding and characterizing them while they function plays an essential role in determining their relationship between development and environment. A study has been conducted in the Orellana province of NE Ecuador to determine their typology and then classify them according to the variables that describe their main traits or attributes using cluster analysis (CA). Materials and Methods A survey was structured to investigate physical, productive, environmental, as well as socioeconomic character variables, which were subsequently applied to a random sample of the 5,963 agricultural productive units (APUs) through face-to-face contact with producers during an in situ visit to their farms. Result The CA allowed us to identify three typologies of APUs in the Orellana Province. The first has been Type 1, which is denominated as the most conventional (40%), while Type 2 uses more efficient natural resources but represents an amount of only 9.4%. In contrast, type 3 (50.6%) depends on a significant part of local or national development programs. Conclusion All groups indicated some peculiarities in common, as there were marked differences in the use and distribution of land as well as production methods among them. Consequently, this pioneering study allowed us to identify different production methods. Therefore, we encourage local and national governments to establish policies for natural resource conservation in such high-diversity zones.
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Ferreira FADS, da Costa FM, Gouveia AS, Roque RA, Tadei WP, Scarpassa VM. Bioecological Aspects of Species of the Subgenus Mansonia ( Mansonia) (Diptera: Culicidae) Prior to the Installation of Hydroelectric Dams on the Madeira River, Rondônia State, Brazil. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:479. [PMID: 37888607 PMCID: PMC10610653 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate ecological aspects of Mansonia species before the construction of hydroelectric plants on the Madeira River, and thus enable the assessment of the impact of these projects on mosquitoes. A total of 199 samplings were carried out between November 2003 and August 2004, using the technique of attraction with protection. Temporal distribution was evaluated from monthly incidence values obtained from the bite index per man/hour. Relative abundance was subsequently calculated to evaluate the spatial distribution of species, according to land use and municipal districts; furthermore, the pattern of hematophagous activity was evaluated from 12-h and 4-h samplings. The data were analyzed according to the negative binomial distribution and generalized linear models to estimate the influence of environmental factors on the presence and abundance of Mansonia. A total of 1479 specimens were collected, distributed among four species-Mansonia titillans (87%), Mansonia humeralis (6.3%), Mansonia amazonensis (6%), and Mansonia indubitans (0.5%), and spatial distribution analysis showed Ma. titillans to be dominant. Hematophagous activity had peaks between 6:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m. and species incidence was higher during the rainy season and in areas where domestic animals are raised. Therefore, the region studied presented characteristics favorable to the reproduction of Mansonia even before the construction of the hydroelectric plants and after construction, these conditions were enhanced, due to the increase in the availability of breeding sites for immatures and blood sources for females, as a consequence of changes in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fábio Medeiros da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, PPGEnt, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, INPA, Manaus 69067-375, Brazil;
| | - Ayrton Sena Gouveia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil;
| | - Rosemary Aparecida Roque
- Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Coordenação de Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde COSAS, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, INPA, Manaus 69067-375, Brazil; (R.A.R.)
| | - Wanderli Pedro Tadei
- Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Coordenação de Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde COSAS, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, INPA, Manaus 69067-375, Brazil; (R.A.R.)
| | - Vera Margarete Scarpassa
- Laboratório de Genética de Populações e Evolução de Mosquitos Vetores, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, COBIO, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, INPA, Manaus 69067-375, Brazil;
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Brescovit AD, Zampaulo RDA, Cizauskas I. The first two blind troglobitic spiders of the genus Ochyrocera from caves in Floresta Nacional de Carajás, state of Pará, Brazil (Araneae, Ochyroceratidae). Zookeys 2021; 1031:143-159. [PMID: 33958911 PMCID: PMC8062429 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1031.62181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first two anophthalmic species of spiders of the genus Ochyrocera Simon, 1892, are described for caves located in the iron formation of Floresta Nacional (FLONA) de Carajás in southeastern Pará State, Brazil. The caves are located in the municipalities of Parauapebas and Canaã dos Carajás, in the eastern portion of the Amazon Forest domain. Ochyroceraritxocosp. nov. and O.ritxoosp. nov. are described based on males and females. The species have similar body characteristics with the total absence of eyes and complete depigmentation, characteristics that indicate possible evolution in subterranean environments , and thus are classified as troglobites. Each species is associated with a single geomorphological unit (mountain range), with Ochyroceraritxocosp. nov. being restricted to caves of Serra Norte (North Mountain) and O.ritxoosp. nov. to caves of Serra Sul (South Mountain). Both species were collected in aphotic zones of the caves. Small and tangled webs of O.ritxocosp. nov. were observed under blocks of stone in the soil or in cracks of the walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio D Brescovit
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil Instituto Butantan São Paulo Brazil
| | - Robson de A Zampaulo
- Gerencia de Licenciamento Ambiental e Espeleologia, Vale SA, Avenida Doutor Marco Paulo Simon Jardim, 34006-200 Nova Lima, Minas Gerais, Brazil Gerencia de Licenciamento Ambiental e Espeleologia Nova Lima Brazil
| | - Igor Cizauskas
- Organização de Apoio à Pesquisa da Biodiversidade (OAPBio), Rua Frei Inácio da 238, 05362-040, São Paulo, Brazil Organização de Apoio à Pesquisa da Biodiversidade São Paulo Brazil
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Redivo EDF, Bôtto Menezes C, da Costa Castilho M, Brock M, da Silva Magno E, Gomes Saraiva MDG, Alvarez Fernandes SS, Costa Antony de Andrade AB, Costa Alecrim MDG, Martinez-Espinosa FE. Zika Virus Infection in a Cohort of Pregnant Women with Exanthematic Disease in Manaus, Brazilian Amazon. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121362. [PMID: 33260784 PMCID: PMC7760272 DOI: 10.3390/v12121362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemic transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil has been identified as a cause of microcephaly and other neurological malformations in the babies of ZIKV-infected women. The frequency of adverse outcomes of Zika virus infection (ZIKVi) in pregnancy differs depending on the characteristics of exposure to infection, the time of recruitment of research participants, and the outcomes to be observed. This study provides a descriptive analysis—from the onset of symptoms to delivery—of a cohort registered as having maternal ZIKVi in pregnancy, from November 2015 to December 2016. Suspected cases were registered at a referral center for infectious and tropical diseases in Manaus, in the Amazonian region of Brazil. Of 834 women notified, 762 women with confirmed pregnancies were enrolled. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed ZIKVi in 42.3% of the cohort. In 35.2% of the cohort, ZIKV was the sole infection identified. Severe adverse pregnancy outcomes (miscarriage, stillbirth, or microcephaly) were observed in both RT-PCR ZIKV-positive (5.0%) and ZIKV-negative (1.8%) cases (RR 3.1; 95% IC 1.4–7.3; p < 0.05), especially during the first trimester of pregnancy (RR 6.2, 95% IC 2.3–16.5; p < 0.001). Although other infectious rash diseases were observed in the pregnant women in the study, having confirmed maternal ZIKVi was the most important risk factor for serious adverse pregnancy events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijane de Fátima Redivo
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, University of Amazonas State, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (E.d.F.R.); (C.B.M.); (S.S.A.F.); (M.d.G.C.A.)
| | - Camila Bôtto Menezes
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, University of Amazonas State, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (E.d.F.R.); (C.B.M.); (S.S.A.F.); (M.d.G.C.A.)
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Amazonas State, Manaus 69065-000, Brazil;
- Department of Malaria, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil
| | - Márcia da Costa Castilho
- Department of Virology, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil;
| | - Marianna Brock
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Amazonas State, Manaus 69065-000, Brazil;
| | - Evela da Silva Magno
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (E.d.S.M.); (M.d.G.G.S.)
| | - Maria das Graças Gomes Saraiva
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (E.d.S.M.); (M.d.G.G.S.)
| | - Salete Sara Alvarez Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, University of Amazonas State, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (E.d.F.R.); (C.B.M.); (S.S.A.F.); (M.d.G.C.A.)
| | - Anny Beatriz Costa Antony de Andrade
- Postgraduate Program in Living Conditions and Health Situations in the Amazon PPGVIDA, Leônidas & Maria Deane Institute, Manaus 69057-070, Amazonas, Brazil;
| | - Maria das Graças Costa Alecrim
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, University of Amazonas State, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (E.d.F.R.); (C.B.M.); (S.S.A.F.); (M.d.G.C.A.)
- Department of Malaria, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil
| | - Flor Ernestina Martinez-Espinosa
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, University of Amazonas State, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (E.d.F.R.); (C.B.M.); (S.S.A.F.); (M.d.G.C.A.)
- Department of Malaria, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Living Conditions and Health Situations in the Amazon PPGVIDA, Leônidas & Maria Deane Institute, Manaus 69057-070, Amazonas, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Territory, Environment, Health and Sustainability, Leônidas & Maria Deane Institute, Manaus 69057-070, Fiocruz Amazonia, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-929-8128-5890
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Rodrigues CR, Molina DAM, Silva de Assis TC, Liberato C, Melo-Braga MN, Ferreyra CB, Cárdenas J, Costal-Oliveira F, Guerra-Duarte C, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Proteomic and toxinological characterization of Peruvian pitviper Bothrops brazili ("jergón shushupe"), venom. Toxicon 2020; 184:19-27. [PMID: 32479836 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops brazili is a pitviper from Amazonian region, responsible for many accidents in Peru. Despite its relevance, its venom has not been extensively characterized. In the present work, Bothrops brazili venom (BbV) components were analyzed by RP-HPLC, SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF/TOF. Approximately 37 proteins were identified, belonging to 7 families. Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) were the most abundant proteins of the venom (33.05%), followed by snake venom serine proteinases (SVSPs, 26.11%), phospholipases A2 (PLA2, 25.57%), snake C-type lectins (CTLs, 9.61%), L-aminoacid oxidase (LAAO, 3.80%), cystein-rich secretory proteins (CRISP, 1.67%) and Bradykinin-potentiating peptide (BPP, 0.20%). In vitro enzymatic activities of BbV showed high levels of SVMP activity and reduced Hyal activity in comparison with other bothropic venoms. Furthermore, BbV reduced VERO cells viability. ELISA and Western Blotting showed that both Peruvian and Brazilian bothropic antivenoms were able to recognize BbV components. This work provides an overview of BbV venom content and indicates a potential efficiency of Peruvian and Brazilian antivenoms to treat accidents with this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rego Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denis Alexis Molina Molina
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thamyres C Silva de Assis
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila Liberato
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcella N Melo-Braga
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernanda Costal-Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Cubides JR, Camargo-Ayala PA, Niño CH, Garzón-Ospina D, Ortega-Ortegón A, Ospina-Cantillo E, Orduz-Durán MF, Patarroyo ME, Patarroyo MA. Simultaneous detection of Plasmodium vivax dhfr, dhps, mdr1 and crt-o resistance-associated mutations in the Colombian Amazonian region. Malar J 2018; 17:130. [PMID: 29580244 PMCID: PMC5870912 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria continues being a public health problem worldwide. Plasmodium vivax is the species causing the largest number of cases of malaria in Asia and South America. Due to the lack of a completely effective anti-malarial vaccine, controlling this disease has been based on transmission vector management, rapid diagnosis and suitable treatment. However, parasite resistance to anti-malarial drugs has become a major yet-to-be-overcome challenge. This study was thus aimed at determining pvmdr1, pvdhfr, pvdhps and pvcrt-o gene mutations and haplotypes from field samples obtained from an endemic area in the Colombian Amazonian region. Methods Fifty samples of parasite DNA infected by a single P. vivax strain from symptomatic patients from the Amazonas department in Colombia were analysed by PCR and the pvdhfr, pvdhps, pvmdr1 and pvcrt-o genes were sequenced. Diversity estimators were calculated from the sequences and the haplotypes circulating in the Colombian Amazonian region were obtained. Conclusion pvdhfr, pvdhps, pvmdr1 and pvcrt-o genes in the Colombian Amazonian region are characterized by low genetic diversity. Some resistance-associated mutations were found circulating in this population. New variants are also being reported. A selective sweep signal was located in pvdhfr and pvmdr1 genes, suggesting that these mutations (or some of them) could be providing an adaptive advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ricardo Cubides
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Cra. 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Paola Andrea Camargo-Ayala
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Cra. 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Hernando Niño
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Cra. 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego Garzón-Ospina
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Cra. 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24#63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Anggie Ortega-Ortegón
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Cra. 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Estefany Ospina-Cantillo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Cra. 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María Fernanda Orduz-Durán
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Cra. 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Cra. 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia.,School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Avenida Carrera 30 # 45, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Cra. 50 # 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia. .,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24#63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Martins MCF, Freitas R, Deuvaux JC, Eller MR, Nero LA, Carvalho AF. Bacterial diversity of artisanal cheese from the Amazonian region of Brazil during the dry and rainy seasons. Food Res Int 2018; 108:295-300. [PMID: 29735061 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota from artisanal cheeses produced in the Amazonian region is evaluated. Samples of artisanal cheeses were obtained from markets in Conceição do Araguaia and Redenção (Pará, Brazil) over rainy and dry seasons, and their biodiversity was assessed by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Mean counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in cheeses ranged from 7.32 to 8.84 log CFU/g, for both seasons. Members of genera Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Weissella, Enterococcus, Pediococcus, and Leuconostoc were predominant. The amplification of the 16S rRNA V6-V9 region, followed by a temporal temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) and sequencing of the TTGE bands revealed important differences in the microbial composition variability between samples from the two seasons and among cheese samples analyzed. TTGE showed the presence of microorganisms that are frequently found in cheese, such as L. lactis subsp. lactis, as well as other non-usual species, such as Macrococcus caseolyticus and Corynebacterium variabile. Moreover, TTGE analysis revealed the presence of microorganisms that have been isolated from other types of foods (Paralactobacillus selangorenses) along with some not usually found in foods, such as Exiguobacterium acetylicum, plus the presence of pathogenic microorganisms (Granulicatella elegans and Aerococcus sanguinicola). The present molecular approaches combined with culture-dependent methods provided a more detailed description of the microbial ecology of traditional cheeses from the Amazonian region in northern Brazil.
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Brescovit AD, Cizauskas I, Mota LP. Seven new species of the spider genus Ochyrocera from caves in Floresta Nacional de Carajás, PA, Brazil (Araneae, Ochyroceratidae). Zookeys 2018:87-130. [PMID: 29416386 PMCID: PMC5799772 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.726.19778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven new species of the spider genus Ochyrocera from cave areas in Floresta Nacional de Carajás (state of Pará, northern Brazil) are described: Ochyroceravaryssp. n., Ochyroceraatlachnachasp. n., Ochyroceralaracnasp. n., Ochyroceraaragoguesp. n., Ochyroceramisspidersp. n., Ochyroceracharlottesp. n., and Ochyroceraungoliantsp. n. Two groups of the species are discussed, the quinquivittata group that include specimens with an apparently bifid retrolateral apophysis in the cymbium of the male palp and the arietina group, here proposed, that include those specimens with an entire cymbium, with no retrolateral apophysis, in the male palp. Although these species were abundant inside caves, the examined specimens do not have troglomorphic characteristics and can be classified as edaphic troglophile species, capable of completing its life cycle in soil, shallow subterranean habitats, or caves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio D Brescovit
- Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 05503-900
| | - Igor Cizauskas
- Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 05503-900
| | - Leandro P Mota
- Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 05503-900
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