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Gorginzadeh M, Tajbakhsh B, Mortazi S. Preservation of ovarian tissue embedded in omentum following torsion and auto-amputation of the left ovary and fallopian tube in a 14-year-old girl: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2023; 109:108490. [PMID: 37437323 PMCID: PMC10362290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.108490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autoamputation of the ovary and fallopian tube is a scarce phenomenon particularly in adolescents but could adversely affect fertility by causing ovarian damage and loss of tubal function. CASE PRESENTATION A case of autoamputation of the left adnexa as a result of chronic torsion in the setting of an ovarian dermoid cyst in an adolescent girl is presented. The patient had also a large dermoid cyst in the contralateral ovary which was in danger of another torsion and loss of ovarian reserve and tube. Her left fallopian tube was absent and left ovary was embedded in the omentum. She was successfully managed through laparoscopic surgery. Bilateral cystectomy was performed and the ectopic ovarian tissue was saved. CLINICAL DISCUSSION Chronic torsion sometimes results in ectopic displacement of the affected ovary. While some patients may be asymptomatic, many of these cases express episodes of acute or chronic abdominopelvic pain. Hence, a prolonged pain or discomfort, even of low intensity, should not be overlooked particularly in younger patients with bilateral ovarian cysts. CONCLUSION Ovarian dermoid cysts in adolescents could possibly undergo chronic torsion resulting in autoamputation of the adnexa and ectopic displacement of the ovary. With prompt diagnosis and intervention, ovarian tissue and fertility could be preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Banafsheh Tajbakhsh
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Mortazi
- Division of Pathology Department, Milad Hospital, Tehran, Iran
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Wang M, Ning S, Liu Y, Chen Z, Jiang H, Faiz S, Luo F. Autoamputation of the appendix and survival of the amputated part: a rare case report and literature review. BMC Surg 2022; 22:249. [PMID: 35761272 PMCID: PMC9238146 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-022-01700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autoamputation of the appendix, i.e., complete separation of a part of the appendix without any surgical intervention, has been rarely documented in the literature in recent years. Herein, we report a case where the amputated part of the appendix was viable after autoamputation and reviewed the related literature. Case presentation A 39-year-old female patient was admitted to our hospital complaining of abdominal pain and subsequently underwent an emergency laparoscopic appendectomy (LA). Intraoperatively, we found an abnormally short appendix protruding from the cecum and a strip-like tissue attached to the mesoappendix, considered a duplex appendix, was resected. Finally, in conjunction with the histopathology findings and the past medical history, the patient was diagnosed with “Pseudo-duplication of the Appendix”. Conclusions Autoamputation of the appendix resulting in preserved tissue viability and absence of necrosis at both ends, can be termed as “Pseudo-duplication of the Appendix”. This condition is very rare in clinical practice and has not been reported in China, to the best of our knowledge. It has been established that the autoamputated appendix can produce chronic inflammation, intestinal fistulae and even cancer, affecting the patient’s quality of life. Accordingly, a clear diagnosis and timely management are essential. In this report, we established a novel classification for “Pseudo-duplication of the Appendix”, hoping that our report will help surgeons better understand this anatomical anomaly of the appendix, to help during the differential diagnosis process and avoid confusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiang Wang
- The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shili Ning
- The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqing Liu
- The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Chen
- The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Haodong Jiang
- The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shabnam Faiz
- The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuwen Luo
- The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China. .,Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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Habek D, Marton I, Luetić AT, Prka M. Adnexal autoamputation after torsion. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2022. [PMID: 35260940 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-022-06496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Toker Kurtmen B, Divarci E, Ergun O, Ozok G, Celik A. The Role of Surgery in Antenatal Ovarian Torsion: Retrospective Evaluation of 28 Cases and Review of the Literature. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2022; 35:18-22. [PMID: 34454073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Antenatal ovarian torsion (AOT) is rare and requires differentiating from other congenital cystic masses of the abdomen and pelvis in neonates. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the prenatal characteristics and postnatal outcomes of AOT. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, INTERVENTIONS, AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hospital records of patients (n = 28) with diagnosis of AOT between 2004 and 2020 were reviewed and their prenatal characteristics, postnatal examination, imaging, operative, and histopathological findings were evaluated. RESULTS There were 28 patients during the study period. In most of the patients (25/28; 89.3%) AOTs were detected prenatally. All were term babies with a mean birth weight of 3010 ± 466.6 g. Mean maternal age was 25.75 ± 3.65 years. Prenatal history was event-free in all and none had additional anomalies. Physical examination revealed mobile intra-abdominal cystic lesions in 16 (57.1%) patients. AOTs mimicked other pathologies as intestinal duplication cyst or mesenteric cyst (n = 7), complex ovarian cyst (n = 3), mature cystic teratoma (n = 3), simple renal cyst (n = 1), and ectopic kidney (n = 1) in 15 (53.6%) patients in postnatal ultrasonography. Elective laparoscopic surgery was performed in 26 (92.8%) patients. The other 2 patients required emergency open surgery because of acute symptoms. Ovaries were autoamputated in 17 (60.7%) patients. Histopathological examination revealed necrosis and dystrophic calcification in all specimens. There was neoplastic involvement in 2 patients (serous cystadenoma and gonadoblastoma). No complication occurred in the early follow-up period (mean: 73.9 ± 46.8 months). CONCLUSION AOTs can be detected easily during the antenatal period. Neoplastic involvement with AOTs is rare but possible. Although AOTs might mimic other cystic pathologies, it should be one of the first diagnoses to be considered, in the presence of a palpable intra-abdominal mass and complex cystic lesion in infant girls. It can be efficiently and safely managed using minimally invasive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bade Toker Kurtmen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Emre Divarci
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Orkan Ergun
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Geylani Ozok
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Celik
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
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Algaberi AK, Alhwish MA, Alshoabi SA, Alhazmi FH, Alsultan KD, Hamid AM. Autoamputated pharyngeal hairy polyp presented with aero-digestive obstruction: A case report. Radiol Case Rep 2021; 16:1570-1573. [PMID: 33981379 PMCID: PMC8085777 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A pharyngeal hairy polyp (HP) is a rare benign mass that can be surgical detached with few complications. In this report, we describe a hairy polyp in a 7-day-old neonate presented with intermittent respiratory distress and feeding difficulties since birth. Neck computed tomography was performed, and demonstrated a well-defined pedunculated heterogeneous mass arising from the right lateral wall of the nasopharynx extending downward and nearly completely obstructing of the nasopharynx and oropharynx. The central part of the mass was found relatively dense surrounded by low attenuation fatty components with enhancement of the outer wall of the mass. The provisional diagnosis was pharyngeal HP. After autoamputation at the seventh day old, HP was analyzed via histopathology examination that showed a mixture of various ectodermal and mesodermal tissues including skin, cartilage, adipose and fibrous tissue. The patient fully recovered with no residual clinical features. We report this case to elucidate the possibility of this strange behavior of pharyngeal HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali K Algaberi
- Department of Radiology, Alsafwa General Hospital, Taiz, YEM
| | | | - Sultan Abdulwadoud Alshoabi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, College of Applied Medical sciences, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, KSA
| | - Fahad H Alhazmi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, College of Applied Medical sciences, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, KSA
| | - Kamal D Alsultan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, College of Applied Medical sciences, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, KSA
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Chu YY, Lai MY, Liao HT. Early escharotomy-like procedure for the prevention of extremity autoamputation in harlequin ichthyosis. Biomed J 2021; 44:223-6. [PMID: 33853756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Harlequin ichthyosis is a rare congenital disorder, which causes restrictive circumferential encasement of the trunk and limbs. Patients usually develop compartment syndrome and sequential cyanosis of limbs and digits, leading to autoamputation. We report a case of harlequin ichthyosis in which all digits were preserved with an early escharotomy-like procedure. A 33–6/7-week-old preterm girl presented with whole body hyperkeratosis, constrictive bands on neck, chest, abdominal, limbs, and developed compartment syndrome. On the second day after birth, distal digits progressive swelling and ischemic change occurred. An escharotomy-like procedure was performed on all 4 extremities to the distal digits. All distal phalanges and nail plate were well preserved at 5-month follow-up. We concluded that for prevention of digits autoamputation in harlequin ichthyosis, early detection of compartment syndrome is necessary and an escharotomy-like procedure should be performed as soon as possible when ischemia occurs.
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Irianto KA, Martanto TW, Nugroho RP, Sindrawati O, Kloping YP. Traditional herbal treatment induced bilateral amputation of the feet in a five-year-old child: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2020; 70:110-114. [PMID: 32416479 PMCID: PMC7229236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2020.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilateral gangrene usually progress to a systemic infection and death if not treated properly. The development of bilateral gangrene to acute limb ischemia and eventually leading to auto amputation of both feet in this patient was unusual as she did not receive any medical or surgical interventions. The rare occurrence of bilateral autoamputation without any underlying vascular or neurological disorders in this patient is likely caused by vasospasm and thrombosis triggered by the herbal treatments, which possibly contain ergot alkaloids, given by the traditional healer. This phenomenon may play a part in future considerations for performing amputation to patients with possible necrotizing fasciitis.
Introduction Bilateral gangrene of both legs in a child is a rare condition which may lead to sepsis when improperly treated. In certain rare cases, autoamputation may occur instead. We report a case of bilateral symmetrical autoamputation of the feet following necrotizing fasciitis after a fall injury which was treated with herbal medicine in a five-year-old child. Presentation of case A five-year-old girl fell from a bicycle and was treated by a traditional healer by wrapping her legs with herbs and leaves. Within 24 h, the skin of both lower limbs darkened. Her vital signs show tachycardia and fever. Physical examination revealed bluish black sharp discoloration of both her lower extremities. On the 3rd day of systemic antibiotic administration, her feet, distal portion of both legs, and part of the thighs darkened progressively. The parents refused any additional intervention due to financial constraints and went back to the traditional healer. A month later, the patient returned to the hospital with both lower extremities autoamputated. The parents denied further treatment. Two months later, the patient was admitted to receive prostheses funded by the city council. Debridement of necrotic bone and soft tissue and skin grafting was performed. In the present day, the patient is in a healthy condition. Conclusion The rare occurrence of bilateral autoamputation without any underlying vascular or neurological disorders in this patient is likely caused by vasospasm and thrombosis induced by the herbal treatments which prevent the systemic spread of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komang Agung Irianto
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Dr Soetomo General Hospital, Medical Faculty of Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Prof. Dr Moestopo 6-8 Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
| | - Tri Wahyu Martanto
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Dr Soetomo General Hospital, Medical Faculty of Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Prof. Dr Moestopo 6-8 Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Rendra Praliestyo Nugroho
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Dr Soetomo General Hospital, Medical Faculty of Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Prof. Dr Moestopo 6-8 Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Oen Sindrawati
- Pathology Department, Medical Faculty Widya Mandala Catholic University, Indonesia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Diabetic foot is a major comorbidity of diabetes, with 15-25% of diabetic patients developing diabetic foot ulcer during their lifetime. Other major diabetic foot complications include cellulitis, abscess, wet gangrene, dry gangrene, and necrotizing fasciitis. Dry gangrene involves tissue necrosis due to chronic ischemia whereby the tissue becomes numb, dry, wrinkled, and dead. Although diabetic foot complications have been extensively studied in literature, there is limited data on the management of dry gangrene. METHODS We report a case series of 12 patients with diabetes-related dry gangrene in the toes, initially planned to be managed conservatively with autoamputation. RESULTS One patient had an autoamputation, while eight patients underwent surgical amputations (six major amputations, two minor amputations) for better clinical outcomes. Two patients died, while no change was observed in one patient even after 12 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION Managing diabetic dry toe gangrene by waiting for autoamputation may lead to worse clinical outcomes and should be practiced cautiously on a case-by-case basis. Early surgical intervention should be opted to improve patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Wahbi
- King Saud University for Health Sciences, Division of Vascular Surgery, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Yazawa H, Takiguchi K, Kato A, Imaizumi K. An Unusual Presentation of Ovarian Fibroma Originating from an Autoamputated Ovary. Gynecol Minim Invasive Ther 2019; 8:40-43. [PMID: 30783589 PMCID: PMC6367919 DOI: 10.4103/gmit.gmit_63_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe an extremely rare case of an unusually presented ovarian fibroma adherent to the sigmoid colon originating from an autoamputated ovary. A 64-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with an abnormal shadow that was approximately 4 cm in diameter in the pelvic cavity detected on abdominal X-ray imaging. Computed tomography demonstrated an irregularly shaped tumor with calcification in the pelvic cavity. Laparoscopy revealed that the tumor was adherent to the surface of the sigmoid colon with a discontinuous shell and empty cavity. The left ovary was lacking, although the left salpinx and right adnexa were in their normal locations. The tumor was carefully resected with cutting of the serosa of the sigmoid colon. The serosal defect was repaired with sutures. Postoperative histopathological diagnosis was old fibroma with calcification. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of extragonadal ovarian tumor originating from an autoamputated ovarian fibroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yazawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Red Cross Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takiguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ohta Nishinouchi Hospital, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Asami Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Red Cross Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Karin Imaizumi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Red Cross Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
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Lee KH, Song MJ, Jung IC, Lee YS, Park EK. Autoamputation of an ovarian mature cystic teratoma: a case report and a review of the literature. World J Surg Oncol 2016; 14:217. [PMID: 27535361 PMCID: PMC4989355 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-016-0981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Torsion is known to be the most frequent complication of ovarian teratomas. Torsion of the adnexa usually manifests with severe abdominal pain and is treated as an acute surgical emergency. However, it may be asymptomatic. Autoamputation of an ovary, along with other adnexal structures, due to previous torsion is extremely rare. Case presentation A parasitic ovarian teratoma that underwent torsion, autoamputation, and reimplantation was found incidentally during laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS). The amputated tumor was located in the omentum of the right upper abdomen of a patient with concomitant torsion of a left ovarian teratoma. The right ovary and tube were absent even though she had no surgical history. This finding could be interpreted as an autoamputation of the adnexa due to torsion of a previous ovarian cyst arising from the right ovary. We removed all masses by LESS. Conclusions Although both ultrasonography and computed tomography were performed preoperatively in our patient, the correct diagnosis of autoamputation and exact localization of the teratoma were extremely difficult. Physicians should consider the possibility of an autoamputated ovarian cyst even if preoperative radiography shows no calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun Ho Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jong Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - In Cheul Jung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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Castellani C, Petnehazy T, Gürtl-Lackner B, Saxena AK. A rare cause for a neonatal cystic abdominal mass. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2013; 20:714-6. [PMID: 23680516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine ovarian torsion is a rare event, but it is a possible cause for unilateral ovarian aplasia. Most commonly the ovary undergoes autolysis after torsion so that no tissue or remnants can be discovered on the involved side. We report a rare case of unilateral intrauterine torsion followed by autoamputation and abdominal reimplantation resulting in an intra-abdominal complex cystic mass with a review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Castellani
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Abstract
Most colonic lipomas are asymptomatic and need no treatment, whereas lesions larger than 2 cm can cause acute abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, gastrointestinal bleeding, intussusception or bowel obstruction. Autoamputation of polypoid lesions in the gastrointestinal tract is indeed a rare phenomenon, and its precise mechanism remains unknown. It presumably occurs due to ischemic necrosis of the polyp by peristalsis-induced torsion or tension. Here, we report a case of autoamputation of a giant colonic lipoma in a 48-year-old man. In our case, colonoscopic examination showed a huge autoamputated mass in the rectum and a remnant long stalk in the transverse colon. The autoamputated mass in the rectum was completely removed after fragmentation using an electrosurgical snare, and the remnant long stalk located in the transverse colon was also resected safely by endoscopic snare polypectomy. To our knowledge, these endoscopic treatments for removal of an autoamputated mass and a remnant long stalk of colonic lipoma have not been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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