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Anita WM, Uttajug A, Seposo XT, Sudo K, Nakata M, Takemura T, Takano H, Fujiwara T, Ueda K. Interplay of Climate Change and Air Pollution- Projection of the under-5 mortality attributable to ambient particulate matter (PM2.5) in South Asia. Environ Res 2024; 248:118292. [PMID: 38266897 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution is a leading health risk factor for children under- 5 years, especially in developing countries. South Asia is a PM2.5 hotspot, where climate change, a potential factor affecting PM2.5 pollution, adds a major challenge. However, limited evidence is available on under-5 mortality attributable to PM2.5 under different climate change scenarios. This study aimed to project under-5 mortality attributable to long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 under seven air pollution and climate change mitigation scenarios in South Asia. We used a concentration-risk function obtained from a previous review to project under-5 mortality attributable to ambient PM2.5. With a theoretical minimum risk exposure level of 2.4 μg/m3, this risk function was linked to gridded annual PM2.5 concentrations from atmospheric modeling to project under-5 mortality from 2010 to 2049 under different climate change mitigation scenarios. The scenarios were developed from the Aim/Endues global model based on end-of-pipe (removing the emission of air pollutants at the source, EoP) and 2 °C target measures. Our results showed that, in 2010-2014, about 306.8 thousand under-5 deaths attributable to PM2.5 occurred in South Asia under the Reference (business as usual) scenario. The number of deaths was projected to increase in 2045-2049 by 36.6% under the same scenario and 7.7% under the scenario where EoP measures would be partially implemented by developing countries (EoPmid), and was projected to decrease under other scenarios, with the most significant decrease (81.2%) under the scenario where EoP measures would be fully enhanced by all countries along with the measures to achieve 2 °C target (EoPmaxCCSBLD) across South Asia. Country-specific projections of under-5 mortality varied by country. The current emission control strategy would not be sufficient to reduce the number of deaths in South Asia. Robust climate change mitigation and air pollution control policy implementation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Athicha Uttajug
- Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan.
| | | | - Kengo Sudo
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Makiko Nakata
- Faculty of Applied Sociology Kindai University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Toshihiko Takemura
- Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kyushu, Japan.
| | - Hirohisa Takano
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan.
| | - Taku Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan.
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan; Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan.
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Guo LH, Lin LZ, Zhou Y, Jalaludin B, Morawska L, Dharmage SC, Knibbs LD, Huang GF, Chen DH, Ma H, Gao M, Heinrich J, Zhou P, Gui ZH, Chu C, Liu RQ, Dong GH. Global, regional, and national burden of ischemic heart disease attributable to ambient PM 2.5 from 1990 to 2019: An analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Environ Res 2024; 241:117635. [PMID: 37972813 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Information on the spatio-temporal patterns of the burden of ischemic heart disease (IHD) caused by ambient ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the global level is needed to prioritize the control of ambient air pollution and prevent the burden of IHD. The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019 provides data on IHD attributable to ambient PM2.5. The IHD burden and mortality attributable to ambient PM2.5 were analyzed by year, age, gender, socio-demographic index (SDI) level, geographical region and country. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was calculated to estimate the temporal trends of age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDR) from 1990 to 2019. Globally, the ASMR and ASDR for ambient PM2.5-related IHD tended to level off generally, with EAPC of -0.03 (95% CI: -0.06, 0.12) and 0.3 (95% CI: 0.22, 0.37), respectively. In the past 30 years, there were obvious differences in the trend of burden change among different regions. A highest increased burden was estimated in low-middle SDI region (EAPC of ASMR: 3.73 [95% CI: 3.56, 3.9], EAPC of ASDR: 3.83 [95% CI: 3.64, 4.02]). In contrast, the burden in high SDI region (EAPC of ASMR: -4.48 [95% CI: -4.6, -4.35], EAPC of ASDR: -3.98 [95% CI: -4.12, -3.85]) has declined most significantly. Moreover, this burden was higher among men and older populations. EAPCs of the ASMR (R = -0.776, p < 0.001) and ASDR (R = -0.781, p < 0.001) of this burden had significant negative correlations with the countries' SDI level. In summary, although trends in the global burden of IHD attributable to ambient PM2.5 are stabilizing, but this burden has shifted from high SDI countries to middle and low SDI countries, especially among men and elderly populations. To reduce this burden, the air pollution management prevention need to be further strengthened, especially among males, older populations, and middle and low SDI countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hao Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Li-Zi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Bin Jalaludin
- Centre for Air Quality and Health Research and Evaluation, Glebe, NSW, 2037, Australia; Ingham Institute for Applied Medial Research, Liverpool, NSW, 2170, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia.
| | - Shyamali C Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Luke D Knibbs
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Guo-Feng Huang
- Department of Air Quality Forecasting and Early Warning, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Secondary Pollution, Guangzhou, 510308, China.
| | - Duo-Hong Chen
- Department of Air Quality Forecasting and Early Warning, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Secondary Pollution, Guangzhou, 510308, China.
| | - Huimin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Meng Gao
- Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, 80336, Germany.
| | - Peien Zhou
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, UK.
| | - Zhao-Huan Gui
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Chu Chu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Ru-Qing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Singh GK, Qadri AM, Paul D, Gupta T, Mukherjee S, Chatterjee A. Investigation of sources and atmospheric transformation of carbonaceous aerosols from Shyamnagar, eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains: Insights from δ 13C and carbon fractions. Chemosphere 2023; 326:138422. [PMID: 36925018 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the chemical characterization of the carbonaceous component of PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) collected over a year-long campaign from a regional site in Shyamnagar, West Bengal, in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP), India. The carbonaceous fractions (elemental and organic carbon), mass concentrations, and stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C value) of aerosols were measured and utilized to characterize the sources and understand the atmospheric processing of aerosols. Cluster analysis, Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) modeling, and fire count data were analyzed to decipher the pattern of air masses, source contributions, and extent of burning activities. The PM2.5 mass concentrations were significantly higher during winter (168.3 ± 56.3 μg m-3) and post-monsoon (109.8 ± 59.1 μg m-3) compared to the monsoon (29.8 ± 10.7 μg m-3) and pre-monsoon (55.1 ± 23.0 μg m-3). Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and total carbon (TC) concentrations were also several factors higher during winter and post-monsoon compared to monsoon and pre-monsoon. The winter and post-monsoon experienced the impact of air masses from upwind IGP. On the other hand, long-range transported air masses from the South-West direction dominated during monsoon and pre-monsoon, which are also relatively cleaner periods. The average δ13C during post-monsoon and winter was ∼1‰ higher compared to monsoon and pre-monsoon. The vehicular exhaust and biomass/biofuel burning contributed dominantly in winter and post-monsoon. In comparison, lower δ13C in pre-monsoon and monsoon might be attributed to the dominance of biomass/biofuel combustion. Photochemical-induced aging of the anthropogenic aerosols resulted in a higher δ13C of TC in winter and post-monsoon, whereas the mixing of different local sources in pre-monsoon and monsoon resulted in lower δ13C values. These findings benefit policymakers in strategizing proper and effective management of biomass/biofuel burning in the IGP to minimize air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyanesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Adnan Mateen Qadri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Debajyoti Paul
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India.
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Sauryadeep Mukherjee
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Abhijit Chatterjee
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, India
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Lou X, Zhang P, Shi N, Ding Z, Xu Z, Liu B, Hu W, Yan T, Wang J, Liu L, Zha Y, Wang J, Chen W, Xu C, Xu J, Jiang H, Ma H, Yuan W, Wang C, Liao Y, Wang D, Yao L, Chen M, Li G, Li Y, Wang P, Li X, Lu C, Tang W, Wan J, Li R, Xiao X, Zhang C, Jiao J, Zhang W, Yuan J, Lan L, Li J, Zhang P, Zheng W, Chen J. Associations between short-term exposure of ambient particulate matter and hemodialysis patients death: A nationwide, longitudinal case-control study in China. Sci Total Environ 2022; 852:158215. [PMID: 36028020 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term exposure to particulate air pollutants can lead to an increase in mortality of hemodialysis patients, but evidence of mortality risk with short-term exposure to ambient particulate matter is lacking. This study aimed to estimate the association of short-term exposure to ambient particulate matter across a wide range of concentrations with hemodialysis patients mortality. METHODS We performed a time-stratified case-crossover study to estimate the association between short-term exposures to PM2.5 and PM10 and mortality of hemodialysis patients. The study included 18,114 hemodialysis death case from 279 hospitals in 41 cities since 2013. Daily particulate matter exposures were calculated by the inverse distance-weighted model based on each case's dialysis center address. Conditional logistic regression were implemented to quantify exposure-response associations. The sensitivity analysis mainly explored the lag effect of particulate matter. RESULTS During the study period, there were 18,114 case days and 61,726 control days. Of all case and control days, average PM2.5 and PM10 levels were 43.98 μg/m3 and 70.86 μg/m3, respectively. Each short-term increase of 10 μg/m3 in PM2.5 and PM10 were statistically significantly associated with a relative increase of 1.07 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.99 % - 1.15 %) and 0.89 % (95 % CI: 0.84 % - 0.94 %) in daily mortality rate of hemodialysis patients, respectively. There was no evidence of a threshold in the exposure-response relationship. The mean of daily exposure on the same day of death and one-day prior (Lag 01 Day) was the most plausible exposure time window. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that short-term exposure to particulate matter leads to increased mortality in hemodialysis patients. Policy makers and public health practices have a clear and urgent opportunity to pass air quality control policies that care for hemodialysis populations and incorporate air quality into the daily medical management of hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Lou
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; National Key Clinical Department of Kidney Diseases, PR China; Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; National Key Clinical Department of Kidney Diseases, PR China; Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Zhejiang Dialysis Quality Control Center, PR China
| | - Nan Shi
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; National Key Clinical Department of Kidney Diseases, PR China; Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhe Ding
- College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhonggao Xu
- First Hospital of Jilin University, PR China
| | - Bicheng Liu
- Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, PR China
| | - Wenbo Hu
- Qinghai Provincial Peoples Hospital, PR China
| | - Tiekun Yan
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, PR China
| | - Jinwen Wang
- Yan'an Hospital of Kunming Medical University, PR China
| | - Ling Liu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China
| | - Yan Zha
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, PR China
| | - Jianqin Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital of Sun yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Chenyun Xu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, PR China
| | - Jinsheng Xu
- Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, PR China
| | - Hongli Jiang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, PR China
| | - Huichao Ma
- Second Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, PR China
| | | | - Caili Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, PR China
| | - Yunhua Liao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, PR China
| | - Deguang Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, PR China
| | - Li Yao
- First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, PR China
| | - Menghua Chen
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, PR China
| | - Guisen Li
- Sichuan Provincial Peoples Hospital, PR China
| | - Yun Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Peoples Hospital, PR China
| | - Pei Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, PR China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, PR China
| | - Chen Lu
- Peoples Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, PR China
| | | | - Jianxin Wan
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, PR China
| | - Rongshan Li
- Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, PR China
| | | | - Chun Zhang
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Jundong Jiao
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; National Key Clinical Department of Kidney Diseases, PR China; Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; National Key Clinical Department of Kidney Diseases, PR China; Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Lan Lan
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; National Key Clinical Department of Kidney Diseases, PR China; Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jingsong Li
- Research Center for Healthcare Data Science, Zhejiang Lab, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Zhejiang University, PR China.
| | - Weijun Zheng
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; National Key Clinical Department of Kidney Diseases, PR China; Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China; Zhejiang Dialysis Quality Control Center, PR China.
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Wang J, Wu S, Cui J, Ding Z, Meng Q, Sun H, Li B, Teng J, Dong Y, Aschner M, Wu S, Li X, Chen R. The influences of ambient fine particulate matter constituents on plasma hormones, circulating TMAO levels and blood pressure: A panel study in China. Environ Pollut 2022; 296:118746. [PMID: 34968616 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Considerable investigations have been carried out to address the relationship between ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and blood pressure (BP) in patients with hypertension. However, few studies have explored the influence of PM2.5 and its constituents on Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), an established risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly in severely air-polluted areas. To explore the potential impact of PM2.5 constituents on BP, plasma hormones, and TMAO, a panel study was conducted to investigate changes in BP, plasma hormones, and TMAO in response to ambient air pollution exposure in stage 1 hypertensive young adults. Linear mixed effect models were used to estimate the cumulative effects of fine particulate matters (PM2.5) and its constituents on BP, plasma hormones and TMAO. We found that one interquartile range (IQR) (35 μg/m3) increase in 0-1 day moving-average PM2.5 concentrations was statistically significantly associated with elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) with estimated values of 0.13 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03 to 0.23) mmHg, 0.18 (95% CI: 0.08 to 0.28) mmHg, and 0.17 (95% CI: 0.09 to 0.26) mmHg, respectively. Hormone disturbance in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system was also associated with PM2.5 exposure. Elevated TMAO levels with an IQR increase for 0-4, 0-5, 0-6 moving-average concentrations of PM2.5 were found, and the increased values ranged from 26.28 (95% CI: 2.92 to 49.64) to 60.78 (31.95-89.61) ng/ml. More importantly, the PM2.5-bound metal constituents, such as manganese (Mn), titanium (Ti), and selenium (Se) showed robust associations with elevated BP and plasma TMAO levels. This study demonstrates associations between PM2.5 metal constituents and increased BP, changes in plasma hormones and TMAO, in stage 1 hypertensive young adults. Source control, aiming to reduce the emission of PM2.5-bound metals should be implemented to reduce the risk of hypertension and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Shenshen Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Jian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Zhen Ding
- Department of Environmental Health and Endemic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Qingtao Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Hao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Jun Teng
- Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, 211171, PR China
| | - Yanping Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Rui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, PR China.
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Yang X, Zhang T, Zhang X, Chu C, Sang S. Global burden of lung cancer attributable to ambient fine particulate matter pollution in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019. Environ Res 2022; 204:112023. [PMID: 34520750 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the latest global spatio-temporal pattern of lung cancer burden attributable to ambient fine particulate matter pollution (PM2.5) is crucial to prioritize global lung cancer prevention, as well as environment improvement. METHODS Data on lung cancer attributable to ambient PM2.5 were downloaded from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. The numbers and age-standardized rates on lung cancer mortality (ASMR) and disability-adjusted life years (ASDR) were estimated by age, sex, region, and country. We used estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) to quantify the temporal trends of ASMR and ASDR from 1990 to 2019. RESULTS In 2019, the number of global lung cancer deaths and DALYs attributable to ambient PM2.5 was approximately 0.31 million and 7.02 million respectively, among which more deaths and DALYs occurred in males. At GBD region level, the heaviest burden occurred in East Asia, accounting for over 50% worldwide, with China ranked first worldwide. The number of ambient PM2.5 attributable lung cancer deaths and DALYs has over doubled from 1990 to 2019, but high sociodemographic index (SDI) region had a rapid decrease, with EAPC -2.21 in ASMR (95% CI: -2.32, -2.09). The age-specific mortality rate or DALY rate has increased in all age groups in low to middle SDI regions from 1990 to 2019. The ASMR or ASDR showed an inverted V-shaped association with SDI. The EAPC in ASMR or ASDR was highly negatively correlated with ASMR or ASDR in 1990 and SDI in 2019, with coefficients around 0.70. CONCLUSIONS The number of ambient PM2.5-related lung cancer deaths and DALYs has largely increased because of the increase of exposure to PM2.5, population growth, and aging. Local governments should do economic activities under the consideration of public health, especially in high-burden areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Yang
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Clinical Research Center of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongchao Zhang
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Clinical Research Center of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangwei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Chu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shaowei Sang
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Clinical Research Center of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Xie S, Zhang C, Zhao J, Li D, Chen J. Exposure to concentrated ambient PM 2.5 (CAPM) induces intestinal disturbance via inflammation and alternation of gut microbiome. Environ Int 2022; 161:107138. [PMID: 35176574 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution causes a great disease burden worldwide. Recent evidences suggested that PM2.5 contributes to intestinal disease. The objective of present study was to investigate the influence of ambient PM2.5 on intestinal tissue and microbiome via whole-body inhalation exposure. The results showed that high levels and prolonged periods exposure to concentrated ambient PM2.5 (CAPM) could destroy the mucous layer of the colon, and significantly alter the mRNA expression of tight junction (Occludin and ZO-1) and inflammation-related (IL-6, IL-10 and IL-1β) genes in the colon, comparing with exposure to the filtered air (FA). The composition of intestinal microbiome at the phylum and genus levels also varied along with the exposure time and PM2.5 levels. At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes was greatly decreased, while Proteobacteria was increased after exposure to CAPM, comparing with exposure to FA. At the genus level, Clostridium XlVa, Akkermansia and Acetatifactor, were significantly elevated exposure to CAPM, comparing with exposure to FA. Our results also indicated that high levels and prolonged periods exposure to CAPM altered metabolic functional pathways. The correlation analysis showed that the intestinal inflammation was related to the alteration of gut microbiome induced by CAPM exposure, which may be a potential mechanism that elucidates PM2.5-induced intestinal diseases. These results extend our knowledge on the toxicology and health effects of ambient PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Caihong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinzhuo Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Yang M, Tian F, Tao S, Xia M, Wang Y, Hu J, Pan B, Li Z, Peng R, Kan H, Xu Y, Li W. Concentrated ambient fine particles exposure affects ovarian follicle development in mice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 231:113178. [PMID: 35026587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient fine particles (PM2.5) are known to cause various reproductive and developmental diseases. However, the potential mechanisms of PM2.5 exposure induced female reproductive damage remain unclear. METHODS Four weeks old female C57BL/6 J mice were exposed to filtered air (FA, n = 10) or concentrated ambient PM2.5 (CAP, n = 10) using a versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system. After 9 weeks of the exposure, mice were sacrificed under sevoflurane anesthesia and tissue samples were collected. Immunohistochemical analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and RNA-sequencing were performed to analyze the effects of PM2.5 exposure on follicle development and elucidate its potential mechanisms. RESULTS Chronic PM2.5 exposure resulted in follicular dysplasia. Compared to the FA-exposed group, follicular atresia in the CAP-exposed mice were significantly increased. Further studies confirmed that CAP induced apoptosis in granulosa cells, accompanied by a distortion of hormone homeostasis. In addition, RNA-sequencing data demonstrated that CAP exposure induced the alteration of ovarian gene expressions and was associated with inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS Chronic exposure to CAP can induce follicular atresia, which was associated with hormone modulation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Health Commission (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Health Commission (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shimin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Health Commission (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Minjie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Health Commission (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Health Commission (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Health Commission (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bin Pan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhouzhou Li
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Renzhen Peng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanyi Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Weihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Health Commission (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Ban J, Ma R, Zhang Y, Li T. PM 2.5-associated risk for cardiovascular hospital admission and related economic burdens in Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ 2021; 799:149445. [PMID: 34365258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of ambient air particulate matter (PM2.5)-associated health and economic burdens of cardiovascular disease are crucial for air pollution control and disease prevention strategies. Quantified evidence remains inadequate. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to estimate the PM2.5 associated risk in cardiovascular hospital admission as well as attributable health burdens and economic costs. METHODS A total of 2,202,244 hospital admission records of cardiovascular disease and six common clinical subtypes in Beijing were included. A time-stratified case-crossover design was applied to estimate the associations and the concentration-response curve. Then, the annual average additional hospital admissions, days of hospital stay, and hospital expenditures were evaluated from 2013 to 2017 and compared between 2017 and 2013. RESULTS The results showed that each 10 μg/m3 increase in previous-day PM2.5 concentration was associated with a risk increase of 0.44% (95%CI: 0.40%, 0.47%) for cardiovascular disease, 0.66% (95%CI: 0.58%, 0.73%) for angina pectoris, 0.53% (95%CI: 0.39%, 0.66%) for chronic ischemic heart disease, 0.48% (95%CI: 0.34%, 0.63%) for myocardial infarction, 0.44% (95%CI: 0.29%, 0.60%) for hypertensive heart disease and 0.40% (95%CI: 0.27%, 0.52%) for ischemic stroke. There were 1938 PM2.5 attributed additional hospital admissions, resulting in 21,668 additional days in hospital, along with 5527.12 and 1947.04 ten-thousand of additional total hospital cost and self-afforded cost, respectively. Compared with 2013, the above-mentioned four burdens decreased by 18.17%, 28.80%, 18.90% and 13.72% in 2017, respectively. CONCLUSION PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with substantial burdens of cardiovascular hospital admission and economic expenditures. The results highlight the necessity of continuous PM2.5 control from the perspective of healthy and sustainable city development in urban China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ban
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 7 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Runmei Ma
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 7 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 7 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 7 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China.
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10
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Zeng Y, Lin C, Guo C, Bo Y, Chang LY, Lau AKH, Tam T, Yu Z, Lao XQ. Combined effects of chronic PM 2.5 exposure and habitual exercise on renal function and chronic kidney disease: A longitudinal cohort study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 236:113791. [PMID: 34147785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the combined effects of chronic PM2.5 exposure and habitual exercise on the decline of renal function and the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a large cohort in Taiwan. METHODS The present data analysis included a total of 108,615 participants aged 18 years or above who were recruited between 2001 and 2016. All participants underwent at least two medical examinations. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. The incident of eGFR decline ≥30% was defined as a decline in eGFR of ≥30% during the study period, while the incident CKD was defined as an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or a newly self-reported physician-diagnosed CKD in the subsequent visits. The satellite-based spatiotemporal model was used to estimate PM2.5 exposure at each participant's address. Information on habitual exercise was collected using a standard self-administered questionnaire. The Cox regression model with time-dependent covariates was used for data analyses. RESULTS Higher habitual exercise was associated with lower risks of renal function decline and CKD development, whereas higher PM2.5 exposure was associated with higher risks of renal function decline and CKD development. We found no significant interaction effect between PM2.5 and habitual exercise, with an HR (95% CI) of 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) for incident eGFR decline ≥30% and 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) for CKD development. Compared to participants with inactive-exercise and high-PM2.5, participants with high-exercise and low-PM2.5 had 74% and 61% lower risks of renal function decline and CKD development, respectively. CONCLUSION Increased habitual exercise and reduced PM2.5 exposures are associated with lower risks of renal function decline and CKD development. Habitual exercise reduces risks of renal function decline and CKD development regardless of the levels of chronic PM2.5 exposure. Our study suggests that habitual exercise is a safe approach for kidney health improvement even for people residing in relatively polluted areas and should be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Zeng
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Changqing Lin
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cui Guo
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yacong Bo
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ly-Yun Chang
- Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alexis K H Lau
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tony Tam
- Department of Sociology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zengli Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiang Qian Lao
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Phung VLH, Ueda K, Seposo X, Takami A, Sugata S, Yoshino A, Michikawa T, Yamazaki S, Honda A, Takano H. Hourly association between ambient PM 2.5 and emergency ambulance dispatches in 11 cities in Japan. Environ Res 2020; 185:109448. [PMID: 32278156 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated that short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 increases mortality and morbidity. Investigating the association using hourly ambient PM2.5 exposure may provide important insights, as current evidence is limited mostly to daily lag term. This study aimed to investigate the hourly association between ambient PM2.5 concentrations and all-cause emergency ambulance dispatches (EAD) in 11 cities in Japan. We used a time-stratified case-crossover design and examined the hourly lags of ambient PM2.5 up to 24 h (unconditional distributed lags and moving average lags) using a conditional Poisson regression model. A significant increase in all-cause EAD was observed at lag 0 h [relative risk (RR): 1.0037 (95% CI: 1.0000, 1.0074)] and all moving average lags. The highest RR was observed within the first 6 h (at lag 0-5 h) [RR: 1.0091 (95% CI: 1.0068, 1.0114)], with a slight ascending pattern. This was followed by a descending pattern at lags 0-11, 0-17, and 0-23 h, but significant positive RR was observed even at lag 0-23 h, when the lowest RR was observed [RR: 1.0072 (95% CI: 1.0044, 1.0100)]. Though similar pattern was observed among the elderly, a different pattern was observed among the children (gradually ascending pattern). We conclude that all-cause EAD could be triggered by ambient PM2.5 exposure with very short lags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Ling Hui Phung
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Xerxes Seposo
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akinori Takami
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Seiji Sugata
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ayako Yoshino
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takehiro Michikawa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Japan
| | - Shin Yamazaki
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akiko Honda
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Takano
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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12
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Ben Y, Ma F, Wang H, Hassan MA, Yevheniia R, Fan W, Li Y, Dong Z. A spatio-temporally weighted hybrid model to improve estimates of personal PM 2.5 exposure: Incorporating big data from multiple data sources. Environ Pollut 2019; 253:403-411. [PMID: 31325885 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An accurate estimation of population exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) is crucial to hazard assessment and epidemiology. This study integrated annual data from 1146 in-home air monitors, air quality monitoring network, public applications, and traffic smart cards to determine the pattern of PM2.5 concentrations and activities in different microenvironments (including outdoors, indoors, subways, buses, and cars). By combining massive amounts of signaling data from cell phones, this study applied a spatio-temporally weighted model to improve the estimation of PM2.5 exposure. Using Shanghai as a case study, the annual average indoor PM2.5 concentration was estimated to be 29.3 ± 27.1 μg/m3 (n = 365), with an average infiltration factor of 0.63. The spatio-temporally weighted PM2.5 exposure was estimated to be 32.1 ± 13.9 μg/m3 (n = 365), with indoor PM2.5 contributing the most (85.1%), followed by outdoor (7.6%), bus (3.7%), subway (3.1%), and car (0.5%). However, considering that outdoor PM2.5 makes a significant contribution to indoor PM2.5, outdoor PM2.5 was responsible for most of the exposure in Shanghai. A heatmap of PM2.5 exposure indicated that the inner-city exposure index was significantly higher than that of the outskirts city, which demonstrated that the importance of spatial differences in population exposure estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuJie Ben
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - FuJun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | | | | | - WenHong Fan
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yubiao Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - ZhaoMin Dong
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Zhang L, Feng W, Lu BB, Li N, Li H, Gu SH, Ge T, Xu GZ. [The impact of ambient PM(2.5) on daily outpatient visits due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, among the urban residents of Ningbo city]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2019; 40:686-91. [PMID: 31238620 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the short-term effects of ambient PM(2.5) on the outpatient visits of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Ningbo city. Methods: Through the regional health information platform, number of daily COPD outpatients from the four general hospitals in Ningbo was gathered. Related data on meteorological and air pollution from 2014 to 2016 was also collected. Generalized additive model (GAM) of Possion regression was used to estimate the impact of PM(2.5) pollution on COPD outpatients and the lagging effects. Results: In cold (November- April) or warm seasons (May-October), an 10 μg/m(3) increase of PM(2.5) would result in the excessive number of COPD outpatients as 1.87% (95%CI: 0.98%-2.76%), 2.09% (95%CI: 1.11%-3.08%) and 2.56% (95%CI: 0.56%-4.59%), respectively. In terms of the short-term effects of PM(2.5) the strongest was seen in the days of warm season but without delay (P<0.05). The strongest effect appeared at day 4 in cold season and the effect was particularly significant seen in the over 65 year-old group or in the female population. After the introduction of PM(10), SO(2) and NO(2), the concentration of PM(2.5), did not show significant effect on the number of hospital visits due to COPD on the same day (P>0.05). The effect of COPD on the fourth day showed a slight change after the lagging, and the effect was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The increase of PM(2.5) concentration in Ningbo was related to the increase of COPD outpatient numbers. Effective prevention measures should be taken to protect the vulnerable population and to reduce the risk of COPD.
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Taghvaee S, Sowlat MH, Diapouli E, Manousakas MI, Vasilatou V, Eleftheriadis K, Sioutas C. Source apportionment of the oxidative potential of fine ambient particulate matter (PM 2.5) in Athens, Greece. Sci Total Environ 2019; 653:1407-1416. [PMID: 30759579 PMCID: PMC6383788 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was chemical characterization and source apportionment of the oxidative potential of ambient PM2.5 samples collected in an urban background area in Athens, Greece. Ambient PM2.5 samples were collected during the summer (June-September) of 2017 and winter (February-March) of 2018 at a residential, urban background site in the outlying neighborhood of the Demokritos National Laboratory in Athens, Greece. The collected PM samples were analyzed for their chemical constituents including metals and trace elements, water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), and marker of biomass burning (i.e., levoglucosan). In addition, the DCFH in vitro assay was performed to determine the oxidative potential of the PM2.5 samples. We performed a series of statistical analyses, including Spearman rank-order correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and multi linear regression (MLR) to determine the most significant species (as source tracers) contributing to the oxidative potential of PM2.5. Our findings revealed that the intrinsic (per PM mass) and extrinsic (per m3 of air volume) oxidative potentials of the collected ambient PM2.5 samples were significantly higher than those measured in many urban areas around the world. The results of the MLR analyses indicated that the major pollution sources contributing to the oxidative potential of ambient PM2.5 were vehicular emissions (characterized by EC) (44%), followed by secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation (characterized by WSOC) (16%), and biomass burning (characterized by levoglucosan) (9%). The oxidative potential of the collected ambient PM2.5 samples was also higher in summer compared to the winter, mainly due to higher concentrations of EC and WSOC during this season. Results from this study corroborate the impact of traffic and SOA on the oxidative potential of ambient PM2.5 in greater Athens area, and can be helpful in adopting appropriate public health policies regarding detrimental outcomes of exposure to PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Taghvaee
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Mohammad H Sowlat
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Evangelia Diapouli
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15341 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece.
| | - Manousos Ioannis Manousakas
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15341 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece.
| | - Vasiliki Vasilatou
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15341 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece.
| | - Kostas Eleftheriadis
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15341 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece.
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Guan T, Xue T, Gao S, Hu M, Liu X, Qiu X, Liu X, Zhu T. Acute and chronic effects of ambient fine particulate matter on preterm births in Beijing, China: A time-series model. Sci Total Environ 2019; 650:1671-1677. [PMID: 30273726 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that short- and long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) during pregnancy is associated with preterm births, yet the results are inconsistent, and the shape of the exposure-response curve is unclear, partially due to the limited studies conducted in areas with high air pollution. Our study evaluated the association between ambient PM2.5 concentration and preterm births in Beijing, China. Daily preterm birth data were collected from a hospital in Beijing during 2006 to 2013; a time-series of daily PM2.5 concentrations during the same period is assembled with measured data at three monitoring sites in Beijing. An extension of the Poisson regression and a time-series model were applied to simultaneously estimate the acute and chronic effects of exposure to PM2.5, with mutual adjustment for short- and long-term exposure as well as for confounders. During the study period, the PM2.5 concentration was 70.4 ± 60.6 μg/m3 and was found to be associated with an increased risk of preterm birth. In the study cohort, a 0.52% (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.09%, 0.96%) and 3.13% (95%CI: 1.92%, 4.35%) increase in preterm births was estimated for each 10-μg/m3 increase in short- and long-term exposure, respectively. This association was significantly modified by season (p < 0.05). With mutual adjustments for short- and long-term exposure, a more robust association (3.16%, 95% CI: 1.95%, 4.39%; per 10-μg/m3 increment in PM2.5) was observed for chronic effects. The exposure-response relationships for both short- and long-term exposure were linear, without a threshold, over the relatively low exposure range and flattened out at higher concentration levels. The maximum effect for long-term exposure to PM2.5 (33.6%) was much greater than that for short-term exposure (19.9%). These findings indicate that air quality improvements over a long period could yield significant health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjia Guan
- School of Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; BIC-EAST and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tao Xue
- BIC-EAST and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Suhong Gao
- Department of Child Health, Beijing Haidian Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min Hu
- SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- BIC-EAST and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Haidian Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Tong Zhu
- BIC-EAST and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Hu Z, Chen M, Zhou H, Tharakan A, Wang X, Qiu L, Liang S, Qin X, Zhang Y, Wang W, Xu Y, Ying Z. Inactivation of TNF/LT locus alters mouse metabolic response to concentrated ambient PM 2.5. Toxicology 2017; 390:100-108. [PMID: 28917655 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with increased cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality. This is widely believed to be attributable to PM2.5 exposure-induced pulmonary and subsequent systemic inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), lymphotoxin α (LTα), and lymphotoxin β (LTβ) are three homologous pro-inflammatory cytokines, each with both unique and redundant activities in inflammation. Their role in PM2.5 exposure-induced inflammation and adverse cardiometabolic effects has to be determined. METHODS AND RESULTS LTα/TNFα/LTβ triple-knockout (TNF/LT KO) and wildtype (WT) mice were exposed to concentrated ambient PM2.5 (CAP) for 5 months. Lung pathological analysis revealed that TNF/LT deficiency reduced CAP exposure-induced pulmonary inflammation. However, glucose homeostasis assessments showed that TNF/LT deficiency significantly aggravated CAP exposure-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Consistent with glucose homeostasis assessments, CAP exposure significantly increased the body weight and adiposity of TNF/LT KO but not WT mice. In contrast to its body weight effects, CAP exposure reduced food intake of WT but not TNF/LT KO mice. On the other hand, CAP exposure induced marked fat droplet accumulation in brown adipose tissues of WT mice and significantly decreased their uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression, and these effects were markedly exacerbated in TNF/LT KO mice. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that TNF/LT deficiency influences PM2.5 exposure-induced response of energy metabolism through alterations in both food intake and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China; Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Minjie Chen
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Huifen Zhou
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Pathology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, China.
| | - Anui Tharakan
- Department of Otolaryngology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
| | - Lianglin Qiu
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
| | - Shuai Liang
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Xiaobo Qin
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Wanjun Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yanyi Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zhekang Ying
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Luo B, Liu J, Fei G, Han T, Zhang K, Wang L, Shi H, Zhang L, Ruan Y, Niu J. Impact of probable interaction of low temperature and ambient fine particulate matter on the function of rats alveolar macrophages. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 49:172-178. [PMID: 28064136 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the probable interaction of low temperature and ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on rat alveolar macrophages (AMs). AMs were separated from rat BALF and exposed to PM2.5 (0, 25, 50, 100μg/ml) under different temperature (18, 24, 30, 37°C) for 8h. Results indicated that viability and phagocytosis function of AMs decreased with the decline of temperature and the rise of PM2.5 dose, and the strongest toxicity was shown in the highest PM2.5 (100μg/ml) exposure group at 18°C. Both PM2.5 and lower temperature increased the releasing of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while significant interaction was only found in MIP-1α production. No obvious change was found in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) detection. These results indicated that both the two factors are harmful to rat AMs and lower temperature could increase the toxicity of PM2.5 on the AMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Luo
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
| | - Jiangtao Liu
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Gaoqiang Fei
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ting Han
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Hongxia Shi
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ye Ruan
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jingping Niu
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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Wang W, Shi C, Yan Y, Yang Y, Zhou B. Eco-toxicological bioassay of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with Photobacterium Phosphoreum T3. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2016; 133:226-234. [PMID: 27467023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A bioluminescent bacterium, Photobacterium phosphoreum T3 (PPT3), was used as a bio-indicator for the atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) to determine the eco-toxicity of PM2.5. The PM2.5 contains toxic chemicals, which reduce light output. The PM2.5 samples were collected in the period from March 2014 to January 2015 in Nanjing and analyzed for the chemical composition versus their eco-toxicity. The eco-toxicological responses of each toxicant were detected in PM2.5 samples with PPT3. The dose-response curves obtained were verified using the Weibull fitting function. According to the measured EC50 values (EC50, the concentration of a toxicant that inhibits 50% of the bioluminescence), the toxicity sequence was: B[a]P>hexa-PCB>tetra-PCB>tri-PCB>Pb(2+)>DEHP>Cu(2+)>DBP>BDE209>Zn(2+)>DMP>DEP, where B[a]P is benzo(a)pyrene, PCB is polychlorinated biphenyl, DEHP is diethylhexyl phthalate, DBP is dibutyl phthalate, BDE209 is decabromodiphenyl ether, DMP is dimethyl phthalate, and DEP is diethyl phthalate. All the PM2.5 samples analyzed proved to be weak toxic for PPT3. The toxicity of PM2.5 was assessed by the dose-addition of organic species and heavy metallic elements existing in PM2.5 with PPT3. The bioluminescence test showed that the metals and organics detected in PM2.5 promoted PM2.5 toxicity. The total detectable organics (denoted by ΣOrs) exhibited slightly higher toxicity than the total metals (denoted by ΣMs). In contrast, the sum of water-soluble ions (denoted by ΣIons) was beneficial to PPT3. The PM2.5 toxicity increased as the PM2.5 trapped more organics or metallic elements from the industrial or densely populated urban areas, where the PM2.5 had a high inhibition rate of bioluminescence for PPT3 in contrast to the residential PM2.5 samples, where the minimum inhibition rate was observed. The toxicity of PM2.5 samples varied with the mass concentrations, chemical constituents, and sampling locations. The chemicals in PM2.5, especially organic species and metallic elements, affected its eco-toxicity. These data provided good understanding of the atmospheric PM2.5 pollution in the large portion of the East China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chanzhen Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Laboratory Analysis, Environment Monitoring Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Yunfei Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Fudan Tyndall Center, China.
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Han Y, Qi M, Chen Y, Shen H, Liu J, Huang Y, Chen H, Liu W, Wang X, Liu J, Xing B, Tao S. Influences of ambient air PM₂.₅ concentration and meteorological condition on the indoor PM₂.₅ concentrations in a residential apartment in Beijing using a new approach. Environ Pollut 2015; 205:307-14. [PMID: 26123719 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 concentrations in a typical residential apartment in Beijing and immediately outside of the building were measured simultaneously during heating and non-heating periods. The objective was to quantitatively explore the relationship between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations. A statistical method for predicting indoor PM2.5 concentrations was proposed. Ambient PM2.5 concentrations were strongly affected by meteorological conditions, especially wind directions. A bimodal distribution was identified during the heating season due to the frequent and rapid transition between severe pollution events and clean days. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations were significantly correlated with outdoor PM2.5 concentrations but with 1-2 h delay, and the differences can be explained by ambient meteorological features, such as temperature, humidity, and wind direction. These results indicate the potential to incorporate indoor exposure features to the regional air quality model framework and to more accurately estimate the epidemiological relationship between human mortality and air pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Han
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Meng Qi
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Yilin Chen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Ye Huang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Han Chen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Wenxin Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Xilong Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China.
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