Nosocomial Infections in Adults Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Review for Infectious Diseases Clinicians

Over the past ten years, there has been a rapid expansion in the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in the care of patients with refractory cardiac or respiratory failure. Infectious diseases clinicians must reconcile conflicting evidence from limited studies as they develop practices at their own institutions, which has resulted in considerably different practices globally. This review describes infection control and prevention as well as antimicrobial prophylaxis strategies in this population. Data on diagnostics and treatment for patients receiving ECMO with a focus on diagnostic and antimicrobial stewardship is then examined. This review summarizes gaps in the current ECMO literature and proposes future needs, including developing clear definitions for infections and encouraging transparent reporting of practices at individual facilities in future clinical trials.

[Management of the Central Venous Catheter in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis Treatment]

Background. Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is defined as the presence of bacteremia originating from a venous catheter and is one of the most common and costly complications, often followed by death and septicemia. Objectives. To evaluate the effectiveness of specific interventions on CRBSI reduction rates and other outcomes. Materials and Methods. The review has been performed by consulting scientific evidence through the PUBMED/MEDLINE database using MeSh terms and Boolean operators. Studies related to the formulated hypothesis have been selected and included. Results. The results showed that thanks to a series of interventions it was possible to decrease the risk of CRBSI and lowered the risk of catheter removal, hospitalization rate and morbidity rate. Discussion and Conclusions. Proper catheter care and follow-up procedures are the first steps in preventing infection. Audit and education of dialysis unit personnel is essential.

Evaluation of Nosocomial Infection in Patients at hematology-oncology ward of Dr. Sheikh children's hospital

BACKGROUND

Infections in critical care unit are high, and they are serious hospital problems. Infections acquired during the hospital stay are generally called nosocomial infections, initially known as infections arising after 48 h of hospital admission. The mostfrequent nosocomial infections (urinary, respiratory, gastroenteritis and blood stream infection) were common in patients at hospital.The aim was to study, the current status of nosocomial infection, rate of infection among hospitalized children at hematology-oncology ward of Dr. Sheikh children's hospital, Mashhad, Iran.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data were collected from 200 patient's records presented with symptoms of nosocomial infection at hematology-oncology ward of Dr. Sheikh children's hospital from March 2014 to September 2014. Descriptive statistics using percentage was calculated.

RESULTS

Incidence of nosocomial infections inpatients athematology-oncology ward was 31% (62/200). Of which 69.35% (43/62) blood stream infection being the most frequent; followed by 30.64% (19/62) was urinary tract infection (UTI), and the most common blood culture isolate was been Staphylococcus epidermidis 18 (41.86%), andour study showed that large numbers ofnosocomial UTIs causing by Gram‑negative bacteria.

CONCLUSION

This study showed blood stream infection and UTI are the common nosocomial infections among patients athematology-oncology ward. Early recognition of infections and short term use of invasive devices along with proper infection control procedures can significantly decrease the incidence of nosocomial infections in patients.