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Fong WLE, Nguyen VG, Burns R, Boukari Y, Beale S, Braithwaite I, Byrne TE, Geismar C, Fragaszy E, Hoskins S, Kovar J, Navaratnam AMD, Oskrochi Y, Patel P, Tweed S, Yavlinsky A, Hayward AC, Aldridge RW. The incidence of COVID-19-related hospitalisation in migrants in the UK: Findings from the Virus Watch prospective community cohort study. J Migr Health 2024; 9:100218. [PMID: 38559897 PMCID: PMC10978526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmh.2024.100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Migrants in the United Kingdom (UK) may be at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure; however, little is known about their risk of COVID-19-related hospitalisation during waves 1-3 of the pandemic. Methods We analysed secondary care data linked to Virus Watch study data for adults and estimated COVID-19-related hospitalisation incidence rates by migration status. To estimate the total effect of migration status on COVID-19 hospitalisation rates, we ran mixed-effect Poisson regression for wave 1 (01/03/2020-31/08/2020; wildtype), and mixed-effect negative binomial regressions for waves 2 (01/09/2020-31/05/2021; Alpha) and 3 (01/06/2020-31/11/2021; Delta). Results of all models were then meta-analysed. Results Of 30,276 adults in the analyses, 26,492 (87.5 %) were UK-born and 3,784 (12.5 %) were migrants. COVID-19-related hospitalisation incidence rates for UK-born and migrant individuals across waves 1-3 were 2.7 [95 % CI 2.2-3.2], and 4.6 [3.1-6.7] per 1,000 person-years, respectively. Pooled incidence rate ratios across waves suggested increased rate of COVID-19-related hospitalisation in migrants compared to UK-born individuals in unadjusted 1.68 [1.08-2.60] and adjusted analyses 1.35 [0.71-2.60]. Conclusion Our findings suggest migration populations in the UK have excess risk of COVID-19-related hospitalisations and underscore the need for more equitable interventions particularly aimed at COVID-19 vaccination uptake among migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Lam Erica Fong
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Vincent G Nguyen
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
- Department of Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Rachel Burns
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Yamina Boukari
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Sarah Beale
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Isobel Braithwaite
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Thomas E Byrne
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Cyril Geismar
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Ellen Fragaszy
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Susan Hoskins
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Jana Kovar
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Annalan MD Navaratnam
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Youssof Oskrochi
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Parth Patel
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Sam Tweed
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Alexei Yavlinsky
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Andrew C Hayward
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Robert W Aldridge
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London NW1 2DA, UK
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Di Fusco M, Lin J, Vaghela S, Lingohr-Smith M, Nguyen JL, Scassellati Sforzolini T, Judy J, Cane A, Moran MM. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness among immunocompromised populations: a targeted literature review of real-world studies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:435-451. [PMID: 35112973 PMCID: PMC8862165 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2035222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction From July through October of 2021, several countries issued recommendations for increased COVID-19 vaccine protection for individuals with one or more immunocompromised (IC) conditions. It is critically important to understand the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of COVID-19 vaccines among IC populations as recommendations are updated over time in response to the evolving COVID-19 pandemic. Areas covered A targeted literature review was conducted to identify real-world studies that assessed COVID-19 VE in IC populations between December 2020 and September 2021. A total of 10 studies from four countries were identified and summarized in this review. Expert opinion VE of the widely available COVID-19 vaccines, including BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen), and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Oxford/AstraZeneca), ranged from 64% to 90% against SARS-CoV-2 infection, 73% to 84% against symptomatic illness, 70% to 100% against severe illness, and 63% to 100% against COVID-19-related hospitalization among the fully vaccinated IC populations included in the studies. COVID-19 VE for most outcomes in the IC populations included in these studies were lower than in the general populations. These findings provide preliminary evidence that the IC population requires greater protective measures to prevent COVID-19 infection and associated illness, hence should be prioritized while implementing recommendations of additional COVID-19 vaccine doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jay Lin
- Novosys Health, Green Brook, NJ, USA
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