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Shamanskiy V, Mikhailova AA, Tretiakov EO, Ushakova K, Mikhailova AG, Oreshkov S, Knorre DA, Ree N, Overdevest JB, Lukowski SW, Gostimskaya I, Yurov V, Liou CW, Lin TK, Kunz WS, Reymond A, Mazunin I, Bazykin GA, Fellay J, Tanaka M, Khrapko K, Gunbin K, Popadin K. Secondary structure of the human mitochondrial genome affects formation of deletions. BMC Biol 2023; 21:103. [PMID: 37158879 PMCID: PMC10166460 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging in postmitotic tissues is associated with clonal expansion of somatic mitochondrial deletions, the origin of which is not well understood. Such deletions are often flanked by direct nucleotide repeats, but this alone does not fully explain their distribution. Here, we hypothesized that the close proximity of direct repeats on single-stranded mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) might play a role in the formation of deletions. RESULTS By analyzing human mtDNA deletions in the major arc of mtDNA, which is single-stranded during replication and is characterized by a high number of deletions, we found a non-uniform distribution with a "hot spot" where one deletion breakpoint occurred within the region of 6-9 kb and another within 13-16 kb of the mtDNA. This distribution was not explained by the presence of direct repeats, suggesting that other factors, such as the spatial proximity of these two regions, can be the cause. In silico analyses revealed that the single-stranded major arc may be organized as a large-scale hairpin-like loop with a center close to 11 kb and contacting regions between 6-9 kb and 13-16 kb, which would explain the high deletion activity in this contact zone. The direct repeats located within the contact zone, such as the well-known common repeat with a first arm at 8470-8482 bp (base pair) and a second arm at 13,447-13,459 bp, are three times more likely to cause deletions compared to direct repeats located outside of the contact zone. A comparison of age- and disease-associated deletions demonstrated that the contact zone plays a crucial role in explaining the age-associated deletions, emphasizing its importance in the rate of healthy aging. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we provide topological insights into the mechanism of age-associated deletion formation in human mtDNA, which could be used to predict somatic deletion burden and maximum lifespan in different human haplogroups and mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Shamanskiy
- Center for Mitochondrial Functional Genomics, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Alina A Mikhailova
- Center for Mitochondrial Functional Genomics, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Evgenii O Tretiakov
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Ushakova
- Center for Mitochondrial Functional Genomics, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Alina G Mikhailova
- Center for Mitochondrial Functional Genomics, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei Oreshkov
- Center for Mitochondrial Functional Genomics, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Knorre
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Ree
- Center for Mitochondrial Functional Genomics, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Jonathan B Overdevest
- Department of Otolaryngology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Samuel W Lukowski
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Irina Gostimskaya
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Valerian Yurov
- Center for Mitochondrial Functional Genomics, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wolfram S Kunz
- Division of Neurochemistry, Department of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ilya Mazunin
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgii A Bazykin
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jacques Fellay
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Masashi Tanaka
- Department for Health and Longevity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, IMS Miyoshi General Hospital, Fujikubo, Miyoshi-Machi, Iruma, Saitama Prefecture, 974-3354-0041, Japan
| | | | - Konstantin Gunbin
- Center for Mitochondrial Functional Genomics, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin Popadin
- Center for Mitochondrial Functional Genomics, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Raman G, Lee EM, Park S. Intracellular DNA transfer events restricted to the genus Convallaria within the Asparagaceae family: Possible mechanisms and potential as genetic markers for biographical studies. Genomics 2021; 113:2906-2918. [PMID: 34182083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular gene transfer among plant genomes is a common phenomenon. Due to their high conservation and high plastid membrane integrity, chloroplast (cp) genomes incorporate foreign genetic material very rarely. Convallaria is a small monocotyledonous genus consisting of C. keiskei, C. majalis and C. montana. Here, we characterized, analyzed and identified 3.3 and 3.7 kb of mitochondrial DNA sequences in the plastome (MCP) of C. majalis and C. montana, respectively. We identified 6 bp and 23 bp direct repeats and mitochondrial pseudogenes, with rps3, rps19 and rpl10 identified in the MCP region. Additionally, we developed novel plastid molecular genetic markers to differentiate Convallaria spp. based on 21 populations. BEAST and biogeographical analyses suggested that Convallaria separated into Eurasian and North American lineages during the middle Pliocene and originated in East Asia. Vicariance in the genus was followed by dispersal into Europe and southeastern North America. These analyses indicate that the MCP event was restricted to the genus Convallaria of Asparagaceae, in contrast to similar events that occurred in its common ancestors with other families of land plants. However, further mitochondrial and population studies are necessary to understand the integration of the MCP region and gene flow in the genus Convallaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurusamy Raman
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsan-buk 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Mi Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsan-buk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - SeonJoo Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsan-buk 38541, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Ding T, Huang C, Liang Z, Ma X, Wang N, Huo YX. Reversed paired-gRNA plasmid cloning strategy for efficient genome editing in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:63. [PMID: 32156270 PMCID: PMC7063769 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-expression of two distinct guide RNAs (gRNAs) has been used to facilitate the application of CRISPR/Cas9 system in fields such as large genomic deletion. The paired gRNAs are often placed adjacently in the same direction and expressed individually by two identical promoters, constituting direct repeats (DRs) which are susceptible to self-homologous recombination. As a result, the paired-gRNA plasmids cannot remain stable, which greatly prevents extensible applications of CRISPR/Cas9 system. RESULTS To address this limitation, different DRs-involved paired-gRNA plasmids were designed and the events of recombination were characterized. Deletion between DRs occurred with high frequencies during plasmid construction and subsequent plasmid propagation. This recombination event was RecA-independent, which agreed with the replication slippage model. To increase plasmid stability, a reversed paired-gRNA plasmids (RPGPs) cloning strategy was developed by converting DRs to the more stable invert repeats (IRs), which completely eliminated DRs-induced recombination. Using RPGPs, rapid deletion of chromosome fragments up to 100 kb with an efficiency of 83.33% was achieved in Escherichia coli. CONCLUSIONS The RPGPs cloning strategy serves as a general solution to avoid plasmid RecA-independent recombination. It can be adapted to applications that rely on paired gRNAs or repeated genetic parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ding
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
- SIP-UCLA Institute for Technology Advancement, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chaoyong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zeyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yi-Xin Huo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
- SIP-UCLA Institute for Technology Advancement, Suzhou, 215123, China
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Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and their associated proteins (Cas) are essential genetic elements in many archaeal and bacterial genomes, playing a key role in a prokaryote adaptive immune system against invasive foreign elements. In recent years, the CRISPR-Cas system has also been engineered to facilitate target gene editing in eukaryotic genomes. Bioinformatics played an essential role in the detection and analysis of CRISPR systems and here we review the bioinformatics-based efforts that pushed the field of CRISPR-Cas research further. We discuss the bioinformatics tools that have been published over the last few years and, finally, present the most popular tools for the design of CRISPR-Cas9 guides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Meier
- Computational Biology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | | | - Rolf Backofen
- Chair of Bioinformatics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Björn Voß
- Computational Biology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Khaidakov M. Species-specific lifespans: Can it be a lottery based on the mode of mitochondrial DNA replication? Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 155:1-6. [PMID: 26930297 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the aging process is, in part, driven by accumulation of large deletions in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Here, I present a hypothesis that significant variations in lifespans can be explained by species-specific mtDNA sequence features that cause a shift in the mode of mtDNA replication and thus preclude the formation of large deletions.
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Libura M, Pawełczyk M, Florek I, Matiakowska K, Jaźwiec B, Borg K, Solarska I, Zawada M, Czekalska S, Libura J, Salamanczuk Z, Jakóbczyk M, Mucha B, Duszeńko E, Soszyńska K, Karabin K, Piątkowska-Jakubas B, Całbecka M, Gajkowska-Kulig J, Gadomska G, Kiełbiński M, Ejduk A, Kata D, Grosicki S, Kyrcz-Krzemień S, Warzocha K, Kuliczkowski K, Skotnicki A, Jęrzejczak WW, Haus O. CEBPA copy number variations in normal karyotype acute myeloid leukemia: Possible role of breakpoint-associated microhomology and chromatin status in CEBPA mutagenesis. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2015; 55:284-92. [PMID: 26460249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNV) in CEBPA locus represent heterogeneous group of mutations accompanying acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The aim of this study was to characterize different CEBPA mutation categories in regard to biological data like age, cytology, CD7, and molecular markers, and identify possible factors affecting their etiology. We report here the incidence of 12.6% of CEBPA mutants in the population of 262 normal karyotype AML (NK-AML) patients. We confirmed that double mutant AMLs presented uniform biological features when compared to single CEBPA mutations and accompanied mostly younger patients. We hypothesized that pathogenesis of distinct CEBPA mutation categories might be influenced by different factors. The detailed sequence analysis revealed frequent breakpoint-associated microhomologies of 2 to 12bp. The analysis of distribution of microhomology motifs along CEBPA gene showed that longer stretches of microhomology at the mutational junctions were relatively rare by chance which suggests their functional role in the CEBPA mutagenesis. Additionally, accurate quantification of CEBPA transcript levels showed that double CEBPA mutations correlated with high-level CEBPA expression, whereas single N-terminal CEBPA mutations were associated with low-level CEBPA expression. This might suggest that high-level CEBPA expression and/or accessibility of CEBPA locus contribute to B-ZIP in-frame duplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Libura
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Internal Diseases, Medical University and University Hospital, 1A Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Pawełczyk
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Internal Diseases, Medical University and University Hospital, 1A Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Izabella Florek
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University, 19 Kopernika Str., 31-501 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Karolina Matiakowska
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 9 Skłodowska-Curie Str., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Bożena Jaźwiec
- Department of Haematology, Blood Neoplasms, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University, 4 Pasteura Str., 50-367 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Borg
- Institute of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, 14 Gandhi Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Iwona Solarska
- Institute of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, 14 Gandhi Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Zawada
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University, 19 Kopernika Str., 31-501 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Czekalska
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University, 19 Kopernika Str., 31-501 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Libura
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Internal Diseases, Medical University and University Hospital, 1A Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Zoriana Salamanczuk
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University, 19 Kopernika Str., 31-501 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Jakóbczyk
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University, 19 Kopernika Str., 31-501 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Barbara Mucha
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 9 Skłodowska-Curie Str., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Ewa Duszeńko
- Department of Haematology, Blood Neoplasms, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University, 4 Pasteura Str., 50-367 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Soszyńska
- Department of Haematology, Blood Neoplasms, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University, 4 Pasteura Str., 50-367 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Karolina Karabin
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Internal Diseases, Medical University and University Hospital, 1A Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Beata Piątkowska-Jakubas
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University, 19 Kopernika Str., 31-501 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Całbecka
- Department of Haematology, Copernicus Hospital, 17/19 Batory Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | | | - Grażyna Gadomska
- Department of Haematology, Dr Biziel University Hospital, 75 Ujejskiego Str., 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Marek Kiełbiński
- Department of Haematology, Blood Neoplasms, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University, 4 Pasteura Str., 50-367 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Ejduk
- Institute of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, 14 Gandhi Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Kata
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Silesia, 20/24 Francuska str., 40-027 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Grosicki
- Department of Hematology, SPZOZ ZSM Chorzów, 11 Strzelców Bytomskich Str., 41-500 Chorzów, Poland.
| | - Sławomira Kyrcz-Krzemień
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Silesia, 20/24 Francuska str., 40-027 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Warzocha
- Institute of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, 14 Gandhi Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kazimierz Kuliczkowski
- Department of Haematology, Blood Neoplasms, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University, 4 Pasteura Str., 50-367 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Aleksander Skotnicki
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University, 19 Kopernika Str., 31-501 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Wiesław Wiktor Jęrzejczak
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Internal Diseases, Medical University and University Hospital, 1A Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Olga Haus
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 9 Skłodowska-Curie Str., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; Department of Haematology, Blood Neoplasms, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University, 4 Pasteura Str., 50-367 Wrocław, Poland.
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Umene K, Yoshida M, Fukumaki Y. Genetic variability in the region encompassing reiteration VII of herpes simplex virus type 1, including deletions and multiplications related to recombination between direct repeats. Springerplus 2015; 4:200. [PMID: 26020018 PMCID: PMC4439413 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A number of tandemly reiterated sequences are present on the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA molecule of 152 kbp. While regions containing tandem reiterations were usually unstable, reiteration VII, which is present within the protein coding regions of gene US10 and US11, was stable; hence, reiteration VII could be used as a genetic marker. In the present study, the nucleotide sequences (159–213 bp) of a region encompassing reiteration VII of 62 HSV-1 isolates were compared with that of strain 17 as the standard strain, and the genetic variability of base substitutions, deletions, and multiplications was revealed. Base substitution was observed in nine residues on the region flanking reiteration VII and sixty-two HSV-1 isolates were classified into twelve groups based on these base substitutions. Deletions, which were present in all sixty-two isolates, were classified into six groups. Multiplications, which were present in 19 isolates having the same deletion (named del-2), were classified into four groups. The sixty-two isolates were classified into twenty patterns based on variations in the region encompassing reiteration VII, and the region encompassing reiteration VII was considered to be useful for studies on the molecular epidemiology and evolution of HSV-1. The lengths of these deletions and multiplications were multiples of 3; thus, a frame-shift mutation was not induced, and a mechanism to maintain the functions of US10 and US11 was suggested. A series of multiplications, which consisted of the duplication, triplication, and tetraplication of the same sequence, were found. Since all isolates with a multiplication had del-2, multiplications were assumed to be generated after the generation of del-2, and an isolate with del-2 was considered to have the ability to generate a multiplication. Recombination between a pair of direct repeats in and around reiteration VII was accountable for the generation of deletions and multiplications, indicating the recombinogenic property of the region encompassing reiteration VII. A correlation was revealed between a set of 20 DNA polymorphisms widely present on the HSV-1 genome and the base substitutions and deletions of the region encompassing reiteration VII, using discriminant analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Umene
- Department of Nutrition & Health Science, Faculty of Human Environmental Science, Fukuoka Woman's University, Fukuoka, 813-8529 Japan
| | - Masami Yoshida
- Department of Dermatology, Sakura Medical Center, School of Medicine, Toho University, Sakura, Chiba 285-8741 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fukumaki
- Division of Human Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetic Information, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
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