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Arocho Rosario CM, Miller RJ, Klafke GM, Coates C, Grant WE, Samenuk G, Yeater K, Tidwell J, Bach S, Pérez de León AA, Teel PD. Interaction between anti-tick vaccine and a macrocyclic lactone improves acaricidal efficacy against Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini) (Acari: Ixodidae) in experimentally infested cattle. Vaccine 2022; 40:6795-801. [PMID: 36244881 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The southern cattle fever tick (SCFT) Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is considered the most important ectoparasite of livestock in the world because of high financial losses associated with direct feeding and transmission of the hemoparasites Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, and Anaplasma marginale. Unfortunately, SCFT in many parts of the world have evolved resistance to all market-available pesticides thus driving development of new control technologies. Vaccination against ticks using the tick gut protein Bm86 has been shown to be effective against acaricide-resistant ticks. This technique has been successfully implemented in Puerto Rico for the control of acaricide-resistant R. microplus on dairy and beef cattle. Observations from Puerto Rico indicate a potentially positive interaction between anti-tick vaccination when used in conjunction with systemic acaricide treatment. In this project, controlled animal studies were completed directly comparing efficacy of anti-tick vaccination with and without systemic acaricide. Results show that the Bm86 anti-tick vaccine in combination with the macrocyclic lactone, Moxidectin, expressed a synergistic interaction, providing greater and longer efficacy than either treatment alone.
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2
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Thomas DB, Duhaime R. Medicated corn feeders to disinfest cattle fever ticks, Boophilus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), from a suburban population of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Cervidae). Exp Appl Acarol 2022; 86:431-441. [PMID: 35235093 PMCID: PMC8967753 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00699-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Following its eradication from the USA, the cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini), a vector of bovine babesiosis, has made episodic incursions into, and sometimes beyond, an established barrier zone separating tick-free from endemic areas. In large part the incursions involve hosting and transport by wild ungulates, particularly deer and antelope. One approach to disinfest ticks from wild hosts is with food baits medicated to stop parasites. The approach has had mixed success due to factors that have been previously identified with supplemental feeding of wildlife especially competition for the bait, social dominance behavior, and the availability of alternative food sources. Given that not all of the target hosts will intake a therapeutic dose of the medication (ivermectin) at all seasons of the year, an open question is whether the approach is efficacious as a stand-alone treatment or even as part of an integrated program. As detailed in the present study an intensive effort was successful in eradicating a local outbreak of fever ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Thomas
- Agricultural Research Service, Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, USDA, 22675 North Moorefield Road, Edinburg, TX, 77841, USA.
| | - Roberta Duhaime
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program, USDA, 120 San Francisco Avenue, Laredo, TX, 78040, USA
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Makenov MT, Toure AH, Korneev MG, Sacko N, Porshakov AM, Yakovlev SA, Radyuk EV, Zakharov KS, Shipovalov AV, Boumbaly S, Zhurenkova OB, Grigoreva YE, Morozkin ES, Fyodorova MV, Boiro MY, Karan LS. Rhipicephalus microplus and its vector-borne haemoparasites in Guinea: further species expansion in West Africa. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:1563-1570. [PMID: 33788020 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is an ixodid tick with a pantropical distribution that represents a serious threat to livestock. West Africa was free of this tick until 2007, when its introduction into Benin was reported. Shortly thereafter, further invasion of this tick species into other West African countries was identified. In this paper, we describe the first detection of R. microplus in Guinea and list the vector-borne haemoparasites that were detected in the invading and indigenous Boophilus species. In 2018, we conducted a small-scale survey of ticks infesting cattle in three administrative regions of Guinea: N`Zerekore, Faranah, and Kankan. The tick species were identified by examining their morphological characteristics and by sequencing their COI gene and ITS-2 gene fragments. R. microplus was found in each studied region. In the ticks, we found the DNA of Babesia bigemina, Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma platys, and Ehrlichia sp. The results of this study indicate that R. microplus was introduced into Guinea in association with cows from Mali and/or the Ivory Coast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Noumany Sacko
- Research Institute of Applied Biology of Guinea, Kindia, Guinea.,International Center for Research of Tropical Infections in Guinea, N`Zerekore, Guinea
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrey V Shipovalov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Kol'tsovo, Russia
| | - Sanaba Boumbaly
- Research Institute of Applied Biology of Guinea, Kindia, Guinea.,International Center for Research of Tropical Infections in Guinea, N`Zerekore, Guinea
| | | | | | | | | | - Mamadou Y Boiro
- Research Institute of Applied Biology of Guinea, Kindia, Guinea
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Ayana M, Gelaye A, Fesseha H, Mathewos M. Study on the distribution of ixodid ticks of cattle in pastoral areas of Yabello district, Borana zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2021; 12:e00200. [PMID: 33537469 PMCID: PMC7840475 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2021.e00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticks and tick-borne diseases cause major losses in the livestock economy. From both human and veterinary viewpoints, ticks are very important vectors. METHODS AND RESULTS This cross-sectional research was conducted to study the prevalence, tick distribution, and related risk factors in the Borana pastoral region of the Yabello district, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. A total of 445 cattle were examined for the presence of tick infestation collected from different body parts of the cattle and 89.89% (400/445) of indigenous cattle harbor a total of 7,778 adult ticks belonging to four different genera of ticks namely Rhipicephalus (78.31%), Amblyomma (13.46%), Boophilus (7.01%), and Hyalomma (1.22%). Besides, Rhipicephalus pulchellus (73.17%) and Amblyomma varigatum (7.57%) were among the most prevalent tick species identified whereas Hyalomma dromedari (0.08%) was found to be the least one. In this study, high proportions of ticks were collected from the head and ear (34.57%) followed by anus and vulva (29.47%), scrotum/udder (19.18%), dewlap and neck (8.77%), brisket (7.16%) and belly and back (0.85%). Moreover, a high proportion of Amblyomma species were collected from scrotum/udder (47.76%) and brisket (38.01%); Rhipicephalus species from head and ear (41.14%), anus and vulva (33.64%); Hyalomma species from scrotum/udder (41.05%), anus and vulva (28.42%) and dewlap and neck (20%) whereas most Boophilus species were collected from anus and vulva region (32.48%) and head and ear (31.19%). A statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed among potential risk factors like age group being higher in adult animals and different kebeles such as Dharito kebele and Dida Tuyoura ranch. CONCLUSION The result of this survey indicates that economically important ticks are widespread throughout the study areas and their presence in abundance is alerting. To minimize losses attributed to ticks and tick-borne disease cost-effective control strategy should be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwyelet Ayana
- Guagusa shikudad District Veterinary Clinic, Awi zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia
| | - Abaynew Gelaye
- Guangua District Veterinary Clinic, Awi Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Haben Fesseha
- Wolaita Sodo University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Surgery and Diagnostic Imaging, P.O. Box 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Mathewos
- Wolaita Sodo University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Pathology, P.O. Box 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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Roy BC, Estrada-Peña A, Krücken J, Rehman A, Nijhof AM. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks from Bangladesh, Pakistan and Myanmar. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:1069-1079. [PMID: 29661691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ticks of the Boophilus subgenus, classified in the genus Rhipicephalus, are widespread in subtropical and tropical regions, but knowledge on their distribution in Asia is fragmentary. The most important representatives belong to the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus complex, which is composed of species that share many morphological similarities and are therefore difficult to distinguish. In this study, adult Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) ticks from Bangladesh, Myanmar and Pakistan were subjected to phylogenetic and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses. Phylogenetic analyses of cytochrome oxidase 1 (cox1), internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and 12S rRNA gene sequences confirmed that the R. microplus complex consists of at least five taxa: R. annulatus, R. australis, and R. microplus clades A-C. Ticks from Bangladesh, Myanmar and Pakistan were assigned to R. microplus clade C. SEM images revealed a wide range of variation in the morphology of the clade C adults, including morphological features previously identified as critical for distinguishing R. microplus from R. australis, which is illustrative for the complications in identifying species within the R. microplus complex using morphology only. Further morphological, genomic and crossbreeding studies are required to elucidate the species status of R. microplus clades A-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babul Chandra Roy
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany; Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Jürgen Krücken
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, The University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Ard Menzo Nijhof
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
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Cordeiro MD, de Azevedo Baêta B, Cepeda PB, Teixeira RC, Ribeiro CCDU, de Almeida Valim JR, Pinter A, da Fonseca AH. Experimental infection of Rickettsia parkeri in the Rhipicephalus microplus tick. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 9:93-96. [PMID: 29102467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate, by means of artificial feeding, the interaction between a pathogenic rickettsia and the hard tick R. microplus. We used partially engorged females fed on calves free of Rickettsia spp. Group 1 (G1), containing 20 ticks, was fed bovine blood only. Group 2 (G2), containing 20 ticks, was fed blood containing uninfected VERO cells, and group 3 (G3), containing 40 ticks, was fed blood containing VERO cells infected with Rickettsia parkeri. Biological parameters of the non-parasitic phase and a possible bacterial transmission to the tick eggs and to guinea pigs were evaluated. At the end of oviposition, all G3 females were PCR-positive for genes specific for the genus Rickettsia. Although no guinea pigs were infected, the experimental infection of R. microplus by R. parkeri caused a deleterious effect on the oviposition and provided the first report of transovarian transmission of rickettsia in this tick.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Dias Cordeiro
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro-UFRRJ, BR465, Km 07, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruna de Azevedo Baêta
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro-UFRRJ, BR465, Km 07, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia Barizon Cepeda
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro-UFRRJ, BR465, Km 07, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Câmara Teixeira
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro-UFRRJ, BR465, Km 07, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adriano Pinter
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias (Sucen), Rua Cardeal Arcoverde, 2878, São Paulo 05408-003, Brazil
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Akuffo R, Brandful JAM, Zayed A, Adjei A, Watany N, Fahmy NT, Hughes R, Doman B, Voegborlo SV, Aziati D, Pratt D, Awuni JA, Adams N, Dueger E. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in livestock ticks and animal handler seroprevalence at an abattoir in Ghana. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:324. [PMID: 27392037 PMCID: PMC4939019 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) is a zoonotic virus transmitted by Ixodid ticks and causes Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) disease in humans with up to 50 % mortality rate. Methods Freshly slaughtered livestock at the Kumasi abattoir in the Ashanti Region of Ghana were examined for the presence of ticks once a month over a 6-month period from May to November 2011. The ticks were grouped into pools by species, sex, and animal source. CCHFV was detected in the ticks using reverse transcription PCR. Blood samples were collected from enrolled abattoir workers at initiation, and from those who reported fever in a preceding 30-day period during monthly visits 2–5 months after initiation. Six months after initiation, all participants who provided baseline samples were invited to provide blood samples. Serology was performed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Demographic and epidemiological data was also obtained from enrolled participants using a structured questionnaire. Results Of 428 freshly slaughtered animals comprising 130 sheep, 149 cattle, and 149 goats examined, 144 ticks belonging to the genera Ambylomma, Hyalomma and Boophilus were identified from 57 (13.3 %): 52 (34.9 %), 4 (3.1 %) and 1 (0.7 %) cattle, sheep and goat respectively. Of 97 tick pools tested, 5 pools comprising 1 pool of Hyalomma excavatum and 4 pools of Ambylomma variegatum, collected from cattle, were positive for CCHFV. Of 188 human serum samples collected from 108 abattoir workers, 7 (3.7 %) samples from 6 persons were anti-CCHF IgG positive with one of them also being CCHF IgM positive. The seroprevalence of CCHFV identified in this study was 5.7 %. Conclusions This study detected human exposure to CCHF virus in slaughterhouse workers and also identified the CCHF virus in proven vectors (ticks) of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever in Ghana. The CCHFV was detected only in ticks collected from cattle, one of the livestock known to play a role in the amplification of the CCHF virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Akuffo
- U.S Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt. .,Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. .,Present Address: NAMRU-3, PSC 452, P.O Box 5000, FPO, AE 09835-9998, 3A Imtidad Ramses Street. Adjacent to Abbassia Fever Hospital, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - J A M Brandful
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - A Zayed
- U.S Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A Adjei
- University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - N Watany
- U.S Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
| | - N T Fahmy
- U.S Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
| | - R Hughes
- U.S Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
| | - B Doman
- U.S Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - D Aziati
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - D Pratt
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - J A Awuni
- Veterinary Services of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - N Adams
- U.S Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
| | - E Dueger
- U.S Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt.,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Rothen J, Githaka N, Kanduma EG, Olds C, Pflüger V, Mwaura S, Bishop RP, Daubenberger C. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry for comprehensive indexing of East African ixodid tick species. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:151. [PMID: 26979606 PMCID: PMC4792108 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tick population of Africa includes several important genera belonging to the family Ixodidae. Many of these ticks are vectors of protozoan and rickettsial pathogens including Theileria parva that causes East Coast fever, a debilitating cattle disease endemic to eastern, central and southern Africa. Effective surveillance of tick-borne pathogens depends on accurate identification and mapping of their tick vectors. A simple and reproducible technique for rapid and reliable differentiation of large numbers of closely related field-collected ticks, which are often difficult and tedious to discriminate purely by morphology, will be an essential component of this strategy. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is increasingly becoming a useful tool in arthropod identification and has the potential to overcome the limitations of classical morphology-based species identification. In this study, we applied MALDI-TOF MS to a collection of laboratory and field ticks found in Eastern Africa. The objective was to determine the utility of this proteomic tool for reliable species identification of closely related afrotropical ticks. METHODS A total of 398 ixodid ticks from laboratory maintained colonies, extracted from the hides of animals or systematically collected from vegetation in Kenya, Sudan and Zimbabwe were analyzed in the present investigation. The cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) genes from 33 specimens were sequenced to confirm the tentatively assigned specimen taxa identity on the basis of morphological analyses. Subsequently, the legs of ticks were homogenized and analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS. A collection of reference mass spectra, based on the mass profiles of four individual ticks per species, was developed and deposited in the spectral database SARAMIS™. The ability of these superspectra (SSp.) to identify and reliably validate a set of ticks was demonstrated using the remaining individual 333 ticks. RESULTS Ultimately, ten different tick species within the genera Amblyomma, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) based on molecular COI typing and morphology were included into the study analysis. The robustness of the 12 distinct SSp. developed here proved to be very high, with 319 out of 333 ticks used for validation identified correctly at species level. Moreover, these novel SSp. allowed for diagnostic specificity of 99.7 %. The failure of species identification for 14 ticks was directly linked to low quality mass spectra, most likely due to poor specimen quality that was received in the laboratory before sample preparation. CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with earlier studies demonstrating the potential of MALDI-TOF MS as a reliable tool for differentiating ticks originating from the field, especially females that are difficult to identify after blood feeding. This work provides further evidence of the utility of MALDI-TOF MS to identify morphologically and genetically highly similar tick species and indicates the potential of this tool for large-scale monitoring of tick populations, species distributions and host preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Rothen
- />Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstr. 57, CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- />University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Naftaly Githaka
- />International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Esther G. Kanduma
- />Biosciences eastern and central Africa – International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, PO Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
- />Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cassandra Olds
- />Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 647040, Pullman, WA 99163 USA
| | | | - Stephen Mwaura
- />International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Richard P. Bishop
- />International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- />Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstr. 57, CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- />University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH 4003 Basel, Switzerland
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Antunes S, Merino O, Lérias J, Domingues N, Mosqueda J, de la Fuente J, Domingos A. Artificial feeding of Rhipicephalus microplus female ticks with anti calreticulin serum do not influence tick and Babesia bigemina acquisition. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2014; 6:47-55. [PMID: 25262467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are obligate haematophagous ectoparasites considered the principal vectors of disease among animals. Rhipicephalus microplus and R. annulatus ticks are the most important vectors for Babesia bigemina and B. bovis, two of the most important intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites species in cattle, responsible for babesiosis which together with anaplasmosis account for substantial economic losses in the livestock industry worldwide. Anti-tick vaccines are a proved alternative to traditional tick and tick borne diseases control methods but are still limited primarily due to the lack of effective antigens. Subsequently to the identification of antigens the validation is a laborious work often expensive. Tick artificial feeding, is a low cost alternative to test antigens allowing achieving critical data. Herein, R. microplus females were successfully artificially fed using capillary tubes. Calreticulin (CRT) protein, which in a previous study has been identified as being involved in B. bigemina infection in R. annulatus ticks, was expressed as recombinant protein (rCRT) in an E. coli expression system and antibodies raised against rCRT. Anti-rCRT serum was supplemented to a blood meal, offered to partially engorged R. microplus females and their effect in feeding process as well as infection by B. bigemina was analyzed. No significant reductions in tick and egg weight were observed when ticks fed with anti-rCRT serum. Furthermore, B. bigemina infection levels did not show a statistically significant decrease when ticks fed with anti-rCRT antibodies. Results suggest that CRT is not a suitable candidate for cattle vaccination trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Antunes
- Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Octávio Merino
- SaBio, Research Institute on Cinegetic Resources, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Joana Lérias
- CIISA, College of Veterinary Medicine, Technical University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Domingues
- Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Juan Mosqueda
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Avenida de las Ciencias, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Research Institute on Cinegetic Resources, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Ana Domingos
- Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, New University of Lisbon, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
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McCoy BN, Maïga O, Schwan TG. Detection of Borrelia theileri in Rhipicephalus geigyi from Mali. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2014. [PMID: 24709337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.01.007.detection] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Disease burden within cattle is a concern around the world. Bovine borreliosis, one such disease, is caused by the spirochete Borrelia theileri transmitted by the bite of an infected Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) species tick. A number of species within the genus are capable of transmitting the agent and are found on multiple continents. Cattle in the West African nation of Mali are infested with four species of Rhipicephalus ticks of the subgenus Boophilus: Rhipicephalus annulatus, Rhipicephalus microplus, Rhipicephalus decoloratus, and Rhipicephalus geigyi. To date, no reports of B. theileri within Mali have been documented. We tested 184 Rhipicephalus spp. ticks by PCR that were removed from cattle at a market near Bamako, Mali. One tick, R. geigyi, was positive for B. theileri, which confirmed the presence of this spirochete in Mali.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi N McCoy
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
| | - Ousmane Maïga
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Tom G Schwan
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
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McCoy BN, Maïga O, Schwan TG. Detection of Borrelia theileri in Rhipicephalus geigyi from Mali. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2014; 5:401-3. [PMID: 24709337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Disease burden within cattle is a concern around the world. Bovine borreliosis, one such disease, is caused by the spirochete Borrelia theileri transmitted by the bite of an infected Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) species tick. A number of species within the genus are capable of transmitting the agent and are found on multiple continents. Cattle in the West African nation of Mali are infested with four species of Rhipicephalus ticks of the subgenus Boophilus: Rhipicephalus annulatus, Rhipicephalus microplus, Rhipicephalus decoloratus, and Rhipicephalus geigyi. To date, no reports of B. theileri within Mali have been documented. We tested 184 Rhipicephalus spp. ticks by PCR that were removed from cattle at a market near Bamako, Mali. One tick, R. geigyi, was positive for B. theileri, which confirmed the presence of this spirochete in Mali.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi N McCoy
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
| | - Ousmane Maïga
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Tom G Schwan
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
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Reck J, Klafke GM, Webster A, Dall'Agnol B, Scheffer R, Souza UA, Corassini VB, Vargas R, dos Santos JS, Martins JRDS. First report of fluazuron resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus: a field tick population resistant to six classes of acaricides. Vet Parasitol 2014; 201:128-36. [PMID: 24560364 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is based mainly on the use of chemical acaricides, which has contributed to the emerging problem of selection of resistant tick populations. Currently, there are six main classes of acaricides commercially available in Brazil to control cattle ticks, with fluazuron, a tick growth regulator with acaricidal properties, being the only active ingredient with no previous reports of resistance. Ticks (designated the Jaguar strain) were collected in a beef cattle ranch located at Rio Grande do Sul state, Southern Brazil, after a complaint of fluazuron treatment failure. To characterise the resistance of this strain against acaricides, larval tests were performed and showed that the Jaguar strain was resistant to all of the drugs tested: cypermethrin (resistance ratio, RR=31.242), chlorpyriphos (RR=103.926), fipronil (RR=4.441), amitraz (RR=11.907) and ivermectin (3.081). A field trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of fluazuron treatment in heifers that had been experimentally infested with the Jaguar or a susceptible strain. Between 14 and 28 days after treatment, the average efficacy in cattle experimentally infested with the susceptible strain was 96%, while for the Jaguar strain the efficacy was zero. Additionally, the Jaguar strain response to fluazuron was evaluated in vitro using a modified adult immersion test (AIT) and the artificial feeding assay (AFA). With the AIT, 50 ppm of fluazuron inhibited 99% of larvae hatching in the susceptible strain (POA) and less than 50% in the Jaguar strain. Results of the AFA showed a larval hatching rate of 67% at 2.5 ppm of fluazuron with the Jaguar strain; conversely, only 3% of larvae of the susceptible strain hatched at the same fluazuron concentration. The results showed here demonstrated the first case of fluazuron resistance in R. microplus and the first tick population resistant to six classes of acaricides in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Reck
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Marcondes Klafke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - Anelise Webster
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Dall'Agnol
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Ramon Scheffer
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Ugo Araújo Souza
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Vivian Bamberg Corassini
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Vargas
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Julsan Silveira dos Santos
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - João Ricardo de Souza Martins
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
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Reck J, Marks FS, Rodrigues RO, Souza UA, Webster A, Leite RC, Gonzales JC, Klafke GM, Martins JR. Does Rhipicephalus microplus tick infestation increase the risk for myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax in cattle? Prev Vet Med 2013; 113:59-62. [PMID: 24176137 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The larval phase of Cochliomyia hominivorax (screwworm) is an obligate parasite of vertebrate animals, particularly mammals, and widespread in South America, where it remains one of the most important parasitic diseases of domestic animals. The skin of cattle highly infested by ticks, with cutaneous lesions, exudation of tissue fluid and blood scent seems to produce the ideal environment for fly attraction. However, an association between these parasites was never investigated. The aim of this work was to verify if there is an association between Rhipicephalus microplus tick load and the occurrence of C. hominivorax myiasis in cattle, and to quantify the risk. Sixty bovine (Bos taurus taurus, Angus breed) under field conditions were observed for 24 weeks, during which weekly tick counts and examination for the presence of myiasis were performed. There was a significant association between a high tick burden (24-week mean above 50 ticks per animal) and myiasis occurrence (P=0.0102). The calculated relative risk (RR) for C. hominivorax myiasis occurrence in cattle with high tick burden was 3.85 (CI95%=1.23-12.13); indicating that cattle highly parasitized by R. microplus have about four times more risk of myiasis than those with a low parasite load. As far as we aware, this is the first statistically based evidence of the relationship between R. microplus parasitic load and occurrence of myiasis by C. hominivorax. This result could be useful for the design of integrated control strategies for these parasites and to provide more information for the understanding of cattle tick parasitism in cattle production.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Reck
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil.
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Merino O, Antunes S, Mosqueda J, Moreno-Cid JA, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Rosario-Cruz R, Rodríguez S, Domingos A, de la Fuente J. Vaccination with proteins involved in tick-pathogen interactions reduces vector infestations and pathogen infection. Vaccine 2013; 31:5889-96. [PMID: 24084474 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens cause diseases that greatly impact animal health and production worldwide. The ultimate goal of tick vaccines is to protect against tick-borne diseases through the control of vector infestations and reducing pathogen infection and transmission. Tick genetic traits are involved in vector-pathogen interactions and some of these molecules such as Subolesin (SUB) have been shown to protect against vector infestations and pathogen infection. Based on these premises, herein we characterized the efficacy of cattle vaccination with tick proteins involved in vector-pathogen interactions, TROSPA, SILK, and Q38 for the control of cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus infestations and infection with Anaplasma marginale and Babesia bigemina. SUB and adjuvant/saline placebo were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The results showed that vaccination with Q38, SILK and SUB reduced tick infestations and oviposition with vaccine efficacies of 75% (Q38), 62% (SILK) and 60% (SUB) with respect to ticks fed on placebo control cattle. Vaccination with TROSPA did not have a significant effect on any of the tick parameters analyzed. The results also showed that vaccination with Q38, TROSPA and SUB reduced B. bigemina DNA levels in ticks while vaccination with SILK and SUB resulted in lower A. marginale DNA levels when compared to ticks fed on placebo control cattle. The positive correlation between antigen-specific antibody titers and reduction of tick infestations and pathogen infection strongly suggested that the effect of the vaccine was the result of the antibody response in vaccinated cattle. Vaccination and co-infection with A. marginale and B. bigemina also affected the expression of genes encoding for vaccine antigens in ticks fed on cattle. These results showed that vaccines using tick proteins involved in vector-pathogen interactions could be used for the dual control of tick infestations and pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Merino
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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