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Ning Y, Liu D, Gu J, Zhang Y, Roberts NJ, Guskov VY, Sun J, Liu D, Gong M, Qi J, He Z, Shi C, Jiang G. The genetic status and rescue measure for a geographically isolated population of Amur tigers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8088. [PMID: 38582794 PMCID: PMC10998829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The Amur tiger is currently confronted with challenges of anthropogenic development, leading to its population becoming fragmented into two geographically isolated groups: smaller and larger ones. Small and isolated populations frequently face a greater extinction risk, yet the small tiger population's genetic status and survival potential have not been assessed. Here, a total of 210 samples of suspected Amur tiger feces were collected from this small population, and the genetic background and population survival potentials were assessed by using 14 microsatellite loci. Our results demonstrated that the mean number of alleles in all loci was 3.7 and expected heterozygosity was 0.6, indicating a comparatively lower level of population genetic diversity compared to previously reported studies on other subspecies. The genetic estimates of effective population size (Ne) and the Ne/N ratio were merely 7.6 and 0.152, respectively, representing lower values in comparison to the Amur tiger population in Sikhote-Alin (the larger group). However, multiple methods have indicated the possibility of genetic divergence within our isolated population under study. Meanwhile, the maximum kinship recorded was 0.441, and the mean inbreeding coefficient stood at 0.0868, both of which are higher than those observed in other endangered species, such as the African lion and the grey wolf. Additionally, we have identified a significant risk of future extinction if the lethal equivalents were to reach 6.26, which is higher than that of other large carnivores. Further, our simulation results indicated that an increase in the number of breeding females would enhance the prospects of this population. In summary, our findings provide a critical theoretical basis for further bailout strategies concerning Amur tigers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ning
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Dongqi Liu
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiayin Gu
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Nathan James Roberts
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Valentin Yu Guskov
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (FSCEATB FEB RAS), Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Jiale Sun
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Siberian Tiger Park, Harbin, 150028, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ming Gong
- Siberian Tiger Park, Harbin, 150028, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jinzhe Qi
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhijian He
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunmei Shi
- College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangshun Jiang
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
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Xu N, Ma Z, Xia Y, Dong Y, Zi J, Xu D, Xu F, Su X, Zhang H, Chen F. A Serial Multi-Scale Feature Fusion and Enhancement Network for Amur Tiger Re-Identification. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1106. [PMID: 38612345 PMCID: PMC11011027 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Amur tiger is an important endangered species in the world, and its re-identification (re-ID) plays an important role in regional biodiversity assessment and wildlife resource statistics. This paper focuses on the task of Amur tiger re-ID based on visible light images from screenshots of surveillance videos or camera traps, aiming to solve the problem of low accuracy caused by camera perspective, noisy background noise, changes in motion posture, and deformation of Amur tiger body patterns during the re-ID process. To overcome this challenge, we propose a serial multi-scale feature fusion and enhancement re-ID network of Amur tiger for this task, in which global and local branches are constructed. Specifically, we design a global inverted pyramid multi-scale feature fusion method in the global branch to effectively fuse multi-scale global features and achieve high-level, fine-grained, and deep semantic feature preservation. We also design a local dual-domain attention feature enhancement method in the local branch, further enhancing local feature extraction and fusion by dividing local feature blocks. Based on the above model structure, we evaluated the effectiveness and feasibility of the model on the public dataset of the Amur Tiger Re-identification in the Wild (ATRW), and achieved good results on mAP, Rank-1, and Rank-5, demonstrating a certain competitiveness. In addition, since our proposed model does not require the introduction of additional expensive annotation information and does not incorporate other pre-training modules, it has important advantages such as strong transferability and simple training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Xu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (N.X.); (Z.M.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (J.Z.); (D.X.); (F.X.); (X.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Zhibin Ma
- School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (N.X.); (Z.M.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (J.Z.); (D.X.); (F.X.); (X.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yi Xia
- School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (N.X.); (Z.M.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (J.Z.); (D.X.); (F.X.); (X.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yanqi Dong
- School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (N.X.); (Z.M.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (J.Z.); (D.X.); (F.X.); (X.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Jiali Zi
- School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (N.X.); (Z.M.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (J.Z.); (D.X.); (F.X.); (X.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Delong Xu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (N.X.); (Z.M.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (J.Z.); (D.X.); (F.X.); (X.S.); (H.Z.)
| | - Fu Xu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (N.X.); (Z.M.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (J.Z.); (D.X.); (F.X.); (X.S.); (H.Z.)
- Engineering Research Center for Forestry-Oriented Intelligent Information Processing, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaohui Su
- School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (N.X.); (Z.M.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (J.Z.); (D.X.); (F.X.); (X.S.); (H.Z.)
- Engineering Research Center for Forestry-Oriented Intelligent Information Processing, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (N.X.); (Z.M.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (J.Z.); (D.X.); (F.X.); (X.S.); (H.Z.)
- Engineering Research Center for Forestry-Oriented Intelligent Information Processing, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Feixiang Chen
- School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (N.X.); (Z.M.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (J.Z.); (D.X.); (F.X.); (X.S.); (H.Z.)
- Engineering Research Center for Forestry-Oriented Intelligent Information Processing, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100083, China
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Gao C, Hong Y, Sun S, Zhang N, Liu X, Wang Z, Zhou S, Zhang M. An Evaluation of Suitable Habitats for Amur Tigers ( Panthera tigris altaica) in Northeastern China Based on the Random Forest Model. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1444. [PMID: 37998043 PMCID: PMC10669879 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Amur tigers are at the top of the food chain and play an important role in maintaining the health of forest ecosystems. Scientific and detailed assessment of the habitat quality of Amur tigers in China is the key to maintaining the forest ecosystem and also addressing the urgent need to protect and restore the wild population of Amur tigers in China. This study used the random forest method to predict the potential habitat of Amur tigers in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces using animal occurrence sites and a variety of environmental variables. Random forests are a combination of tree predictors such that each tree depends on the values of a random vector sampled independently and with the same distribution for all trees in the forest. The generalization error for forests converges to a limit as the number of trees in the forest becomes large. The generalization error of a forest of tree classifiers depends on the strength of the individual trees in the forest and the correlation between them. The results showed that the AUC value of the test set was 0.955. The true skill statistic (TSS) value is 0.5924, indicating that the model had good prediction accuracy. Using the optimal threshold determined by the Youden index as the cutoff value, we found that the suitable habitat for Amur tigers in the field was approximately 107,600 km2, accounting for 16.3% of the total study areas. It was mainly distributed in the Sino-Russian border areas in the south of the Laoyeling Mountains at the junction of Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, the Sino-Russian border areas of Hulin-Raohe in the eastern part of the Wanda Mountains, and the Lesser Khingan Mountain forest region. The habitat suitability of the Greater Khingan Mountain and the plain areas connecting Harbin and Changchun was relatively low. Prey potential richness was the most critical factor driving the distribution of Amur tigers. Compared with their prey, the potential habitats for Amur tigers in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces were small in total areas, sporadically distributed, and had low continuity and a lack of connectivity between patches. This indicates that some factors may restrict the diffusion of the Amur tiger, whereas the diffusion of ungulates is less restricted. The Amur tigers in this area face a serious threat of habitat fragmentation, suggesting that habitat protection, restoration, and ecological corridor construction should be strengthened to increase population dispersal and exchange. We provide a reference for future population conservation, habitat restoration, construction of ecological migration corridors, and population exchange of Amur tigers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Gao
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (C.G.); (Y.H.); (S.S.); (N.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yang Hong
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (C.G.); (Y.H.); (S.S.); (N.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Shiquan Sun
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (C.G.); (Y.H.); (S.S.); (N.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (C.G.); (Y.H.); (S.S.); (N.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xinxin Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (C.G.); (Y.H.); (S.S.); (N.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zheyu Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (C.G.); (Y.H.); (S.S.); (N.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Shaochun Zhou
- Heilongjiang Wildlife Research Institute, Harbin 150081, China;
| | - Minghai Zhang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (C.G.); (Y.H.); (S.S.); (N.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.W.)
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Wang D, Smith JLD, Accatino F, Ge J, Wang T. Addressing the impact of canine distemper spreading on an isolated tiger population in northeast Asia. Integr Zool 2023; 18:994-1008. [PMID: 36881515 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The continuation of the isolated Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) population living along the China-Russia border is facing serious challenges due to factors such as its small size (including 38 individuals) and canine distemper virus (CDV). We use a population viability analysis metamodel, which consists of a traditional individual-based demographic model linked to an epidemiological model, to assess options for controlling the impact of negative factors through domestic dog management in protected areas, increasing connectivity to the neighboring large population (including more than 400 individuals), and habitat expansion. Without intervention, under inbreeding depression of 3.14, 6.29, and 12.26 lethal equivalents, our metamodel predicted the extinction within 100 years is 64.4%, 90.6%, and 99.8%, respectively. In addition, the simulation results showed that dog management or habitat expansion independently will not ensure tiger population viability for the next 100 years, and connectivity to the neighboring population would only keep the population size from rapidly declining. However, when the above three conservation scenarios are combined, even at the highest level of 12.26 lethal equivalents inbreeding depression, population size will not decline and the probability of extinction will be <5.8%. Our findings highlight that protecting the Amur tiger necessitates a multifaceted synergistic effort. Our key management recommendations for this population underline the importance of reducing CDV threats and expanding tiger occupancy to its former range in China, but re-establishing habitat connectivity to the neighboring population is an important long-term objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, NFGA Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard & College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - James L D Smith
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Francesco Accatino
- UMR SADAPT, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, PALAISEAU Cedex, France
| | - Jianping Ge
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, NFGA Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard & College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, NFGA Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard & College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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5
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Zhang L, Lan T, Lin C, Fu W, Yuan Y, Lin K, Li H, Sahu SK, Liu Z, Chen D, Liu Q, Wang A, Wang X, Ma Y, Li S, Zhu Y, Wang X, Ren X, Lu H, Huang Y, Yu J, Liu B, Wang Q, Zhang S, Xu X, Yang H, Liu D, Liu H, Xu Y. Chromosome-scale genomes reveal genomic consequences of inbreeding in the South China tiger: A comparative study with the Amur tiger. Mol Ecol Resour 2023; 23:330-347. [PMID: 35723950 PMCID: PMC10084155 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis, SCT) is the most critically endangered subspecies of tiger due to functional extinction in the wild. Inbreeding depression is observed among the captive population descended from six wild ancestors, resulting in high juvenile mortality and low reproduction. We assembled and characterized the first SCT genome and an improved Amur tiger (P. t. altaica, AT) genome named AmyTig1.0 and PanTig2.0. The two genomes are the most continuous and comprehensive among any tiger genomes yet reported at the chromosomal level. By using the two genomes and resequencing data of 15 SCT and 13 AT individuals, we investigated the genomic signature of inbreeding depression of the SCT. The results indicated that the effective population size of SCT experienced three phases of decline, ~5.0-1.0 thousand years ago, 100 years ago, and since captive breeding in 1963. We found 43 long runs of homozygosity fragments that were shared by all individuals in the SCT population and covered a total length of 20.63% in the SCT genome. We also detected a large proportion of identical-by-descent segments across the genome in the SCT population, especially on ChrB4. Deleterious nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphic sites and loss-of-function mutations were found across genomes with extensive potential influences, despite a proportion of these loads having been purged by inbreeding depression. Our research provides an invaluable resource for the formulation of genetic management policies for the South China tiger such as developing genome-based breeding and genetic rescue strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianming Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Shenzhen, China.,BGI Life Science Joint Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuyu Lin
- Shenzhen Zhong Nong Jing Yue Biotech Company Limited, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenyuan Fu
- Longyan Geopark Protection and Development Center, Longyan, China.,Fujian Meihuashan Institute of South China Tiger Breeding, Longyan, China
| | | | - Kaixiong Lin
- Fujian Meihuashan Institute of South China Tiger Breeding, Longyan, China
| | - Haimeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Daqing Chen
- Suzhou Shangfangshan Forest Zoo, Suzhou, China
| | - Qunxiu Liu
- Shanghai Zoological Park, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Yue Ma
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shizhou Li
- Shaoguan Research Base of South China Tiger, Shaoguan, China
| | - Yixin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xiaotong Ren
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Haorong Lu
- China National GeneBank, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Jieyao Yu
- China National GeneBank, Shenzhen, China
| | - Boyang Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xun Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Academician Workstation of BGI Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen, China.,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Heilongjiang Siberian Tiger Park, Harbin, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, Shenzhen, China.,BGI Life Science Joint Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanchun Xu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, China
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Yachmennikova A, Zhu S, Kotlov I, Sandlersky R, Yi Q, Rozhnov V. Is the Lesser Khingan Suitable for the Amur Tiger Restoration? Perspectives with the Current State of the Habitat and Prey Base. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010155. [PMID: 36611763 PMCID: PMC9818025 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Amur tiger (Panthera tigris) has a status of being endangered on the world's IUCN red list. The northwestern part of its range is situated in Russia and China, where tigers were exterminated by humans in the 1950-1970s. To restore tiger population within a historical range, an estimation of the habitat suitability is firstly needed. The Lesser Khingan mountains (Heilongjiang) was analyzed. Habitat types were mapped by satellite images analysis and field proven. The potential habitats of the main tiger's prey species (wild boar (Sus scrofa), roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), and red deer (Cervus elaphus xanthopygus) were also assessed. Maximum entropy and linear discriminant analysis methods were applied and compared for species distribution modeling (SDM). Species distribution maps were used to design an ecological network. The fragmentation of habitat patches was evaluated by spatial ecological metrics. The habitat patches with the best metrics were assigned as cores for the ecological network, which were connected by calculated corridors. The least cost distance method (based on distance to roads and settlements) was used. The recovery of the Amur tiger in habitats of China's Lesser Khingan is shown to be possible. Types of habitats were calculated as natural corridors for moving tigers. They are mainly located at the forests' edges and characterized with various canopy structures and high variability in the tree species composition. Three potential transboundary corridors are described: (a) foothills and low mountains of the northern Lesser Khingan; (b) connection between the southeast Lesser Khingan and the western part of the Wandashan mountain system; and (c) corridor within foothills and low mountains of the eastern part of Lesser Khingan. It is recommended to establish protected areas for the important tiger core habitats, and the main optimal ways for their migrations are described during the current investigation. Moreover, it is necessary to implement habitat recovery activities for key areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Yachmennikova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky, 33, Moscow 119071, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-916-396-7019
| | - Shibing Zhu
- Institute of Natural Resources and Ecology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ivan Kotlov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky, 33, Moscow 119071, Russia
- National Research University—Higher School of Economics (HSE University), 20 Myasnitskaya Ulitsa, Moscow 101000, Russia
| | - Robert Sandlersky
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky, 33, Moscow 119071, Russia
- National Research University—Higher School of Economics (HSE University), 20 Myasnitskaya Ulitsa, Moscow 101000, Russia
| | - Qu Yi
- Institute of Natural Resources and Ecology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Viatcheslav Rozhnov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky, 33, Moscow 119071, Russia
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Perez F, Piao Z, Liu X. Habitat suitability for a community of Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) and their prey in Changbaishan. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:12249-12260. [PMID: 34561809 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Changbaishan reserve and the forests around it are one of the priority areas for Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) recovery in northeastern China. Previous habitat suitability analyses only took the ecological requirements of tigers into consideration, so this study aims to determine habitat suitability for a tiger-prey community in the region, by analysing ungulate prey availability and habitat suitability for both predator and prey. Three prey species were found, using the snow tacking method: red deer (Cervus canadensis xanthopygus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), and roe deer (Capreolus pygargus). Habitat suitability was evaluated for tigers, red deer, and wild boar, using a multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) process. MCE results showed that (1) habitat suitability is generally low outside the reserve for all three species; (2) suitability values were the lowest for tigers due to high intensity of human impact in the area, with suitable habitat restricted to the centre of the reserve; and (3) red deer and wild boar would find pockets of suitable habitat outside the reserve. A combination of low forest quality and high human impact intensity imposes significant environmental pressure to those ungulates. To recover tiger population in Changbaishan, forest quality and human impacts should be properly managed, which should increase prey availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Perez
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhengji Piao
- Jilin Changbai Mountain Academy of Sciences, Antu County, Jilin, Province, 133613, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehua Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.
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8
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Wang Q, Shi C, Liu D, Jiang G. Estimation of body weight in captive Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica). Integr Zool 2021; 17:1106-1120. [PMID: 34751498 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
So far, there has been no safe and convenient method to weigh the large fierce animals, like Amur tigers. To address this problem, we built models to predict the body weight of Amur tigers based on the fact that body weight is proportional to body measurements or age. Using the method of body measurements, we extracted the body measurements from four different kinds of the lateral body image of tigers, i.e., total lateral image, central lateral image, ellipse fitting image and rectangle fitting image, and then we respectively used artificial neural network (ANN) and power regression model to analyze the predictive relationships between body weight and body measurements. Our results demonstrated that, among all ANN models, the model built with rectangle fitting image had the smallest mean square error. Comparatively, we screened power regression models which had the smallest Akakai information criteria (AIC). In addition, using the method of age, we fitted nonlinear regression models for the relationship between body weight and age and found that, for male tigers, logistic model had the smallest AIC. For female tigers, Gompertz model had the smallest AIC. Consequently, this study could be applied to estimate body weight of captive, or even wild, Amur tigers safely and conveniently, helping to monitor individual health and growth of the Amur tiger populations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Feline Research Center of NationalForestry and GrasslandAdministration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunmei Shi
- Feline Research Center of NationalForestry and GrasslandAdministration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,College of Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Siberian Tiger Park, Harbin, China
| | - Guangshun Jiang
- Feline Research Center of NationalForestry and GrasslandAdministration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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9
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Gilbert M, Sulikhan N, Uphyrkina O, Goncharuk M, Kerley L, Castro EH, Reeve R, Seimon T, McAloose D, Seryodkin IV, Naidenko SV, Davis CA, Wilkie GS, Vattipally SB, Adamson WE, Hinds C, Thomson EC, Willett BJ, Hosie MJ, Logan N, McDonald M, Ossiboff RJ, Shevtsova EI, Belyakin S, Yurlova AA, Osofsky SA, Miquelle DG, Matthews L, Cleaveland S. Distemper, extinction, and vaccination of the Amur tiger. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31954-31962. [PMID: 33229566 PMCID: PMC7749280 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000153117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) has recently emerged as an extinction threat for the endangered Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). CDV is vaccine-preventable, and control strategies could require vaccination of domestic dogs and/or wildlife populations. However, vaccination of endangered wildlife remains controversial, which has led to a focus on interventions in domestic dogs, often assumed to be the source of infection. Effective decision making requires an understanding of the true reservoir dynamics, which poses substantial challenges in remote areas with diverse host communities. We carried out serological, demographic, and phylogenetic studies of dog and wildlife populations in the Russian Far East to show that a number of wildlife species are more important than dogs, both in maintaining CDV and as sources of infection for tigers. Critically, therefore, because CDV circulates among multiple wildlife sources, dog vaccination alone would not be effective at protecting tigers. We show, however, that low-coverage vaccination of tigers themselves is feasible and would produce substantive reductions in extinction risks. Vaccination of endangered wildlife provides a valuable component of conservation strategies for endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gilbert
- Cornell Wildlife Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460
| | - Nadezhda Sulikhan
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
- Land of the Leopard National Park, Vladivostok 690068, Russia
| | - Olga Uphyrkina
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Mikhail Goncharuk
- Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Primorskaya State Agricultural Academy, Ussuriisk 692510, Russia
| | - Linda Kerley
- Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- United Administration of Lazovsky Zapovednik and Zov Tigra National Park, Lazo 692890, Russia
- Autonomous Noncommercial Organization "Amur," Lazo 692890, Russia
| | - Enrique Hernandez Castro
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Reeve
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ivan V Seryodkin
- Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091 Russia
| | - Sergey V Naidenko
- A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Christopher A Davis
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin S Wilkie
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Sreenu B Vattipally
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Walt E Adamson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Hinds
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Emma C Thomson
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Willett
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret J Hosie
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Logan
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael McDonald
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Ossiboff
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | | | - Stepan Belyakin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Anna A Yurlova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Steven A Osofsky
- Cornell Wildlife Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | - Louise Matthews
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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10
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Veasey JS. Can Zoos Ever Be Big Enough for Large Wild Animals? A Review Using an Expert Panel Assessment of the Psychological Priorities of the Amur Tiger ( Panthera tigris altaica) as a Model Species. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091536. [PMID: 32878205 PMCID: PMC7552275 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The reduction in space available to wild animals in zoos and aquariums is widely perceived to be detrimental to their welfare by scientists and the general public alike. Evidence suggests that naturally wide-ranging carnivores are more likely to suffer in captivity than those that travel less widely. Using the Amur tiger as a representative for wide-ranging species frequently held in zoos, an expert panel assessment was undertaken to identify psychological priorities in order to see how the negative welfare impacts of reduced ranging opportunities might be most effectively overcome. This assessment highlights that whilst reduced access to space may be central to compromised welfare for many species, there may be more effective strategies in safeguarding welfare than simply making captive habitats marginally bigger. Central to this for Amur tigers is providing appropriate mental stimulation rather than focusing only on behaviours linked to hunting. Various strategies intended to safeguard welfare are discussed for Amur tigers, which can also be considered for other wide-ranging species. Abstract The ecology of large, wide-ranging carnivores appears to make them vulnerable to conservation challenges in the wild and welfare challenges in captivity. This poses an ethical dilemma for the zoo community and supports the case that there is a need to reconsider prevailing management paradigms for these species in captivity. Whilst the welfare challenges wide ranging carnivores face have been attributed to reduced ranging opportunities associated with the decreased size of captive habitats, attempts to augment wild carnivore welfare in captivity typically focus on behaviours linked to hunting. Thus far, this has yet to result in the systematic elimination of signs of compromised welfare amongst captive carnivores. Here an assessment is carried out to identify the likely welfare priorities for Amur tigers, which, as one of the widest ranging terrestrial carnivores, serves as an excellent exemplar for species experiencing extreme compression of their ranging opportunities in captivity. These priorities are then used to consider novel strategies to address the welfare challenges associated with existing management paradigms, and in particular, attempt to overcome the issue of restricted space. The insights generated here have wider implications for other species experiencing substantive habitat compression in captivity. It is proposed here that the impact of habitat compression on captive carnivore welfare may not be a consequence of the reduction in habitat size per se, but rather the reduction in cognitive opportunities that likely covary with size, and that this should inform strategies to augment welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Stuart Veasey
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell NG25 0QF, UK
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11
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Ning Y, Qi J, Dobbins MT, Liang X, Wang J, Chen S, Ma J, Jiang G. Comparative Analysis of Microbial Community Structure and Function in the Gut of Wild and Captive Amur Tiger. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1665. [PMID: 32793154 PMCID: PMC7393233 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well acknowledged that the gut microbiome is important for host health, composition changes in these microbial communities might increase susceptibility to infections and reduce adaptability to environment. Reintroduction, as an effective strategy for wild population recovery and genetic diversity maintenance for endangered populations, usually takes captive populations as rewilding resource. While, little is known about the compositional and functional differences of gut microbiota between captive and wild populations, especially for large carnivores, like Amur tiger. In this study, high throughput sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene (amplicon sequencing) and metagenomics were used to analyze the composition and function variations of gut microbiota communities between captive and wild Amur tiger populations based on total 35 fecal samples (13 from captive tigers and 22 from wild tigers). Our results showed that captive Amur tigers have higher alpha diversity in gut microbiota, but that the average unweighted UniFrac distance of bacterial taxa among wild Amur tigers was much larger. The function differences involve most aspects of the body functions, especially for metabolism, environmental information processing, cellular processes, and organismal systems. It was indicated that the diet habit and environment difference between captive and wild populations lead to composition differences of gut microbiota and then resulted in significant differences in functions. These contrasts of functional and compositional variations in gut microbiota between wild and captive Amur tigers are essential insights for guiding conservation management and policy decision-making, and call for more attention on the influence of gut microbiota on the ability of captive animals to survive in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ning
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinzhe Qi
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Michael T Dobbins
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Xin Liang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingxuan Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shiyu Chen
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianzhang Ma
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangshun Jiang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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12
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Abstract
The automatic individual identification of Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) is important for population monitoring and making effective conservation strategies. Most existing research primarily relies on manual identification, which does not scale well to large datasets. In this paper, the deep convolution neural networks algorithm is constructed to implement the automatic individual identification for large numbers of Amur tiger images. The experimental data were obtained from 40 Amur tigers in Tieling Guaipo Tiger Park, China. The number of images collected from each tiger was approximately 200, and a total of 8277 images were obtained. The experiments were carried out on both the left and right side of body. Our results suggested that the recognition accuracy rate of left and right sides are 90.48% and 93.5%, respectively. The accuracy of our network has achieved the similar level compared to other state of the art networks like LeNet, ResNet34, and ZF_Net. The running time is much shorter than that of other networks. Consequently, this study can provide a new approach on automatic individual identification technology in the case of the Amur tiger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Shi
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Feline Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Siberian Tiger Park, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yonglu Cui
- Feline Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiajun Xie
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Nathan James Roberts
- Feline Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangshun Jiang
- Feline Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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13
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Kawata R, Ii T, Hori T, Machida Y, Ochiai K, Azakami D, Ishiwata T, Michishita M. Leydig cell tumor in an Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:186-189. [PMID: 30541983 PMCID: PMC6395220 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A 14-year and 8-month-old intact male Amur tiger presented with an enlarged left testis,
measuring 5.7 × 5.5 × 4.5 cm. The cut surface was mottled dark red to reddish brown in
color. Microscopically, the enlarged left testis comprised round or polygonal neoplastic
cells arranged in a diffuse sheet pattern. These neoplastic cells had a hyperchromatic
nucleus and an abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunohistochemically, these neoplastic
cells were positive for vimentin, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, melan-A, inhibin-α, and
S100 and negative for desmin and WT-1. Based on these morphological and
immunohistochemical findings, the tumor was diagnosed as a Leydig cell tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risako Kawata
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Tatsuhito Ii
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hori
- Department of Veterinary Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yukino Machida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Department of Basic Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Daigo Azakami
- Department of Veterinary Nursing, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ishiwata
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Masaki Michishita
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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14
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He F, Liu D, Zhang L, Zhai J, Ma Y, Xu Y, Jiang G, Rong K, Ma J. Metagenomic analysis of captive Amur tiger faecal microbiome. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:379. [PMID: 30509257 PMCID: PMC6278063 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gastrointestinal tracts of animals are home to large, complex communities of microbes. The compositions of these communities ultimately reflect the coevolution of microorganisms with their animal host and are influenced by the living environment, diet and immune status of the host. Gut microbes have been shown to be important for human disease and health, but little research exists in the gut microbiome of the Amur tiger, which is one of the most endangered species in the world. RESULTS In this study, we present the use of whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing to analyze the composition and functional structures of the gut microbiota in captive Amur tigers. Our results showed a high abundance of four major phyla in captive Amur tigers, including Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria. Moreover, at the genus level, Escherichia, Collinsella and Fusobacterium were most abundant in the captive Amur tiger fecal metagenome. At the species level, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium ulcerans and Fusobacterium varium were the species with highest abundances in the captive Amur tiger gut microbiota. The primary functional categories of the Amur tiger faecal metagenome were associated mainly with Carbohydrate metabolism, Membrane transport and Amino acid metabolism based on the KEGG pathway database. The comparative metagenomic analyses showed that the captive Amur tiger fecal metagenome had a lower abundance of Spirochaetes, Cyanobacteria and Ascomycota than other animals, and the primary functional categories were primarily associated with carbohydrate metabolism subsystems, clustering-based subsystems and protein metabolism. CONCLUSIONS We presented here for the first time the use of the shotgun metagenomic sequencing approach to study the composition and functional structures of the gut microbiota in captive Amur tiger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengping He
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Heilongjiang Siberian Tiger Park, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Le Zhang
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jiancheng Zhai
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yue Ma
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,State Forestry Administration Detecting Center of Wildlife, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yanchun Xu
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,State Forestry Administration Detecting Center of Wildlife, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Guangshun Jiang
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.,China Feline Research Center of Chinese State Forestry Administration, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ke Rong
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China. .,China Feline Research Center of Chinese State Forestry Administration, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Jianzhang Ma
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China. .,China Feline Research Center of Chinese State Forestry Administration, Harbin, 150040, China.
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15
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He F, Liu D, Zhai J, Zhang L, Ma Y, Xu Y, Rong K, Ma J. Metagenomic analysis revealed the effects of goat milk feeding and breast feeding on the gut microbiome of Amur tiger cubs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2590-2596. [PMID: 30017197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ingredients in breast milk can help establish a healthy community of microorganisms in the infant gut, but no research exists regarding the effects of goat milk feeding and breast feeding on the gut microbiome of the Amur tiger, which is one of the most endangered species in the world. METHODS In this study, we used whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing to analyze the effects of two different feeding patterns, goat milk feeding and breast feeding, on the composition and functional structures of gut microbiota in Amur tiger cubs. RESULTS Goat milk-fed cubs have fewer beneficial bacteria and more pathogenic bacteria and a higher microbial diversity in their gut than breastfed cubs. A total of 15 genera showed statistically significant differences; the relative abundances of Streptomyces scabiei, Streptomyces avermitilis and Streptomyces davawensis were significantly decreased, whereas those of Niabella soli, Aeromonas media and Brochothrix thermosphacta were significantly increased in the goat milk-fed group compared with those in the breastfed group. At the functional level, carbohydrate metabolism, translation and replication and repair decreased, and amino acid metabolism, membrane transport and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins increased in the gut microbiota of goat milk-fed cubs compared with breastfed cubs. CONCLUSION Our results indicate for the first time that the different milk feeding patterns of goat milk feeding and breast feeding can change the composition and functional structures of gut microbiota in Amur tiger cubs and that breastfed tiger cubs and goat milk-fed tiger cubs have distinct microbiotas in their guts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengping He
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Dan Liu
- Heilongjiang Siberian Tiger Park, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Jiancheng Zhai
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Le Zhang
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Yue Ma
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; State Forestry Administration Detecting Center of Wildlife, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Yanchun Xu
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; State Forestry Administration Detecting Center of Wildlife, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Ke Rong
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Jianzhang Ma
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; China Feline Research Center of the Chinese State Forestry Administration, Harbin, 150040, China.
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16
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Abstract
The Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) is an endangered tiger subspecies. An adult zoo-bred female was found collapsed, and died despite supportive treatment. Hematology and biochemistry showed pancytopenia and hyperglobulinemia, and serum protein electrophoresis revealed a monoclonal band in the β-globulin region. Necropsy demonstrated hemoabdomen, multifocal lytic bone marrow lesions, splenomegaly, and hemorrhagic hepatic nodules, with left medial lobe rupture. There were mutifocal hemorrhages in the subcutis, lung, epicardium, and intestinal mucosa. Histopathology demonstrated plasmacytoid cells infiltrating the bone marrow, liver and spleen, and circulating within blood vessels. On immunohistochemistry, cell infiltrates of the three tissues were positive for λ light chains, bone marrow infiltrates were positive for MUM-1 and bone marrow and spleen infiltrates were positive for CD20. These findings indicate that this animal died of hemoabdomen subsequent to multiple myeloma. This is the first time this disease has been reported in a tiger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Lee
- Pathobiology Section, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Naomi Guppy
- UCL Advanced Diagnostics, Rockefeller Building, Bloomsbury, London, UK
| | | | - Hanne Jahns
- Pathobiology Section, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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17
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Xiao W, Feng L, Mou P, Miquelle DG, Hebblewhite M, Goldberg JF, Robinson HS, Zhao X, Zhou B, Wang T, Ge J. Estimating abundance and density of Amur tigers along the Sino-Russian border. Integr Zool 2017; 11:322-32. [PMID: 27136188 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As an apex predator the Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) could play a pivotal role in maintaining the integrity of forest ecosystems in Northeast Asia. Due to habitat loss and harvest over the past century, tigers rapidly declined in China and are now restricted to the Russian Far East and bordering habitat in nearby China. To facilitate restoration of the tiger in its historical range, reliable estimates of population size are essential to assess effectiveness of conservation interventions. Here we used camera trap data collected in Hunchun National Nature Reserve from April to June 2013 and 2014 to estimate tiger density and abundance using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) methods. A minimum of 8 individuals were detected in both sample periods and the documentation of marking behavior and reproduction suggests the presence of a resident population. Using Bayesian SECR modeling within the 11 400 km(2) state space, density estimates were 0.33 and 0.40 individuals/100 km(2) in 2013 and 2014, respectively, corresponding to an estimated abundance of 38 and 45 animals for this transboundary Sino-Russian population. In a maximum likelihood framework, we estimated densities of 0.30 and 0.24 individuals/100 km(2) corresponding to abundances of 34 and 27, in 2013 and 2014, respectively. These density estimates are comparable to other published estimates for resident Amur tiger populations in the Russian Far East. This study reveals promising signs of tiger recovery in Northeast China, and demonstrates the importance of connectivity between the Russian and Chinese populations for recovering tigers in Northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Limin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Dale G Miquelle
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Ecology, Far Eastern Federal University, Ayaks, Russki Island, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Mark Hebblewhite
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Joshua F Goldberg
- Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology Program, Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | | | - Xiaodan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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18
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Sorokin PA, Rozhnov VV, Krasnenko AU, Lukarevskiy VS, Naidenko SV, Hernandez-Blanco JA. Genetic structure of the Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) population: Are tigers in Sikhote-Alin and southwest Primorye truly isolated? Integr Zool 2016; 11:25-32. [PMID: 26663570 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We used molecular genetic analyses to noninvasively identify individual Amur tigers and define subpopulations of tigers in the Russian Far East. We identified 63 individuals after genotyping 256 feces, 7 hair and 11 blood samples collected within southern, central and northern Sikhote-Alin, as well as Southwest Primorye. Analysis of nuclear DNA at 9 microsatellite loci demonstrated greater genetic similarity between animals from southern and northern Sikhote-Alin (some 500 km apart) than between animals from Ussuriskii State Nature Reserve and Southwest Primorye (less than 10 km apart at their nearest point), suggesting that a true barrier exists preventing movements of tigers between Southwest Primorye and the southern Sikhote-Alin Mountains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Sorokin
- A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyatcheslav V Rozhnov
- A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna U Krasnenko
- A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor S Lukarevskiy
- A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Naidenko
- A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jose A Hernandez-Blanco
- A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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19
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Hötte MHH, Kolodin IA, Bereznuk SL, Slaght JC, Kerley LL, Soutyrina SV, Salkina GP, Zaumyslova OY, Stokes EJ, Miquelle DG. Indicators of success for smart law enforcement in protected areas: A case study for Russian Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) reserves. Integr Zool 2016; 11:2-15. [PMID: 26458501 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although considerable conservation resources have been committed to develop and use law enforcement monitoring and management tools such as SMART, measures of success are ill-defined and, to date, few reports detail results post-implementation. Here, we present 4 case studies from protected areas with Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in Russia, in which indicators of success were defined and evaluated at each. The ultimate goal was an increase in tiger numbers to 1 individual/100 km(2) at each site. We predicted that improvements in law enforcement effectiveness would be followed by increases in prey numbers and, subsequently, tiger numbers. We used short-term and long-term indicators of success, including: (i) patrol team effort and effectiveness; (ii) catch per unit effort indicators (to measure reductions in threats); and (iii) changes in target species numbers. In addition to implementing a monitoring system, we focused on improving law enforcement management using an adaptive management process. Over 4 years, we noted clear increases in patrol effort and a partial reduction in threats. Although we did not detect clear trends in ungulate numbers, tiger populations remained stable or increased, suggesting that poaching of tigers may be more limiting than prey depletion. Increased effectiveness is needed before a clear reduction in threats can be noted, and more time is needed before detecting responses in target populations. Nonetheless, delineation of concrete goals and indicators of success provide a means of evaluating progress and weaknesses. Such monitoring should be a central component of law enforcement strategies for protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Linda L Kerley
- Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, England
| | | | - Galina P Salkina
- Lazovskii State Nature Zapovednik, Primorskii Krai, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Y Zaumyslova
- Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Zapovednik, Primorskii Krai, Russian Federation
| | | | - Dale G Miquelle
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Ecology, Far Eastern Federal University, Ayaks, Russki Island
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20
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Thomas LH, Seryodkin IV, Goodrich JM, Miquelle DG, Birtles RJ, Lewis JC. Detection of Hepatozoon felis in Ticks Collected from Free-Ranging Amur Tigers ( Panthera tigris altaica), Russian Far East, 2002-12. J Wildl Dis 2016; 52:674-6. [PMID: 27243154 DOI: 10.7589/2015-10-277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We collected 69 ticks from nine, free-ranging Amur tigers ( Panthera tigris altaica) between 2002 and 2011 and investigated them for tick-borne pathogens. DNA was extracted using alkaline digestion and PCR was performed to detect apicomplexan organisms. Partial 18S rDNA amplification products were obtained from 14 ticks from four tigers, of which 13 yielded unambiguous nucleotide sequence data. Comparative sequence analysis revealed all 13 partial 18S rDNA sequences were most similar to those belonging to strains of Hepatozoon felis (>564/572 base-pair identity, >99% sequence similarity). Although this tick-borne protozoon pathogen has been detected in wild felids from many parts of the world, this is the first record from the Russian Far East.
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21
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Hernandez-Blanco JA, Naidenko SV, Chistopolova MD, Lukarevskiy VS, Kostyrya A, Rybin A, Sorokin PA, Litvinov MN, Kotlyar AK, Miquelle DG, Rozhnov VV. Social structure and space use of Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in Southern Russian Far East based on GPS telemetry data. Integr Zool 2016; 10:365-75. [PMID: 26037451 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the spatial structure of Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) at the southern edge of their range we fitted 14 tigers (6♀♀ and 8♂♂) with 15 GPS-Argos collars between 2008 and 2011 in 2 study sites: the Ussuriskii Reserve of southern Sikhote-Alin and the Land of the Leopard National Park in southwest Primorye, Russian Far East. Fixed kernel estimates of male home ranges were larger than those of female home ranges (P < 0.05 [mean 95% fixed kernel(♀) = 401 ± 205 km(2) ; mean 95% fixed kernel(♂) = 778 ± 267 km(2)]). The home range size of females varied greatly, but on average was similar to estimates derived from earlier work further north. Low overlap of adjacent home ranges suggested that females retained exclusive territories. Real core areas of females overlapped only slightly, and remained stable over multiple years. The home ranges of adult males were smaller than those of males to the north, and in contrast to previous studies, high overlap among males indicated the absence of territoriality. Nonetheless, real core areas of males did not overlap, suggesting some spatial separation. In comparison to other tiger populations and other areas of the Russian Far East, the sex ratio in our 2 study areas was highly skewed towards males. We believe this skewed sex ratio resulted in the dissolution of territoriality of males due to an inability to defend individual females, with males resorting to scramble competition for mates. Continued monitoring of these sites to determine whether shifts in the sex ratio might result in a return to male territoriality would provide confirmation of our tentative hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Hernandez-Blanco
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei V Naidenko
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria D Chistopolova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor S Lukarevskiy
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Kostyrya
- Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok, Russia
| | | | - Pavel A Sorokin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail N Litvinov
- V.L. Komarov Ussuriskii State Nature Reserve, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Ussurisk, Russia
| | - Andrey K Kotlyar
- V.L. Komarov Ussuriskii State Nature Reserve, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Ussurisk, Russia
| | | | - Viatcheslav V Rozhnov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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22
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Kerley LL, Mukhacheva AS, Matyukhina DS, Salmanova E, Salkina GP, Miquelle DG. A comparison of food habits and prey preference of Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) at three sites in the Russian Far East. Integr Zool 2016; 10:354-64. [PMID: 25939758 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prey availability is one of the principal drivers of tiger distribution and abundance. Therefore, formulating effective conservation strategies requires a clear understanding of tiger diet. We used scat analysis in combination with data on the abundance of several prey species to estimate Amur tiger diet and preference at 3 sites in the Russian Far East. We also examined the effect of pseudoreplication on estimates of tiger diet. We collected 770 scats across the 3 sites. Similar to previous studies, we found that tigers primarily preyed on medium to large ungulates, with wild boar, roe, sika and red deer collectively comprising 86.7% of total biomass consumed on average. According to Jacobs' index, tigers preferred wild boar, and avoided sika deer. Variation in preference indices derived from these scat analyses compared to indices derived from kill data appear to be due to adjustments in biomass intake when sex-age of a killed individual is known: a component missing from scat data. Pseudoreplication (multiple samples collected from a single kill site) also skewed results derived from scat analyses. Scat analysis still appears useful in providing insight into the diets of carnivores when the full spectrum of prey species needs to be identified, or when sample sizes from kill data are not sufficient. When sample sizes of kill data are large (as is now possible with GPS-collared animals), kill data adjusted by sex-age categories probably provides the most accurate estimates of prey biomass composition. Our results provide further confirmation of the centrality of medium ungulates, in particular wild boar, to Amur tiger diet, and suggest that the protection of this group of species is critical to Amur tiger conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Kerley
- Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK.,FSBI "United Lazovskii State Nature Zapovednik named after "Kaplanov" and Zov Tigra National Park," Primorskii Krai, Russia
| | | | | | - Elena Salmanova
- FSBI "Land of Leopard," Vladivostok, Primorskii Krai, Russia
| | - Galina P Salkina
- FSBI "United Lazovskii State Nature Zapovednik named after "Kaplanov" and Zov Tigra National Park," Primorskii Krai, Russia
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23
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Goncharuk MS, Kerley LL, Naidenko SV, Rozhnov VV. Prevalence of seropositivity to pathogens in small carnivores in adjacent areas of Lazovskii Reserve. BIOL BULL+ 2012; 39:708-713. [PMID: 32214774 PMCID: PMC7088077 DOI: 10.1134/s1062359012080067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of infectious diseases in wild and feral carnivores is poorly known in Primorsky Krai, where rare species such as the Amur tiger and the Far East leopard roam. In this study we evaluated the prevalence of seropositivity in feral (cats, dogs) and wild (raccoon dog, badger, American mink, Far Eastern wild cat) carnivores to various pathogens: distemper virus, parvovirus, feline immunodeficiency and feline leukemia virus, feline coronavirus, Toxoplasma gondii, Mycoplasma sp., and Chlamydia sp. It was shown that seropositivity occurred significantly more frequent in feral animals than in wild ones. The highest percentage of seropositive animals was observed in feral dogs. It is these diseases that can be dangerous for the Amur tiger and the Far East leopard, thus affecting their populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Goncharuk
- Lazovskii State Nature Reserve, Primoskii krai, Lazo, 692890 Russia
| | - L. L. Kerley
- Lazovskii State Nature Reserve, Primoskii krai, Lazo, 692890 Russia
| | - S. V. Naidenko
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071 Russia
| | - V. V. Rozhnov
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071 Russia
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