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Tang Y, Wu Q, Wang S, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Qiao F. Enhanced daytime atmospheric mercury in the marine boundary layer in the South Oceans. Sci Total Environ 2023:164691. [PMID: 37301400 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric mercury (Hg) in the marine boundary layer could advance our knowledge on ocean evasion of Hg. Here, we conducted continuous measurements of total gaseous mercury (TGM) in the marine boundary layer during a round-the-world cruise from August 2017 to May 2018. We observed the highest and lowest TGM concentrations in Southern Indian Ocean (1.29 ± 0.22 ng m-3) and Southern Atlantic Ocean (0.61 ± 0.28 ng m-3), respectively. During the daytime, enhanced TGM was observed with the diurnal amplitude difference reaching its maximum in the range of 0.30-0.37 ng m-3 in Southern Indian Ocean and Southern Ocean. The positive correlation between TGM (R2 = 0.68-0.92) and hourly solar radiation in each ocean suggested that the daytime enhanced TGM was likely driven by Hg photoreduction in seawater, after excluding the influence of other meteorological factors. The diurnal amplitude of TGM in the marine boundary layer might be impacted by the microbial productivity and the ratio of ultraviolet radiation. Our study highlights that ocean acts as a net TGM source during the daytime in the Southern Hemisphere and aqueous photoreduction process may play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of Hg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qingru Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- First Institute of Oceanography and Key Laboratory of Marine Sciences and Numerical Modelling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yanxu Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fangli Qiao
- First Institute of Oceanography and Key Laboratory of Marine Sciences and Numerical Modelling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
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Tunno B, Longley I, Somervell E, Edwards S, Olivares G, Gray S, Cambal L, Chubb L, Roper C, Coulson G, Clougherty JE. Separating spatial patterns in pollution attributable to woodsmoke and other sources, during daytime and nighttime hours, in Christchurch, New Zealand. Environ Res 2019; 171:228-238. [PMID: 30685575 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During winter nights, woodsmoke may be a predominant source of air pollution, even in cities with many sources. Since two major earthquakes resulted in major structural damage in 2010 and 2011, reliance on woodburning for home heating has increased substantially in Christchurch, New Zealand (NZ), along with intensive construction/demolition activities. Further, because NZ is a relatively isolated western country, it offers the unique opportunity to disentangle multiple source impacts in the absence of long-range transport pollution. Finally, although many spatial saturation studies have been published, and levoglucosan is an established tracer for woodburning emissions, few studies have monitored multiple sites simultaneously for this or other organic constituents, with the ability to distinguish spatial patterns for daytime vs. nighttime hours, in complex urban settings. We captured seven-day integrated samples of PM2.5, and elemental and organic tracers of woodsmoke and diesel emissions, during "daytime" (7 a.m. - 5:30 p.m.) and "nighttime" (7 p.m. - 5:30 a.m.) hours, at nine sites across commercial and residential areas, over three weeks in early winter (May 2014). At a subset of six sites, we also sampled during hypothesized "peak" woodburning hours (7 p.m. - 12 a.m.), to differentiate emissions during "active" residential woodburning, vs. overnight smouldering. Concentrations of PM2.5 were, on average, were twice as high during nighttime than daytime [µ = 18.4 (SD = 6.13) vs. 9.21 (SD = 6.13) µg/m3], with much greater differences in woodsmoke tracers (i.e., levoglucosan [µ = 1.83 (SD = 0.82) vs. 0.34 (SD = 0.17) µg/m3], potassium) and indicators of treated- or painted-wood burning (e.g., arsenic, lead). Only nitrogen dioxide, calcium, iron, and manganese (tracers of vehicular emissions) were higher during daytime. Levoglucosan and most PAHs were higher during "active" woodburning, vs. overnight smouldering. Our time-stratified spatial saturation detected strong spatial variability throughout the study area, which distinctly differed during daytime vs. night time hours, and quantified the substantial contribution of woodsmoke to overnight spatial variation in PM2.5 across Christchurch. Daytime vs. nighttime differences were greater than those observed across sites. Traffic, especially diesel, contributed substantially to daytime NO2 and spatial gradients in non-woodsmoke constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Tunno
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ian Longley
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth Somervell
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sam Edwards
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gustavo Olivares
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sally Gray
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leah Cambal
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lauren Chubb
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Courtney Roper
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Guy Coulson
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jane E Clougherty
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Molloy J, Pratt N, Tiruvoipati R, Green C, Plummer V. Relationship between diurnal patterns in Rapid Response Call activation and patient outcome. Aust Crit Care 2018; 31:42-46. [PMID: 28274779 DOI: 10.1016/j.aucc.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Rapid Response Call (RRC) is a system designed to escalate care to a specialised team in response to the detection of patient deterioration. To date, there have been few studies which have explored the relationship between time of day of RRC and patient outcome. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between the time of RRC activations and patient outcome. METHOD All adult inpatients with a RRC in non-critical care wards of a metropolitan Australian hospital in 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. RRCs occurring between 18:00-07:59 were defined as 'out of hours'. RESULTS There were 892 RRC during the study period. RRCs out of hours were associated with a higher rate of ICU admissions immediately after the RRC (19.4% vs. 12.3%, p<0.001). Patients experiencing an out-of-hours RRC were more likely to have an in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest (OR=1.7, p<0.04). In-hospital mortality rate was significantly higher for patients with out-of-hours RRCs (35.5% vs. 25.0%, p=0.014). After adjusting for confounders out-of-hours RRC were independently associated with increased need for ICU admissions and in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION The diurnal timing of RRCs appears to have significant implications for patient mortality and morbidity, patient outcomes are worse if RRC occurs out of hours. This finding has implications for staffing and resource allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Molloy
- Peninsula Health, 2 Hastings Road (PO Box 52), Frankston, VIC 3199, Australia.
| | - Naomi Pratt
- Peninsula Health, 2 Hastings Road (PO Box 52), Frankston, VIC 3199, Australia.
| | - Ravindranath Tiruvoipati
- Peninsula Health, 2 Hastings Road (PO Box 52), Frankston, VIC 3199, Australia; Monash University, Peninsula Campus, McMahons Road, Frankston, VIC 3199, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Cameron Green
- Peninsula Health, 2 Hastings Road (PO Box 52), Frankston, VIC 3199, Australia.
| | - Virginia Plummer
- Peninsula Health, 2 Hastings Road (PO Box 52), Frankston, VIC 3199, Australia; Monash University, Peninsula Campus, McMahons Road, Frankston, VIC 3199, Australia.
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Schülting L, Feld CK, Graf W. Effects of hydro- and thermopeaking on benthic macroinvertebrate drift. Sci Total Environ 2016; 573:1472-1480. [PMID: 27515014 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The operation of storage hydropower plants is commonly linked to frequent fluctuations in discharge and water level (hydropeaking) of downstream river stretches and is often accompanied by cooling or warming of the water body downstream (cold or warm thermopeaking, respectively). The objective of this study is to assess the single and combined effects of hydropeaking and cold thermopeaking on the drift of selected aquatic macroinvertebrates in experimental flumes. The study specifically aims to (1) investigate the macroinvertebrate drift induced by hydropeaking, (2) identify taxon-specific drift patterns following combined hydropeaking and cold thermopeaking and (3) quantify diurnal drift differences under both impact types. Overall, hydropeaking induced significantly higher drift rates of most macroinvertebrate taxa. Combined hydropeaking and cold thermopeaking, however, revealed reduced total drift rates, however with strong taxon-specific response patterns. Hydropeaking during night led to significantly higher drift rates than during daytime, while in combination with thermopeaking the same trend was observable, although insignificant. Taxon-specific analysis revealed lower drift rates following hydropeaking for rheophilic and interstitial taxa (e.g. Leuctra sp., Hydropsyche sp.), whereas many limnophilic taxa adapted to low current showed markedly increased drift (e.g. Lepidostoma hirtum and Leptoceridae). In line with previous studies, our results confirm a significant loss of limnophilic macroinvertebrate taxa following hydraulic stress. The mitigating effect of cold thermopeaking might be explained by behavioural patterns, but requires further investigation to clarify if macroinvertebrates actively avoid drift and intrude into the interstitial, when cold water is discharged. Our results imply that river restoration projects must address the hydrological regime and, if necessary need to include suitable management schemes for hydropower plants. Besides operative management measures, the construction of reservoirs to buffer hydropeaks or the diversion of hydropeaks into larger water bodies could mitigate hydropeaking effects and foster biological recovery including limnophilic taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schülting
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christian K Feld
- Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Graf
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
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Bautista-de Los Santos QM, Schroeder JL, Blakemore O, Moses J, Haffey M, Sloan W, Pinto AJ. The impact of sampling, PCR, and sequencing replication on discerning changes in drinking water bacterial community over diurnal time-scales. Water Res 2016; 90:216-224. [PMID: 26734781 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput and deep DNA sequencing, particularly amplicon sequencing, is being increasingly utilized to reveal spatial and temporal dynamics of bacterial communities in drinking water systems. Whilst the sampling and methodological biases associated with PCR and sequencing have been studied in other environments, they have not been quantified for drinking water. These biases are likely to have the greatest effect on the ability to characterize subtle spatio-temporal patterns influenced by process/environmental conditions. In such cases, intra-sample variability may swamp any underlying small, systematic variation. To evaluate this, we undertook a study with replication at multiple levels including sampling sites, sample collection, PCR amplification, and high throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons. The variability inherent to the PCR amplification and sequencing steps is significant enough to mask differences between bacterial communities from replicate samples. This was largely driven by greater variability in detection of rare bacteria (relative abundance <0.01%) across PCR/sequencing replicates as compared to replicate samples. Despite this, we captured significant changes in bacterial community over diurnal time-scales and find that the extent and pattern of diurnal changes is specific to each sampling location. Further, we find diurnal changes in bacterial community arise due to differences in the presence/absence of the low abundance bacteria and changes in the relative abundance of dominant bacteria. Finally, we show that bacterial community composition is significantly different across sampling sites for time-periods during which there are typically rapid changes in water use. This suggests hydraulic changes (driven by changes in water demand) contribute to shaping the bacterial community in bulk drinking water over diurnal time-scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna L Schroeder
- Infrastructure and Environment Research Division, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Oliver Blakemore
- Infrastructure and Environment Research Division, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, UK; United Utilities, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - William Sloan
- Infrastructure and Environment Research Division, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Ameet J Pinto
- Infrastructure and Environment Research Division, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, UK.
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Schwientek M, Guillet G, Rügner H, Kuch B, Grathwohl P. A high-precision sampling scheme to assess persistence and transport characteristics of micropollutants in rivers. Sci Total Environ 2016; 540:444-454. [PMID: 26283620 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of organic micropollutants are emitted into rivers via municipal wastewaters. Due to their persistence many pollutants pass wastewater treatment plants without substantial removal. Transport and fate of pollutants in receiving waters and export to downstream ecosystems is not well understood. In particular, a better knowledge of processes governing their environmental behavior is needed. Although a lot of data are available concerning the ubiquitous presence of micropollutants in rivers, accurate data on transport and removal rates are lacking. In this paper, a mass balance approach is presented, which is based on the Lagrangian sampling scheme, but extended to account for precise transport velocities and mixing along river stretches. The calculated mass balances allow accurate quantification of pollutants' reactivity along river segments. This is demonstrated for representative members of important groups of micropollutants, e.g. pharmaceuticals, musk fragrances, flame retardants, and pesticides. A model-aided analysis of the measured data series gives insight into the temporal dynamics of removal processes. The occurrence of different removal mechanisms such as photooxidation, microbial degradation, and volatilization is discussed. The results demonstrate, that removal processes are highly variable in time and space and this has to be considered for future studies. The high precision sampling scheme presented could be a powerful tool for quantifying removal processes under different boundary conditions and in river segments with contrasting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schwientek
- Water & Earth System Science (WESS) Competence Cluster c/o University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Center of Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Gaëlle Guillet
- Center of Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hermann Rügner
- Water & Earth System Science (WESS) Competence Cluster c/o University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Center of Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bertram Kuch
- Institute of Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, Bandtäle 2, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Grathwohl
- Center of Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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