[Ultra-rapid lispro (Lyumjev®)]

Development of new insulins aims to mimic in a better way the natural physiology of this hormone secreted by the pancreas. Rapid insulin analogues have proven a better capacity to reduce postprandial glycaemic peaks after eating. Nevertheless, these molecules are still quite inaccurate to limit glycaemic excursions after the meals. This reality is often described by patients using continuous glucose monitoring systems. So, there is undeniably a place for even more rapid insulins. The ones named «ultra-rapid insulin» tend to better control hyperglycaemia after meals thanks to more favourable profiles regarding pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Ultra-rapid lispro (URLi) Lyumjev®, is the new ultra-rapid insulin available in Belgium. This review aims to describe its advantages compared to some other rapid insulins thanks to data obtained from trials in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

[Pathologies of the musculoskeletal system in diabetes mellitus]

Diabetes mellitus causes several micro- (nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy) and macro-vascular (coronary insufficiency, stroke, lower limb arteriopathy) complications. Some complications are less widely known, particularly the ones involving the musculoskeletal system. Even though diabetes is not specifically linked to these complications, it increases both their incidence and severity. The objective of this paper is to review the main musculoskeletal complications associated to diabetes. It describes the pathophysiology, symptomatology and treatments of these complications.

[An unusual cause of kidney disease in a diabetic patient]

Diabetic nephropathy is a complication of diabetes that affects 25-40 % of diabetic patients. This complication is usually associated with other microangiopathic disorders. We describe a case of a patient suffering from type 2 diabetes with proteinuria, and no signs of retinopathy. This case allows us to discuss and review different etiologies of proteinuria in diabetic patients, particularly in patients who don't suffer from retinopathy.

Associations between single and multiple cardiometabolic diseases and cognitive abilities in 474 129 UK Biobank participants

AIMS

Cardiometabolic diseases (hypertension, coronary artery disease [CAD] and diabetes are known to associate with poorer cognitive ability but there are limited data on whether having more than one of these conditions is associated with additive effects. We aimed to quantify the magnitude of their associations with non-demented cognitive abilities and determine the extent to which these associations were additive.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We examined cognitive test scores in domains of reasoning, information processing speed and memory, included as part of the baseline UK Biobank cohort assessment (N = 474 129 with relevant data), adjusting for a range of potentially confounding variables. The presence of hypertension, CAD and diabetes generally associated with poorer cognitive scores on all tests, compared with a control group that reported none of these diseases. There was evidence of an additive deleterious dose effect of an increasing number of cardiometabolic diseases, for reasoning scores (unstandardized additive dose beta per disease = -0.052 score points out of 13, 95% CI [confidence intervals] -0.063 to - 0.041, P < 0.001), log reaction time scores (exponentiated beta = 1.005, i.e. 0.5% slower, 95% CI 1.004-1.005, P < 0.001) and log memory errors (exponentiated beta = 1.005 i.e. 0.5% more errors; 95% CI 1.003-1.008).

CONCLUSION

Cardiometabolic diseases are associated with worse cognitive abilities, and the potential effect of an increasing number of cardiometabolic conditions appears additive. These results reinforce the notion that preventing or delaying cardiovascular disease or diabetes may delay cognitive decline and possible dementia.