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Majewska ML, Rola K, Zubek S. The growth and phosphorus acquisition of invasive plants Rudbeckia laciniata and Solidago gigantea are enhanced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza 2017; 27:83-94. [PMID: 27581153 PMCID: PMC5237450 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
While a number of recent studies have revealed that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can mediate invasive plant success, the influence of these symbionts on the most successful and high-impact invaders is largely unexplored. Two perennial herbs of this category of invasive plants, Rudbeckia laciniata and Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae), were thus tested in a pot experiment to determine whether AMF influence their growth, the concentration of phosphorus in biomass, and photosynthesis. The following treatments, including three common AMF species, were prepared on soils representative of two habitats that are frequently invaded by both plants, namely fallow and river valley: (1) control-soil without AMF, (2) Rhizophagus irregularis, (3) Funneliformis mosseae, and (4) Claroideoglomus claroideum. The invaders were strongly dependent on AMF for their growth. The mycorrhizal dependency of R. laciniata was 88 and 63 % and of S. gigantea 90 and 82 % for valley and fallow soils, respectively. The fungi also increased P concentration in their biomass. However, we found different effects of the fungal species in the stimulation of plant growth and P acquisition, with R. irregularis and C. claroideum being the most and least effective symbionts, respectively. None of AMF species had an impact on the photosynthetic performance indexes of both plants. Our findings indicate that AMF have a direct effect on the early stages of R. laciniata and S. gigantea growth. The magnitude of the response of both plant species to AMF was dependent on the fungal and soil identities. Therefore, the presence of particular AMF species in a site may determine the success of their invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta L Majewska
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, Kraków, 31-501, Poland
| | - Kaja Rola
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, Kraków, 31-501, Poland
| | - Szymon Zubek
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, Kraków, 31-501, Poland.
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Rivera Y, Salgado-Salazar C, Gulya TJ, Crouch JA. Newly Emerged Populations of Plasmopara halstedii Infecting Rudbeckia Exhibit Unique Genotypic Profiles and Are Distinct from Sunflower-Infecting Strains. Phytopathology 2016; 106:752-761. [PMID: 27003506 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-15-0335-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete Plasmopara halstedii emerged at the onset of the 21st century as a destructive new pathogen causing downy mildew disease of ornamental Rudbeckia fulgida (rudbeckia) in the United States. The pathogen is also a significant global problem of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and is widely regarded as the cause of downy mildew affecting 35 Asteraceae genera. To determine whether rudbeckia and sunflower downy mildew are caused by the same genotypes, population genetic and phylogenetic analyses were performed. A draft genome assembly of a P. halstedii isolate from sunflower was generated and used to design 15 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. SSRs and two sequenced phylogenetic markers measured differentiation between 232 P. halstedii samples collected from 1883 to 2014. Samples clustered into two main groups, corresponding to host origin. Sunflower-derived samples separated into eight admixed subclusters, and rudbeckia-derived samples further separated into three subclusters. Pre-epidemic rudbeckia samples clustered separately from modern strains. Despite the observed genetic distinction based on host origin, P. halstedii from rudbeckia could infect sunflower, and exhibited the virulence phenotype of race 734. These data indicate that the newly emergent pathogen populations infecting commercial rudbeckia are a different species from sunflower-infecting strains, notwithstanding cross-infectivity, and genetically distinct from pre-epidemic populations infecting native rudbeckia hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmín Rivera
- First, second, and fourth author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705; first and second authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08906; and third author: USDA-ARS, Sunflower and Plant Biology Research Unit, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard North, Fargo, ND 58102 (retired)
| | - Catalina Salgado-Salazar
- First, second, and fourth author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705; first and second authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08906; and third author: USDA-ARS, Sunflower and Plant Biology Research Unit, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard North, Fargo, ND 58102 (retired)
| | - Thomas J Gulya
- First, second, and fourth author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705; first and second authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08906; and third author: USDA-ARS, Sunflower and Plant Biology Research Unit, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard North, Fargo, ND 58102 (retired)
| | - Jo Anne Crouch
- First, second, and fourth author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705; first and second authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08906; and third author: USDA-ARS, Sunflower and Plant Biology Research Unit, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard North, Fargo, ND 58102 (retired)
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