Various non-destructive SFS techniques for simultaneous recognition and monitoring of 1-amino pyrene and 1-napthyl amine in the mixture

The sensitive, non-destructive constant wavelength (CW) and constant energy (CE) SFS techniques have been used for the simultaneous determination of 1-amino pyrene (AP) and 1-napthyl amine (NA) in their mixtures without prior separation via optimization of different experimental conditions (ΔλCW 70.0 nm, ΔνCE 4000.0 cm-1, scan rate 240.0 nm/min, 25.0 °C, methanol). Amplitude-concentration plots have been linear for 1-amino pyrene, AP (0.01-0.1 mg/L) and 1-napthyl amine, NA (0.1-1.0 mg/L). In aqueous methanolic binary mixtures, the mean recoveries (RSD, LOD and LOQ) of AP were found to be 100.09% (0.053, 0.008 mg/L and 0.034 mg/L) for emission, 100.11% (0.141, 0.008 mg/L, 0.034 mg/L) for CWSFS, 100.05% (0.109, 0.007 mg/L and 0.032 mg/L) for first derivative CWSFS, 100.00% (0.148, 0.007 mg/L and 0.031 mg/L) for CESFS, 99.99% (0.109, 0.008 mg/L and 0.035 mg/L) for first derivative CESFS modes respectively. Additionally, for NA the mean recoveries (RSD, LOD and LOQ) were 100.29% (0.360, 0.046 mg/L and 0.204 mg/L) for emission, 100.06% (0.089, 0.098 mg/L, 0.436 mg/L) for CWSFS, 100.09% (0.144, 0.065 mg/L and 0.288 mg/L) for first derivative CWSFS, 100.05% (0.178, 0.077 mg/L and 0.339 mg/L) for CESFS, 100.03% (0.181, 0.082 mg/L and 0.364 mg/L) for first derivative CESFS modes respectively. Considering their safety and greenness, these methods might be considered as green tools using analytical eco-scale approaches (eco-scale score 88.0).

Urinary Amino-PAHs in relation to diesel engine emissions and urinary mutagenicity

Diesel exhaust has long been of health concern due to established toxicity including carcinogenicity in humans. However, the precise components of diesel engine emissions that drive carcinogenesis are still unclear. Limited work has suggested that nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) such as 1-nitropyrene and 2-nitrofluorene may be more abundant in diesel exhaust. The present study aimed to examine whether urinary amino metabolites of these NPAHs were associated with high levels of diesel engine emissions and urinary mutagenicity in a group of highly exposed workers including both smokers and nonsmokers. Spot urine samples were collected immediately following a standard work shift from each of the 54 diesel engine testers and 55 non-tester controls for the analysis of five amino metabolites of NPAHs, and cotinine (a biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. An overnight urine sample was collected in a subgroup of non-smoking participants for mutagenicity analysis using strain YG1041 in the Salmonella (Ames) mutagenicity assay. Personal exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) and more-diesel-specific constituents (elemental carbon and soot) was assessed for the engine testers by measuring breathing-zone concentrations repeatedly over several full work shifts. Results showed that it was 12.8 times more likely to detect 1-aminopyrene and 2.9 times more likely to detect 2-aminofluorene in the engine testers than in unexposed controls. Urinary concentrations of 1-aminopyrene were significantly higher in engine testers (p < 0.001), and strongly correlated with soot and elemental carbon exposure as well as mutagenicity tested in strain YG1041 with metabolic activation (p < 0.001). Smoking did not affect 1-aminopyrene concentrations and 1-aminopyrene relationships with diesel exposure. In contrast, both engine emissions and smoking affected 2-aminofluorene concentrations. The results confirm that urinary 1-aminopyrene may serve as an exposure biomarker for diesel engine emissions and associated mutagenicity.