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Bueno CG, Gerz M, Moora M, Leon D, Gomez-Garcia D, de Leon DG, Font X, Al-Quraishy S, Hozzein WN, Zobel M. Distribution of plant mycorrhizal traits along an elevational gradient does not fully mirror the latitudinal gradient. Mycorrhiza 2021; 31:149-159. [PMID: 33475799 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-01012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The influence of mycorrhizal symbiosis on ecosystem processes depends on the mycorrhizal type and status of plants. Early research hypothesized that the proportion of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) species decreases and of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) species increases along increasing elevations and latitudes. However, there is very scarce information about this pattern along elevation gradients. We aimed to test this hypothesis and to describe the trends in plant mycorrhizal status by examining the Pyrenean mountain range (from 400 to 3400 m asl). The distribution of plant mycorrhizal types: AM, ECM, ERM, and non-mycorrhizal (NM) and status (obligately, OM, or facultatively, FM mycorrhizal plants, FM) were identified based on the Pyrenean Floristic Atlas and analyzed for climatic and edaphic drivers. The proportion of AM plants decreased slightly with elevation, while ECM species peaked at 1000 m asl. The proportion of ERM and NM plant species rose with increasing elevation. The proportion of FM species increased, and OM species decreased with increasing elevation. The change of AM and ECM species, and OM and FM species, along the elevational gradient, corresponds broadly to changes along the latitudinal gradient, driven by a combination of climatic and edaphic factors. Differently, the elevational occurrence of NM plant species is mainly driven only by climatic factors (low temperature) and that of ERM species by only edaphic factors (low pH). Large-scale macroecological studies (≥ 50 km grid cell) well reflect the effects of climate on the distribution of plant mycorrhizal traits, but local data (≤ 1 km grid cell) are needed to understand the effects of soil conditions and land use.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Guillermo Bueno
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - M Gerz
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Moora
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - D Leon
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - D Gomez-Garcia
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE-CSIC), Av. Ntra. Sra. de la Victoria, S/N, 22700, Jaca, Spain
| | - D García de Leon
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Spain
| | - X Font
- Plant Biodiversity Resource Centre, University of Barcelona, Carrer de Baldiri Reixac 2, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael N Hozzein
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - M Zobel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Jansa J, Šmilauer P, Borovička J, Hršelová H, Forczek ST, Slámová K, Řezanka T, Rozmoš M, Bukovská P, Gryndler M. Dead Rhizophagus irregularis biomass mysteriously stimulates plant growth. Mycorrhiza 2020; 30:63-77. [PMID: 32062707 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi establish symbiotic associations with many plant species, transferring significant amounts of soil nutrients such as phosphorus to plants and receiving photosynthetically fixed carbon in return. Functioning of AM symbiosis is thus based on interaction between two living partners. The importance of dead AM fungal biomass (necromass) in ecosystem processes remains unclear. Here, we applied either living biomass or necromass (0.0004 potting substrate weight percent) of monoxenically produced AM fungus (Rhizophagus irregularis) into previously sterilized potting substrate planted with Andropogon gerardii. Plant biomass production significantly improved in both treatments as compared to non-amended controls. Living AM fungus, in contrast to the necromass, specifically improved plant acquisition of nutrients normally supplied to the plants by AM fungal networks, such as phosphorus and zinc. There was, however, no difference between the two amendment treatments with respect to plant uptake of other nutrients such as nitrogen and/or magnesium, indicating that the effect on plants of the AM fungal necromass was not primarily nutritional. Plant growth stimulation by the necromass could thus be either due to AM fungal metabolites directly affecting the plants, indirectly due to changes in soil/root microbiomes or due to physicochemical modifications of the potting substrate. In the necromass, we identified several potentially bioactive molecules. We also provide experimental evidence for significant differences in underground microbiomes depending on the amendment with living or dead AM fungal biomass. This research thus provides the first glimpse into possible mechanisms responsible for observed plant growth stimulation by the AM fungal necromass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jansa
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Šmilauer
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Borovička
- Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hršelová
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Sándor T Forczek
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Řezanka
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rozmoš
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Bukovská
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Gryndler
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, České mládeže 8, 400 96, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
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Zubek S, Chmolowska D, Jamrozek D, Ciechanowska A, Nobis M, Błaszkowski J, Rożek K, Rutkowska J. Monitoring of fungal root colonisation, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity and soil microbial processes to assess the success of ecosystem translocation. J Environ Manage 2019; 246:538-546. [PMID: 31202018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To compensate for an airport expansion, including construction on valuable wet meadows of a Natura 2000 system, 1.3 ha of turf, cut into blocks, were transferred to artificial basins in a habitat garden. To evaluate the impact of translocation on this ecosystem, and thus the success of its preservation, we monitored fungal root colonisation of Molinia caerulea, the diagnostic plant species for wet meadows, along with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species richness and composition in soils and soil microbial processes for three seasons: prior to the transfer (2013) and the two following years (2014-15). We observed few changes in the fungal colonisation of M. caerulea, suggesting that the fungal associations of this species were unaffected. The number of AMF species declined directly after the translocation; however, in 2015, an increased number of species was recorded. There were no differences in AMF species composition, nor did soil basal respiration rate, substrate-induced respiration (SIR), or substrate-active biomass (Cmic) change over the years. Only metabolic coefficient (qCO2) decreased after the transfer. The small number of effects in fungal root colonisation, AMF diversity, and microbial processes following the translocation of the ecosystem prove its success. This can be attributed to the deep turf translocation that kept the relevant microbial communities almost unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Zubek
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Dominika Chmolowska
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016, Krakow, Poland
| | - Daria Jamrozek
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Ciechanowska
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Nobis
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Janusz Błaszkowski
- Department of Ecology, Protection and Shaping of Environment, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Słowackiego 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rożek
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Rutkowska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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Rożek K, Rola K, Błaszkowski J, Zubek S. Associations of root-inhabiting fungi with herbaceous plant species of temperate forests in relation to soil chemical properties. Sci Total Environ 2019; 649:1573-1579. [PMID: 30308925 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The overwhelming majority of research on fungal interactions with plants in the forest ecosystems of the temperate climate zone focuses on ectomycorrhizal associations and no studies so far have compared the occurrence of root-inhabiting fungi in herbaceous plant species. We thus studied arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and fungal root endophyte colonization rates as well as AMF species richness and composition under 19 herbaceous plant species in temperate forests (southeast Poland) in relation to soil chemical properties. Seventeen species formed arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), while 2 were non-mycorrhizal. The intensity of AMF colonization varied between species. Relative mycorrhizal root length (MAMF%) ranged from 0% to 100%. AMF spore abundance ranged from 0 to 11.4 in 1 g of soils. Sixteen AMF species were recorded, both widespread (e.g. Funneliformis constrictum, Claroideoglomus claroideum) and rare (Acaulospora cavernata, Entrophospora infrequens). The composition of AMF species related to the plants differed. Fungal root endophytes were recorded only in some plants; dark septate endophytes (DSE) in 13 species, while Olpidium spp. in 6 species. Moreover, DSE mycelia and Olpidium spp. sporangia were observed with low abundance, and their occurrence differed between particular plant species. Among soil chemical properties, only the concentration of available phosphorus was significantly negatively correlated with the MAMF% parameter. In conclusion, several groups of root-inhabiting fungi were related to herbaceous plants; however, they occurred with varied frequency. AMF spore abundance and species richness differed as well; however, they persisted at a low level compared to other ecosystems. Nonetheless, we detected significant negative correlation between available P contents in soils and the intensity of mycorrhizal colonization, which suggests the importance of AM for the plants in sites with low P concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Rożek
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kaja Rola
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Janusz Błaszkowski
- Department of Ecology and Protection of Environment, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Słowackiego 17, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Szymon Zubek
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Guillermo Bueno C, Gerz M, Zobel M, Moora M. Conceptual differences lead to divergent trait estimates in empirical and taxonomic approaches to plant mycorrhizal trait assignment. Mycorrhiza 2019; 29:1-11. [PMID: 30324505 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0869-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Empirical and taxonomic approaches are the two main methods used to assign plant mycorrhizal traits to species lists. While the empirical approach uses only available empirical information, the taxonomic approach extrapolates certain core information about plant mycorrhizal types and statuses to related species. Despite recent claims that the taxonomic approach is now almost definitive, with little benefit to be gained from further empirical data collection, it has not been thoroughly compared with the empirical approach. Using the most complete available plant mycorrhizal trait information for Europe and both assignment approaches, we calculate the proportion of species for each trait, and model environmental drivers of trait distribution across the continent. We found large degrees of mismatch between approaches, with consequences for biogeographical interpretation, among facultatively mycorrhizal (FM; 91% of species mismatched), non-mycorrhizal (NM; 45%), and to a lesser extent arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM; 16%) plant species. This can partly be attributed to the taxonomic precision of the taxonomic approach and the use of different AM, NM, and FM concepts. Our results showed that the extrapolations of the taxonomic approach do not consistently match with empirical information and indicate that more empirical data are needed, in particular for FM, NM, and AM plant species. Clarifying certain concepts underlying mycorrhizal traits and empirically describing NM, AM, and FM species within plant families can greatly improve our understanding of the biogeography of mycorrhizal symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Guillermo Bueno
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai St, 51005, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Maret Gerz
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai St, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Zobel
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai St, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari Moora
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai St, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
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Majewska ML, Rola K, Zubek S. The growth and phosphorus acquisition of invasive plants Rudbeckia laciniata and Solidago gigantea are enhanced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza 2017; 27:83-94. [PMID: 27581153 PMCID: PMC5237450 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
While a number of recent studies have revealed that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can mediate invasive plant success, the influence of these symbionts on the most successful and high-impact invaders is largely unexplored. Two perennial herbs of this category of invasive plants, Rudbeckia laciniata and Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae), were thus tested in a pot experiment to determine whether AMF influence their growth, the concentration of phosphorus in biomass, and photosynthesis. The following treatments, including three common AMF species, were prepared on soils representative of two habitats that are frequently invaded by both plants, namely fallow and river valley: (1) control-soil without AMF, (2) Rhizophagus irregularis, (3) Funneliformis mosseae, and (4) Claroideoglomus claroideum. The invaders were strongly dependent on AMF for their growth. The mycorrhizal dependency of R. laciniata was 88 and 63 % and of S. gigantea 90 and 82 % for valley and fallow soils, respectively. The fungi also increased P concentration in their biomass. However, we found different effects of the fungal species in the stimulation of plant growth and P acquisition, with R. irregularis and C. claroideum being the most and least effective symbionts, respectively. None of AMF species had an impact on the photosynthetic performance indexes of both plants. Our findings indicate that AMF have a direct effect on the early stages of R. laciniata and S. gigantea growth. The magnitude of the response of both plant species to AMF was dependent on the fungal and soil identities. Therefore, the presence of particular AMF species in a site may determine the success of their invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta L Majewska
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, Kraków, 31-501, Poland
| | - Kaja Rola
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, Kraków, 31-501, Poland
| | - Szymon Zubek
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, Kraków, 31-501, Poland.
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