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Wong AM, Je K, Zheng CY, Jibril L, Miao Z, Glotzer SC, Mirkin CA. Arrays of Colloidal Single Crystals Engineered with DNA in Lithographically Defined Microwells. Nano Lett 2023; 23:116-123. [PMID: 36541890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lithographically defined microwell templates are used to study DNA-guided colloidal crystal assembly parameters, including superlattice position, habit orientation, and size, in an effort to increase our understanding of the crystallization process. In addition to enabling the synthesis of arrays of individual superlattices in arbitrary predefined patterns, the technique allows one to study the growth pathways of the crystals via ex situ scanning electron microscopy. Importantly, a Volmer-Weber (VM) (island formation)-like growth mode is identified, which has been reproduced via simulations. Notably, both experiment and simulation reveal that the crystallites merge and reorient within the microwells that defined the crystal growth to form single-crystalline structures, an observation not common for VM pathways. The control afforded by this platform will facilitate efforts in constructing metamaterials from colloidal crystals as well as their integration into optical devices and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa M Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kwanghwi Je
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Cindy Y Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Liban Jibril
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ziyi Miao
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sharon C Glotzer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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2
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Abstract
Gold nanorods assembled in a side-by-side chiral configuration have potential applications in sensing due to their strong chiroptical surface plasmon resonances. Recent experiments have shown that dimers of gold nanorods bridged by double-stranded DNA exhibit variable chiral configurations depending on the chemical and ionic properties of the solvent medium. Here, we uncover the underlying physics governing this intriguing chiral behavior of such DNA-bridged nanorods by theoretically evaluating their configurational free energy landscape. Our results reveal how chiral configurations emerge from an interplay between the twist-stretch coupling of the intervening DNA and the intermolecular interactions between the nanorods, with dimers exhibiting left-handed chirality when the interparticle interactions are dominated by attractive depletion or van der Waals forces and right-handed chirality when dominated by repulsive electrostatic or steric forces. We demonstrate how changes in the depletant or ion concentration of the solvent medium lead to different classes of configurational responses by the dimers, including chirality-switching behavior, in good agreement with experimental observations. Based on extensive analyses of how material properties like nanorod aspect ratio, DNA length, and graft height modulate the free energy landscape, we propose strategies for tuning the environmentally responsive reconfigurability of the nanorod dimers. Overall, this work should help control the chirality and related optical activity of nanoparticle dimers and higher-order assemblies for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hyun-Jong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Nicholas A Kotov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gaurav Arya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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Abstract
Optical metamaterials, engineered to exhibit electromagnetic properties not found in natural materials, may enable new light-based applications including cloaking and optical computing. While there have been significant advances in the fabrication of two-dimensional metasurfaces, planar structures create nontrivial angular and polarization sensitivities, making omnidirectional operation impossible. Although three-dimensional (3D) metamaterials have been proposed, their fabrication remains challenging. Here, we use colloidal crystal engineering with DNA to prepare isotropic 3D metacrystals from Au nanocubes. We show that such structures can exhibit refractive indices as large as ∼8 in the mid-infrared, far greater than that of common high-index dielectrics. Additionally, we report the first observation of multipolar Mie resonances in metacrystals with well-formed habits, occurring in the mid-infrared for submicrometer metacrystals, which we measured using synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy. Finally, we predict that arrays of metacrystals could exhibit negative refraction. The results present a promising platform for engineering devices with unnatural optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kyoung-Ho Kim
- Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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Zhou W, Liu Z, Huang Z, Lin H, Samanta D, Lin QY, Aydin K, Mirkin CA. Device-quality, reconfigurable metamaterials from shape-directed nanocrystal assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21052-7. [PMID: 32817562 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006797117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anchoring nanoscale building blocks, regardless of their shape, into specific arrangements on surfaces presents a significant challenge for the fabrication of next-generation chip-based nanophotonic devices. Current methods to prepare nanocrystal arrays lack the precision, generalizability, and postsynthetic robustness required for the fabrication of device-quality, nanocrystal-based metamaterials [Q. Y. Lin et al. Nano Lett. 15, 4699-4703 (2015); V. Flauraud et al., Nat. Nanotechnol. 12, 73-80 (2017)]. To address this challenge, we have developed a synthetic strategy to precisely arrange any anisotropic colloidal nanoparticle onto a substrate using a shallow-template-assisted, DNA-mediated assembly approach. We show that anisotropic nanoparticles of virtually any shape can be anchored onto surfaces in any desired arrangement, with precise positional and orientational control. Importantly, the technique allows nanoparticles to be patterned over a large surface area, with interparticle distances as small as 4 nm, providing the opportunity to exploit light-matter interactions in an unprecedented manner. As a proof-of-concept, we have synthesized a nanocrystal-based, dynamically tunable metasurface (an anomalous reflector), demonstrating the potential of this nanoparticle-based metamaterial synthesis platform.
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Lee YK, Li X, Perdikaris P, Crocker JC, Reina C, Sinno T. Hydrodynamic and frictional modulation of deformations in switchable colloidal crystallites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12700-6. [PMID: 32444486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921805117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Displacive transformations in colloidal crystals may offer a pathway for increasing the diversity of accessible configurations without the need to engineer particle shape or interaction complexity. To date, binary crystals composed of spherically symmetric particles at specific size ratios have been formed that exhibit floppiness and facile routes for transformation into more rigid structures that are otherwise not accessible by direct nucleation and growth. There is evidence that such transformations, at least at the micrometer scale, are kinetically influenced by concomitant solvent motion that effectively induces hydrodynamic correlations between particles. Here, we study quantitatively the impact of such interactions on the transformation of binary bcc-CsCl analog crystals into close-packed configurations. We first employ principal-component analysis to stratify the explorations of a bcc-CsCl crystallite into orthogonal directions according to displacement. We then compute diffusion coefficients along the different directions using several dynamical models and find that hydrodynamic correlations, depending on their range, can either enhance or dampen collective particle motions. These two distinct effects work synergistically to bias crystallite deformations toward a subset of the available outcomes.
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Zhou W, Lin QY, Mason JA, Dravid VP, Mirkin CA. Design Rules for Template-Confined DNA-Mediated Nanoparticle Assembly. Small 2018; 14:e1802742. [PMID: 30251440 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Template-based strategies are becoming increasingly important for controlling the position of nanoparticle-based (NP-based) structures on surfaces for a wide variety of encoding and device fabrication strategies. Thus, there is an increasing need to understand the behavior of NPs in confined spaces. Herein, a systematic investigation of the diffusion and adsorption properties of DNA-modified NPs is presented in lithographically defined, high-aspect-ratio pores using a template-confined, DNA-mediated assembly. Leveraging the sequence-specific binding affinity of DNA, it is discovered that although NP adsorption in deep polymer pores follows a traditional Langmuir adsorption model when under thermodynamic control, such NPs kinetically follow Fick's classical law of diffusion. Importantly, these observations allow one to establish design rules for template-confined, DNA-mediated NP assembly on substrates based on pore dimensions, NP size and shape, NP concentration, temperature, and time. As a proof-of-concept example, these design rules are used to engineer a vertical, four-layer assembly consisting of individual octahedral NPs stacked on top of one another, with in-plane positioning defined by pores generated by e-beam lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Qing-Yuan Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jarad A Mason
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Lin QY, Palacios E, Zhou W, Li Z, Mason JA, Liu Z, Lin H, Chen PC, Dravid VP, Aydin K, Mirkin CA. DNA-Mediated Size-Selective Nanoparticle Assembly for Multiplexed Surface Encoding. Nano Lett 2018; 18:2645-2649. [PMID: 29570302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexed surface encoding is achieved by positioning two different sizes of gold nanocubes on gold surfaces with precisely defined locations for each particle via template-confined, DNA-mediated nanoparticle assembly. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, cubes with 86 and 63 nm edge lengths are assembled into arrangements that physically and spectrally encrypt two sets of patterns in the same location. These patterns can be decrypted by mapping the absorption intensity of the substrate at λ = 773 and 687 nm, respectively. This multiplexed encoding platform dramatically increases the sophistication and density of codes that can be written using colloidal nanoparticles, which may enable high-security, high-resolution encoding applications.
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Zanjani MB, Jenkins IC, Crocker JC, Sinno T. Colloidal Cluster Assembly into Ordered Superstructures via Engineered Directional Binding. ACS Nano 2016; 10:11280-11289. [PMID: 27936578 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental studies have demonstrated a facile route for fabricating large numbers of geometrically uniform colloidal clusters out of submicron DNA-functionalized spheres. These clusters are ideally suited for use as anisotropic building blocks for hierarchical assembly of superstructures with symmetries that are otherwise inaccessible with simple spherical particles. We study computationally the self-assembly of cubic, tetrahedral, and octahedral clusters mediated by "bond spheres" that dock with the clusters at specific preferential sites, providing robust and well-defined directional bonding. We analyze the assembly process with a combination of direct molecular dynamics simulations of superstructure growth and state-of-the-art umbrella sampling techniques to compute nucleation free energy profiles. The simulations confirm the versatility and robustness of hierarchical cluster assembly but also reveal potential obstacles in the form of energetically accessible defect states. We find and study solutions for bypassing these defects that rely on appropriate selection of particle size and interparticle interaction as a function of building block shape and, therefore, provide operational guidelines for future experimental demonstrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi B Zanjani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ian C Jenkins
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - John C Crocker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Talid Sinno
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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9
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Lin QY, Li Z, Brown KA, O'Brien MN, Ross MB, Zhou Y, Butun S, Chen PC, Schatz GC, Dravid VP, Aydin K, Mirkin CA. Strong Coupling between Plasmonic Gap Modes and Photonic Lattice Modes in DNA-Assembled Gold Nanocube Arrays. Nano Lett 2015; 15:4699-703. [PMID: 26046948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Control of both photonic and plasmonic coupling in a single optical device represents a challenge due to the distinct length scales that must be manipulated. Here, we show that optical metasurfaces with such control can be constructed using an approach that combines top-down and bottom-up processes, wherein gold nanocubes are assembled into ordered arrays via DNA hybridization events onto a gold film decorated with DNA-binding regions defined using electron beam lithography. This approach enables one to systematically tune three critical architectural parameters: (1) anisotropic metal nanoparticle shape and size, (2) the distance between nanoparticles and a metal surface, and (3) the symmetry and spacing of particles. Importantly, these parameters allow for the independent control of two distinct optical modes, a gap mode between the particle and the surface and a lattice mode that originates from cooperative scattering of many particles in an array. Through reflectivity spectroscopy and finite-difference time-domain simulation, we find that these modes can be brought into resonance and coupled strongly. The high degree of synthetic control enables the systematic study of this coupling with respect to geometry, lattice symmetry, and particle shape, which together serve as a compelling example of how nanoparticle-based optics can be useful to realize advanced nanophotonic structures that hold implications for sensing, quantum plasmonics, and tunable absorbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yuan Lin
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡International Institute for Nanotechnology, §Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhongyang Li
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡International Institute for Nanotechnology, §Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Keith A Brown
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡International Institute for Nanotechnology, §Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew N O'Brien
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡International Institute for Nanotechnology, §Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael B Ross
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡International Institute for Nanotechnology, §Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yu Zhou
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡International Institute for Nanotechnology, §Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Serkan Butun
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡International Institute for Nanotechnology, §Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peng-Cheng Chen
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡International Institute for Nanotechnology, §Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - George C Schatz
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡International Institute for Nanotechnology, §Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡International Institute for Nanotechnology, §Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Koray Aydin
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡International Institute for Nanotechnology, §Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡International Institute for Nanotechnology, §Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and ∥Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Jenkins IC, Casey MT, McGinley JT, Crocker JC, Sinno T. Hydrodynamics selects the pathway for displacive transformations in DNA-linked colloidal crystallites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:4803-8. [PMID: 24639545 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1318012111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The degree to which DNA-linked particle crystals, particularly those composed of micrometer-scale colloids, are able to dynamically evolve or whether they are kinetically arrested after formation remains poorly understood. Here, we study a recently observed displacive transformation in colloidal binary superlattice crystals, whereby a body-centered cubic to face-centered cubic transformation is found to proceed spontaneously under some annealing conditions. Using a comprehensive suite of computer simulation tools, we develop a framework for analyzing the many displacive transformation pathways corresponding to distinct, but energetically degenerate, random hexagonal close-packed end states. Due to the short-ranged, spherically symmetric nature of the particle interactions the pathways are all barrierless, suggesting that all end states should be equally likely. Instead, we find that hydrodynamic correlations between particles result in anisotropic mobility along the various possible displacive pathways, strongly selecting for pathways that lead to the fcc-CuAu-I configuration, explaining recent experimental observations. This finding may provide clues for discovering new approaches for controlling structure in this emerging class of materials.
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