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Vinstrup J, Jay K, Jakobsen MD, Andersen LL. Single-item measures of stress during work- and private time in healthcare workers. Work 2021; 70:583-589. [PMID: 34657866 DOI: 10.3233/wor-213594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the psychosocial work environment within the hospital sector is a topic of great debate, surveys assessing stress often do not differentiate between stress related to work- and private life. Identifying risk factors associated with these domains of daily life would help improve policies as well as target relevant treatment options. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate associations between stress during to work- and private time with Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS). METHODS Perceived stress was assessed by the full version of CPSS (scores 0-40) as well as by two single-item questions related to stress related to work- and private life, respectively. Associations between these single-items and CPSS were modelled using general linear models controlling for lifestyle factors. RESULTS Overall, stress due to both work- and private time was strongly associated with CPSS scores. In the full population (n = 3,600), "never experiencing stress" during both work- and private time was associated with low stress scores (6.0, 95%CI 5.1-6.9). "Never experiencing" work-related stress but experiencing private time stress "very often" was associated with high stress scores (22.4, CI 19.8-25.1). Likewise, experiencing work-related stress "very often" but "never experiencing" private time stress was also associated with high stress scores (22.2, CI 20.3-24.2). Lastly, Spearman's r between the full CPSS and the two single-item questions about work- and private time stress were 0.62 (p < 0.0001) and 0.52 (p < 0.0001), respectively, while the two items were only weakly correlated (r = 0.32). CONCLUSION The present study shows that perceived stress due to both work and private time is strongly associated with Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale scores. The results illustrate the feasibility of using single-item questions related to work- and private time in identifying domain-specific risk factors for psychosocial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Vinstrup
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Jay
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Carrick Institute for Graduate studies, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Cape Canaveral, FL, USA
| | | | - Lars L Andersen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Kumar M, van Dijk EHC, Raman R, Mehta P, Boon CJF, Goud A, Bharani S, Chhablani J. Stress and vision-related quality of life in acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:90. [PMID: 32143668 PMCID: PMC7060585 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare vision-related quality of life (VRQOL) between acute and chronic Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and correlate this with Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) questionnaire. METHODS Patients who were diagnosed with both acute and chronic CSC were recruited in this study. Vision-related quality of life (VRQOL) was assessed with Rasch revised National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire 25 (NEI-VFQ25) and perceived stress with Cohen's PSS questionnaire in 118 subjects with either acute or chronic CSC. The quality of life score was compared between patients with acute and chronic CSC. Correlations between the functional score and visual acuity (VA), stage of CSC, and stress were studied. RESULTS There was no significant difference in VRQOL between Acute and Chronic CSC. In Acute CSC, affected eye VA correlated significantly with near vision question of the visual function subscale. Better eye VA correlated significantly with distance vision, social function, role limitation and dependency of the socioeconomic subscale. In chronic CSC, affected eye VA correlated with social function question of the socioemotional subscale and the better eye VA correlated with driving and distance vision of the visual function subscale. No other significant correlations with VA were noted. No correlations were observed between outcome of Cohen's PSS questionnaire and NEI-VFQ25 scores of acute and chronic CSC. CONCLUSION The VRQOL is similar between acute and chronic CSC. Perceived stress was not found to influence the VRQOL in CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Kumar
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, 18 College Road, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 006 India
| | - Elon H. C. van Dijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rajiv Raman
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, 18 College Road, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 006 India
| | - Pooja Mehta
- Srimati Kannuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreo-Retinal Diseases, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana India
| | - Camiel J. F. Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Abhilash Goud
- Srimati Kannuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreo-Retinal Diseases, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana India
| | - Seelam Bharani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jay Chhablani
- Srimati Kannuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreo-Retinal Diseases, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana India
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Mæhlisen MH, Pasgaard AA, Mortensen RN, Vardinghus-Nielsen H, Torp-Pedersen C, Bøggild H. Perceived stress as a risk factor of unemployment: a register-based cohort study. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:728. [PMID: 29895286 PMCID: PMC5998595 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although unemployment and high levels of perceived stress have been associated in cross-sectional studies, the direction of causation is unknown. We prospectively examined if high levels of perceived everyday life stress increased the risk of subsequent unemployment and further if differences existed between socioeconomic status-groups. Methods We included 9335 18–64-year-old employed respondents of a health survey (North Denmark Health Profile 2010) in which Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale was used to assess the level of perceived stress. Data were linked individually to national administrative registers. Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate the association between perceived stress quintiles and risk of unemployment during 98 weeks of follow-up. Analyses were further performed in subgroups defined by education and income. Results In total, 224 people (10.4%) of the high stress group became unemployed during follow-up, which was higher than the lower stress groups. After adjusting for gender, age, education and income, the risk of unemployment was 1.64 (95% CI: 1.28;2.11) in the high stress group compared to the low stress group. After adjusting for gender and age, a similar trend was observed across different education levels and among the lower income groups, but no higher risk of unemployment due to perceived stress was found among the higher income groups. However, there was no statistically significant interaction between perceived stress and income level (p = 0.841) or perceived stress and education level (p = 0.587). Conclusion Perceived everyday life stress nearly doubled the risk of subsequent unemployment in a working population. No statistically significant interactions between SES and perceived stress were found. This indicates that stress prevention among the working population should not solely focus on stress in the workplace but also include stress from everyday life. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5618-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiken Holm Mæhlisen
- Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 14, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark.
| | - Alexander Arndt Pasgaard
- Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 14, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | - Rikke Nørmark Mortensen
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vardinghus-Nielsen
- Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 14, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | - Christian Torp-Pedersen
- Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 14, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark.,Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bøggild
- Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 14, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark.,Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark
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Mikkelsen S, Forman JL, Fink S, Vammen MA, Thomsen JF, Grynderup MB, Hansen ÅM, Kaerlev L, Kolstad HA, Rugulies R, Bonde JP. Prolonged perceived stress and saliva cortisol in a large cohort of Danish public service employees: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2017; 90:835-848. [PMID: 28698925 PMCID: PMC5640736 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-017-1241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose It is well known that acute stress can lead to a transient increase in cortisol secretion, but the effects of prolonged stress on cortisol secretion are uncertain. This study examines the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between prolonged perceived stress and salivary cortisol. Methods In 2007, 4467 Danish public service employees participated in a study of stress and mental health, and 3217 participated in a follow-up in 2009. Perceived stress during the past 4 weeks was assessed by Cohen’s four item perceived stress scale. Participants were asked to collect saliva 30 min after awakening and at approximately 20:00 in the evening. The cortisol dependence on perceived stress was examined in regression analyses adjusted for effects of potential confounders. We adjusted for a large variation in saliva sampling times by modelling the time trajectory of cortisol concentrations in the morning and in the evening and examined if they were influenced by perceived stress. Results Perceived stress had no statistically significant effects on the level or time trajectory of morning or evening cortisol, neither cross-sectionally nor longitudinally. The 1 month prevalence of frequently perceived stress was low, approximately 2.5%. Conclusion Our results did not support the hypothesis that prolonged perceived stress is associated with the level or time trajectory of morning or evening salivary cortisol. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00420-017-1241-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Mikkelsen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Julie Lyng Forman
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samuel Fink
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Agergaard Vammen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jane Frølund Thomsen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Åse Marie Hansen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linda Kaerlev
- Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik Albert Kolstad
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Århus, Denmark
| | - Reiner Rugulies
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Deding U, Ejlskov L, Grabas MPK, Nielsen BJ, Torp-Pedersen C, Bøggild H. Perceived stress as a risk factor for peptic ulcers: a register-based cohort study. BMC Gastroenterol 2016; 16:140. [PMID: 27894275 PMCID: PMC5126869 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-016-0554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The association between stress and peptic ulcers has been questioned since the discovery of helicobacter pylori. This study examined whether high perceived everyday life stress was associated with an increased risk of either receiving a triple treatment or being diagnosed with a peptic ulcer. Methods Cohen’s perceived stress scale measured the level of stress in a general health survey in 2010 of 17,525 residents of northern Jutland, Denmark, and was linked with National Danish registers on prescription drugs and hospital diagnoses. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate the risk of either receiving a triple treatment or being diagnosed in a hospital with a peptic ulcer, in relation to quintiles of stress levels. Results A total of 121 peptic ulcer incidents were recorded within 33 months of follow-up. The lowest stress group had a cumulative incidence proportion of either receiving triple treatment or being diagnosed with peptic ulcer of approximately 0.4%, whereas the highest stress group had a cumulative incidence proportion of approximately 1.2%. Compared with that of the lowest stress group, those in the highest stress group had a 2.2-fold increase in risk of either receiving triple treatment or being diagnosed with peptic ulcer (HR 2.24; CI 95% 1.16:4.35) after adjustment for age, gender, socioeconomic status, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug use, former ulcer and health behaviours. There was no difference in risk between the four least stressed quintiles. Subgroup analysis of diagnosed peptic ulcer patients revealed the same pattern as the main analysis, although the results were not significant. Conclusion The highest level of perceived everyday life stress raised the risk of either receiving triple treatment or being diagnosed with peptic ulcer during the following 33 months more than twice compared with that of the lowest level of perceived stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Deding
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 14, Aalborg, Øst, 9220, Denmark.
| | - Linda Ejlskov
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 14, Aalborg, Øst, 9220, Denmark
| | - Mads Phillip Kofoed Grabas
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 14, Aalborg, Øst, 9220, Denmark
| | - Berit Jamie Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, Aalborg, DK-9000, Denmark
| | - Christian Torp-Pedersen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 14, Aalborg, Øst, 9220, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, Aalborg, DK-9000, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bøggild
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 14, Aalborg, Øst, 9220, Denmark
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