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Park KM, Kim HJ, Park KJ, Koo M. Susceptibility of emetic and enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus grown at high temperature to disinfectants. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16863. [PMID: 37484226 PMCID: PMC10360960 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of emetic strains in food products is rare; however, infection with these may be fatal to the vulnerable population. Bacterial control of the emetic Bacillus cereus strains is still unclear. This study aimed to assess the influence of high temperature on the disinfection of emetic and enterotoxigenic B. cereus. Emetic B. cereus strains survived up to 50 °C; the lag time and maximum growth rate were higher at 42 °C than those at 30 °C. Compared to enterotoxigenic B. cereus, all emetic food strains showed higher minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations for sodium hypochlorite and citric acid. The disinfectant susceptibility of the emetic B. cereus OS-05 strain incubated at a higher temperature did not increase and was maintained at the highest MBC value. In all emetic B. cereus strains, enterotoxin gene expression was upregulated at 42 °C and 45 °C. Increased ces gene expression was also found in emetic B. cereus strains GP-15 and OS-05, with upregulation of 128- and 820-fold at 42 °C. Thus, emetic B. cereus grown at high temperatures may resist common disinfectants of the food industry. The findings may help control B. cereus in food or the food processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Min Park
- Department of Food Safety and Distribution Research Group, Korea Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Food Safety and Distribution Research Group, Korea Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Kee Jai Park
- Department of Food Safety and Distribution Research Group, Korea Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
| | - Minseon Koo
- Department of Food Safety and Distribution Research Group, Korea Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
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Maertens H, Van Coillie E, Millet S, Van Weyenberg S, Sleeckx N, Meyer E, Zoons J, Dewulf J, De Reu K. Repeated disinfectant use in broiler houses and pig nursery units does not affect disinfectant and antibiotic susceptibility in Escherichia coli field isolates. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:140. [PMID: 32423466 PMCID: PMC7236461 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02342-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disinfectants are frequently used in animal production to reduce or eliminate the load of infectious agents and parasites in buildings and equipment associated with the housing or transportation of animals. There are growing concerns that the use of disinfectants would select for resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of repeated use of different disinfectants on the disinfectant and antibiotic susceptibility under practical conditions in a broiler and pig pilot farm. Therefore, the susceptibility of Escherichia coli (E. coli) to 14 antibiotics and 4 disinfectants was monitored over a one-year period. RESULTS High (20-50%) to very high (> 50%) resistance levels for ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and tetracycline were observed in both animal production types. Disinfectant susceptibility did not change over time and did not depend on the used disinfection product. Compared to in-use concentrations of formaldehyde, benzalkoniumchloride and a peracetic acid - hydrogen peroxide formulation, all E. coli strains remained susceptible indicating that the use of disinfectants did not select for disinfectant resistance. Moreover, no association could be found between the use of disinfectants and antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that repeated use of disinfectants in agricultural environments does not select for antibiotic resistance nor does it reduce disinfectant susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maertens
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - E Van Coillie
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - S Millet
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - S Van Weyenberg
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - N Sleeckx
- Experimental Poultry Center (EPC), Poiel 77, 2440, Geel, Belgium
| | - E Meyer
- Veterinary Biochemistry Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J Zoons
- Experimental Poultry Center (EPC), Poiel 77, 2440, Geel, Belgium
| | - J Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K De Reu
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090, Melle, Belgium.
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Maertens H, De Reu K, Meyer E, Van Coillie E, Dewulf J. Limited association between disinfectant use and either antibiotic or disinfectant susceptibility of Escherichia coli in both poultry and pig husbandry. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:310. [PMID: 31477099 PMCID: PMC6721165 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farm disinfectants are widely used in primary production, but questions have been raised if their use can select for antimicrobial resistance. The present study examined the use of disinfectants in poultry and pig husbandry and its contribution to the antibiotic and disinfectant susceptibility of Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains obtained after cleaning and disinfection. On those field isolates antibiotic susceptibility was monitored and susceptibility to commonly used active components of farm disinfectants (i.e. glutaraldehyde, benzalkoniumchloride, formaldehyde, and a formulation of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide) was tested. RESULTS This study showed a high resistance prevalence (> 50%) for ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and tetracycline for both production animal categories, while for ciprofloxacin only a high resistance prevalence was found in broiler houses. Disinfectant susceptibility results were homogenously distributed within a very small concentration range. Furthermore, all E. coli strains were susceptible to in-use concentrations of formaldehyde, benzalkoniumchloride and a formulation of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, indicating that the practical use of disinfectants did not select for disinfectant resistance. Moreover, the results showed no indications for the selection of antibiotic resistant bacteria through the use of disinfectants in agricultural environments. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that the proper use of disinfectants in agricultural environments does not promote antibiotic resistance nor reduce E. coli disinfectant susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder Maertens
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Koen De Reu
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Veterinary Biochemistry Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Els Van Coillie
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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