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Gupta Y, Kumar S, Zak SE, Jones KA, Upadhyay C, Sharma N, Azizi SA, Kathayat RS, Poonam, Herbert AS, Durvasula R, Dickinson BC, Dye JM, Rathi B, Kempaiah P. Antiviral evaluation of hydroxyethylamine analogs: Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3CLpro), a virtual screening and simulation approach. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 47:116393. [PMID: 34509862 PMCID: PMC8416325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The continued toll of COVID-19 has halted the smooth functioning of civilization on a global scale. With a limited understanding of all the essential components of viral machinery and the lack of structural information of this new virus, initial drug discovery efforts had limited success. The availability of high-resolution crystal structures of functionally essential SARS-CoV-2 proteins, including 3CLpro, supports the development of target-specific therapeutics. 3CLpro, the main protease responsible for the processing of viral polypeptide, plays a vital role in SARS-CoV-2 viral replication and translation and is an important target in other coronaviruses. Additionally, 3CLpro is the target of repurposed drugs, such as lopinavir and ritonavir. In this study, target proteins were retrieved from the protein data bank (PDB IDs: 6 M03, 6LU7, 2GZ7, 6 W63, 6SQS, 6YB7, and 6YVF) representing different open states of the main protease to accommodate macromolecular substrate. A hydroxyethylamine (HEA) library was constructed from harvested chemical structures from all the series being used in our laboratories for screening against malaria and Leishmania parasites. The database consisted of ∼1000 structure entries, of which 70% were new to ChemSpider at the time of screening. This in-house library was subjected to high throughput virtual screening (HTVS), followed by standard precision (SP) and then extra precision (XP) docking (Schrodinger LLC 2021). The ligand strain and complex energy of top hits were calculated by Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MM/GBSA) method. Promising hit compounds (n = 40) specifically binding to 3CLpro with high energy and average MM/GBSA scores were then subjected to (100-ns) MD simulations. Using this sequential selection followed by an in-silico validation approach, we found a promising HEA-based compound (N,N'-((3S,3'S)-piperazine-1,4-diylbis(3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutane-4,2-diyl))bis(2-(5-methyl-1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-3-phenylpropanamide)), which showed high in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. Further to reduce the size of the otherwise larger ligand, a pharmacophore-based predicted library of ∼42 derivatives was constructed, which were added to the previous compound library and rescreened virtually. Out of several hits from the predicted library, two compounds were synthesized, tested against SARS-CoV-2 culture, and found to have markedly improved antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Samantha E Zak
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA; The Geneva Foundation, 917 Pacific Avenue, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Krysten A Jones
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Charu Upadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, India
| | - Saara-Anne Azizi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rahul S Kathayat
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Poonam
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Ravi Durvasula
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Bryan C Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John M Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA; The Geneva Foundation, 917 Pacific Avenue, Tacoma, WA, USA.
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, India.
| | - Prakasha Kempaiah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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Kaushik S, Dar L, Kaushik S, Yadav JP. Identification and characterization of new potent inhibitors of dengue virus NS5 proteinase from Andrographis paniculata supercritical extracts on in animal cell culture and in silico approaches. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 267:113541. [PMID: 33152438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE About 2.5 billion peoples are at risk of dengue virus and the majority of people, use traditional plant-based medicines to combat dengue. The whole plant of Andrographis paniculata used traditionally over past decades for health promotion. Andrographolide isolated from Andrographis paniculata is used as natural remedy for the treatment of various diseases in different parts of the world. Andrographolide has been reported to have antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, chikungunya virus, dengue virus 2 and 4. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the present study to isolate the andrographolide from the A. paniculata by supercritical fluid extraction technique and to characterize the isolated compound along with it anti-dengue activity against DENV-2 in vitro and in silico methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS Supercritical extraction condition for A. paniculata was standardised to isolate andrographolide compound at definite temperature and pressure on the basis of previous study. The andrographolide was identified by using Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1HNMR). The maximum non-toxic dose of isolated andrographolide was detected by MTT assay using a micro plate reader at 595 nm. One hundred (100) copies/ml of the DENV-2 virus was used for antiviral assay in C6/36 cells lines and inhibition of virus due to andrographolide was determined by real-time PCR assay. The purity of isolated andrographolide was determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The dengue NS5 receptor protein was docked with andrographolide and evaluated on the basis of the total energy and binding affinity score by Auto Dock (V4.2.6) software. RESULTS Andrographolide, a diterpene lactone was isolated from the A. paniculata supercritical extract at 40 °C temperature and 15 Mpa pressure. UV spectrophotometer analysis revealed that the curve of andrographolide plant extract was overlapped with reference compound at 228 nm and the similar bands were detected from FT-IR spectroscopy analysis at 3315, 2917, 2849, 1673, 1462 and 1454 cm-1 in isolated and standard andrographolide. HPTLC analysis shows the retention factor (Rf) of A. paniculata extract at 0.74 ± 0.06 as similar to standard andrographolide Rf values. The purity of isolated andrographolide was 99.76%. The maximum non-toxic dose of isolated andrographolide was found as 15.62 μg/ml on the C6/36 cell line calculated by using MTT assay. The andrographolide showed the 97.23% anti-dengue activity against the dengue-2 virus in C6/36 cell lines. Results of molecular docking showed that the interaction between andrographolide and NS5 of dengue protein with the maximum binding energy as -7.35 kcal/mol. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that isolated andrographolide from the A. paniculata possess anti-dengue activity against dengue-2 virus as revealed from in vitro and in silico method. Due to lack of the vaccine and anti-viral agents, andrographolide extracted from A. paniculata play a major role to inhibit the dengue replication. Hence, it could be a source for drug design and help to reduce the dengue infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulochana Kaushik
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Lalit Dar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Samander Kaushik
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Jaya Parkash Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
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Gao Z, Zhang L, Ma J, Jurado A, Hong SH, Guo JT, Rice CM, MacDonald MR, Chang J. Development of antibody-based assays for high throughput discovery and mechanistic study of antiviral agents against yellow fever virus. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104907. [PMID: 32798604 PMCID: PMC7426275 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of a highly effective yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccine, outbreaks of yellow fever frequently occur in Africa and South America with significant mortality, highlighting the pressing need for antiviral drugs to manage future outbreaks. To support the discovery and development of antiviral drugs against YFV, we characterized a panel of rabbit polyclonal antibodies against the three YFV structural proteins and five non-structural proteins and demonstrated these antibody reagents in conjunction with viral RNA metabolic labeling, double-stranded RNA staining and membrane floatation assays as powerful tools for investigating YFV polyprotein processing, replication complex formation, viral RNA synthesis and high throughput discovery of antiviral drugs. Specifically, the proteolytic processing of the viral polyprotein can be analyzed by Western blot assays. The predominant nuclear localization of NS5 protein as well as the relationship between intracellular viral non-structural protein distribution and foci of YFV RNA replication can be revealed by immunofluorescence staining and membrane flotation assays. Using an antibody against YFV NS4B protein as an example, in-cell western and high-content imaging assays have been developed for high throughput discovery of antiviral agents. A synergistic antiviral effect of an YFV NS4B-targeting antiviral agent BDAA and a NS5 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor (Sofosbuvir) was also demonstrated with the high-content imaging assay. Apparently, the antibody-based assays established herein not only facilitate the discovery and development of antiviral agents against YFV, but also provide valuable tools to dissect the molecular mechanism by which the antiviral agents inhibit YFV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Gao
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Julia Ma
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Andrea Jurado
- The Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seon-Hui Hong
- The Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- The Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Margaret R MacDonald
- The Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinhong Chang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, PA, USA.
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Tripathi PK, Soni A, Singh Yadav SP, Kumar A, Gaurav N, Raghavendhar S, Sharma P, Sunil S, Ashish, Jayaram B, Patel AK. Evaluation of novobiocin and telmisartan for anti-CHIKV activity. Virology 2020; 548:250-260. [PMID: 32791353 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya has re-emerged as an epidemic with global distribution and high morbidity, necessitating the need for effective therapeutics. We utilized already approved drugs with a good safety profile used in other diseases for their new property of anti-chikungunya activity. It provides a base for a fast and efficient approach to bring a novel therapy from bench to bedside by the process of drug-repositioning. We utilized an in-silico drug screening with FDA approved molecule library to identify inhibitors of the chikungunya nsP2 protease, a multifunctional and essential non-structural protein required for virus replication. Telmisartan, an anti-hypertension drug, and the antibiotic novobiocin emerged among top hits on the screen. Further, SPR experiments revealed strong in-vitro binding of telmisartan and novobiocin to nsP2 protein. Additionally, small angle x-ray scattering suggested binding of molecules to nsP2 and post-binding compaction and retention of monomeric state in the protein-inhibitor complex. Protease activity measurement revealed that both compounds inhibited nsP2 protease activity with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. More importantly, plaque formation assays could show the effectiveness of these drugs in suppressing virus propagation in host cells. We propose novobiocin and telmisartan as potential inhibitors of chikungunya replication. Further research is required to establish the molecules as antivirals of clinical relevance against chikungunya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Tripathi
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Anjali Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India; Supercomputing Facility for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | | | - Ankit Kumar
- Vector-Borne Disease Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Nitika Gaurav
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Siva Raghavendhar
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector-Borne Disease Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashish
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Bhyravabhotla Jayaram
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India; Supercomputing Facility for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Patel
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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Chen S, He Y, Zhang R, Liu P, Yang C, Wu Z, Zhang J, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Yang Q, Wu Y, Cheng A. Establishment of a reverse genetics system for duck Tembusu virus to study virulence and screen antiviral genes. Antiviral Res 2018; 157:120-127. [PMID: 30057296 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a newly emerged avian flavivirus, duck Tembusu virus (TMUV), was identified as the causative agent of a serious duck viral disease in Asia. Its rapid spread and expanded host range have raised substantial concerns regarding its potential threat to non-avian hosts, including humans. In this study, we report an infectious cDNA clone for a clinical strain CQW1 isolated from Southwest China, which is representative of the disease outbreak in the Chinese mainland. We generated a full-length cDNA clone pACYC FL-TMUV, which is infectious, and this cDNA clone-derived recombinant TMUV (rTMUV) showed comparative growth kinetics in both BHK21 cells and DEF cells compared with parental TMUV (pTMUV). In addition, rTMUV also showed the same high virulence in 9-day-old duck embryos as that in pTMUV, suggesting that rTMUV possessed similar properties to the natural virus both in vitro and in vivo. Based on the cDNA-clone, we first generated a reporter TMUV (TMUV-RLuc) carrying a Renilla luciferase (RLuc) gene. The luciferase kinetics of TMUV-RLuc were determined both in BHK21 and DEF cells. It seems that TMUV-RLuc grew well in vitro; however, the insertion of the RLuc gene attenuated viral replication in vitro. The higher viral titres of TMUV-RLuc were observed in BHK21 compared with that in DEF cells. The antiviral effects of exogenous-expressed duck RIG-I, MDA5, STING, MAVS, TBK1, IFNα and IFNγ were studied in vitro by using TMUV-RLuc. Our reverse genetics system will provide a multicomponent platform for the pathogenesis study of duck TMUV and the development of molecular countermeasures against duck TMUV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
| | - Yu He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Rujuan Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jinyue Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
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Kim E, Jhun H, Kim J, Park U, Jo S, Kwak A, Kim S, Nguyen TT, Kang Y, Choi I, Lee J, Kim H, Kim Y, Lee S, Kim S. Species Specific Antiviral Activity of Porcine Interferon-α8 (IFNα8). Immune Netw 2017; 17:424-436. [PMID: 29302255 PMCID: PMC5746612 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.6.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) have been known as antiviral genes and they are classified by type 1, type 2, and type 3 IFN. The type 1 IFN consists of IFNα, IFNβ, IFNτ, and IFNω whereas the type 2 IFN consists of only IFNγ, which is a key cytokine driving T helper cell type 1 immunity. IFNλ belongs to the type 3 IFN, which is also known as IL-28 and IL-29 possessing antiviral activities. Type 1 IFN is produced by viral infection whereas type 2 IFN is induced by mitogenic or antigenic T-cell stimuli. The IFNτ of bovine was first discovered in an ungulate ruminant recognition hormone. IFNτ belongs to the type 1 IFN with the common feature of type 1 IFN such as antiviral activity. IFNs have been mostly studied for basic research and clinical usages therefore there was no effort to investigate IFNs in industrial animals. Here we cloned porcine IFNα8 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Korean domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica). The newly cloned IFNα8 amino acid sequence from Korean domestic pig shares 98.4% identity with the known porcine IFNα8 in databank. The recombinant porcine IFNα8 showed potent antiviral activity and protected bovine Madin-Darby bovine kidney epithelial (MDBK) cells from the cytopathic effect of vesicular stomatitis virus, but it failed to protect human Wistar Institute Susan Hayflick (WISH) cells and canine Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial-like (MDCK) cells. The present study demonstrates species specific antiviral activity of porcine IFNα8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Kim
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyunjhung Jhun
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Research Group of Nutraceuticals for Metabolic Syndrome, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea
| | - Joohee Kim
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Kyungdong University Medical Campus, Wonju-si, Gangwondo 24695, Korea
| | - Unjoo Park
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Seunghyun Jo
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Areum Kwak
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sinae Kim
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Tam T Nguyen
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yongsun Kang
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Insoo Choi
- Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Joongbok Lee
- Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Heijun Kim
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Kulf Corporation, Namyangju-si, Gyeonggi-do 12241, Korea
| | - Younghyun Kim
- Kulf Corporation, Namyangju-si, Gyeonggi-do 12241, Korea
| | - Siyoung Lee
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,YbdYbiotech Research Center, Seoul 08589, Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Laboratory of Cytokine Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Collage of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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7
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Sun L, Delang L, Mirabelli C, Neyts J. In vitro Assay to Assess Efficacy of Potential Antiviral Compounds against Enterovirus D68. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2183. [PMID: 34458492 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2014 enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) caused the largest outbreak in the United States since the discovery of the virus. Distinct from before, the 2014 infections were associated with more severe respiratory disease and occasional neurological complications. So far, there are no available vaccines or antivirals for the prophylaxis or treatment of EV-D68 infections. In order to evaluate the antiviral activity of potential inhibitors of EV-D68 replication, a cell-based cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay was developed ( Sun et al., 2015 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sun
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
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Malik FZA, Allaudin ZN, Loh HS, Nee TK, Hani H, Abdullah R. Antiviral and virucidal activities of Duabanga grandiflora leaf extract against Pseudorabies virus in vitro. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:139. [PMID: 27216794 PMCID: PMC4877979 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duabanga grandiflora or known in Malaysia as Berembang Bukit, Megawasih, or Pedada Bukit, is a native plant of the Southeast Asian countries. In this study, the anti-viral properties of D. grandiflora were investigated. METHODS The D. grandiflora leaf extracts were obtained with ethyl acetate, hexane, and ethanol as solvents and labelled 37 leaf ethyl acetate (37 L EA), 37 leaf hexane (37 L H), 37 leaf ethanol (37 L ET), respectively. The cytotoxicity of the extracts on Vero cells were determined by the 3-(4,5-Diamethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay. RESULTS Among extracts, 37 L EA was most cytotoxic to Vero cells, followed by 37 L H and 37 L ET, with CC50 of 218, 833, and >1000 μg/mL, respectively. The cytopathic effect (CPE) and plaque reduction, inhibition, and virucidal assays and the selective index (SI) were employed to determine the effect of the extracts on infectivity and replication of pseudorabies virus (PrV) in Vero cells. The D. grandiflora leaf extracts showed dose-dependent antiviral activities, with higher activities at high doses. The 37 L ET and 37 L EA showed anti-viral effects through plaque formation and viral replication inhibitions, and virucidal property. The SI of the 37 L ET and 37 L EA by the viral replication inhibition assay was 8.3 and 1.9, respectively, and by the CPE reduction assay, 6.7 and 2.9, respectively. CONCLUSION Ethanol is the best solvent for the preparation of D. grandiflora leaf extract as an antiviral agent.
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de Oliveira ERA, Lima BMMP, de Moura WC, Nogueira ACMDA. Reduction of cell viability induced by IFN-alpha generates impaired data on antiviral assay using Hep-2C cells. J Immunol Methods 2013; 400-401:97-105. [PMID: 24211646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) exert an array of important biological functions on the innate immune response and has become a useful tool in the treatment of various diseases. An increasing demand in the usage of recombinant IFNs, mainly due to the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection, augmented the need of quality control for this biopharmaceutical. A traditional bioassay for IFN potency assessment is the cytopathic effect reduction antiviral assay where a given cell line is preserved by IFN from a lytic virus activity using the cell viability as a frequent measure of end point. However, type I IFNs induce other biological effects such as cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis that can influence directly on viability of many cell lines. Here, we standardized a cytopathic effect reduction antiviral assay using Hep-2C cell/mengovirus combination and studied a possible impact of cell viability variations caused by IFN-alpha 2b on responses generated on the antiviral assay. Using the four-parameter logistic model, we observed less correlation and less linearity on antiviral assay when responses from IFN-alpha 2b 1000 IU/ml were considered in the analysis. Cell viability tests with MTT revealed a clear cell growth inhibition of Hep-2C cells under stimulation with IFN-alpha 2b. Flow cytometric cell-cycle analysis and apoptosis assessment showed an increase of S+G2 phase and higher levels of apoptotic cells after treatment with IFN-alpha 2b 1000 IU/ml under our standardized antiviral assay procedure. Considering our studied dose range, we also observed strong STAT1 activation on Hep-2C cells after stimulation with the higher doses of IFN-alpha 2b. Our findings showed that the reduction of cell viability driven by IFN-alpha can cause a negative impact on antiviral assays. We assume that the cell death induction and the cell growth inhibition effect of IFNs should also be considered while employing antiviral assay protocols in a quality control routine and emphasizes the importance of new approaches for IFN potency determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson R A de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Viral Infections, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Yang YF, Yuan HY, Liu NS, Chen XL, Gao BY, Lu H, Li YY. Construction, expression and characterization of human interferon α2b-(G4S) n-thymosin α1 fusion proteins in Pichia pastoris. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:2597-602. [PMID: 15849818 PMCID: PMC4305750 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i17.2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: Interferon α2b (IFNα2b) and thymosin α1 (Tα1) exhibit synergic effects in the treatment of hepatitis B and hepatitis C when used together. For developing a fusion protein drug, fusion proteins of IFNα2b and Tα1 linked by different lengths of (G4S)n (n = 1-3) were constructed and expressed in Pichia pastoris.
METHODS: Using PCR and molecular clone techniques, the fusion genes of IFNα2b-(G4S)n-Tα1 (n = 1-3) were constructed and subcloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pPIC9. After transformation of these plasmids into P. pastoris, the expressed fusion proteins IFNα2b-(G4S)n-Tα1 (n = 1-3) were obtained. These proteins were purified through diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) affinity chromatography and Superdex™ 75 gel filtration and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Antiviral and E-rosette assays were used to investigate the bioactivities of these fusion proteins.
RESULTS: DNA sequencing confirmed that the fusion genes of IFNα2b-(G4S)n-Tα1 (n = 1-3) were correctly cloned to the pPIC9 vector. The recombinant IFNα2b-(G4S)n-Tα1 (n = 1-3) fusion proteins expressed in P. pastoris were purified with DEAE and Superdex™ 75 gel filtration chromatography. The fusion proteins could be observed on sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with molecular weight (MW) of 23.2, 22.9, and 22.6 ku, respectively, and reacted to the IFNα2b monoclonal antibody and Tα1 polyclonal antibody. The purified fusion proteins exhibit antiviral activity and can enhance the percentage of E-rosette-forming-cell in E-rosette assay.
CONCLUSION: The recombinant IFNα2b-(G4S)n-Tα1 (n = 1-3) fusion proteins were successfully expressed in P. pastoris. Purified fusion proteins exhibit both antiviral activity of IFNα2b and immunomodulatory activity of Tα1 in vitro. These results will be the basis for further evaluation of the fusion proteins’ function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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