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Abstract
This paper adopts quantile regressions to scrutinize the dynamics of green investment funds in relation to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. We use data on three of the largest green investment funds (BNP PARIBAS Funds Climate Impact, Nordea Global Climate & Environment, and AMUNDI Funds Global Ecology ESG), whose proceeds finance environmental-focused projects. We consider explicitly how different types of COVID-19 measures impact on these green assets. We show evidence that economic support due to COVID-19 has a positive effect on the green assets. The effect is especially strong when the returns are negative. We further report that strigency owing to the pandemic is also positively associated with green investment funds, but again, for negative returns. On the other hand, the effect of confirmed deaths is not as strong shows up mainly at lower quantiles. A similar results applies to infectious disease equity market volatility. We account for the broader macroeconomic environment and subject our models to a battery of sub-sample robustness checks. Our research offers interesting insights in terms of investment and portfolio diversification, that can be applied to the analysis of asset management and policy making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Eleni K Agoraki
- Department of Accounting and Finance, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos GR-24100, Greece
| | - Nektarios Aslanidis
- ECO SOC, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, FEE, Avinguda Universitat 1, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Georgios P Kouretas
- IPAG Business School, 184 Boulevard Saint-Germain, FR-75006 Paris, France
- Department of Business Administration, Athens University of Economics and Business, 76 Patission Street, GR-10434 Athens, Greece
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2
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Gholipour HF, Tajaddini R, Farzanegan MR. Governments' economic support for households during the COVID-19 pandemic and consumer confidence. Empir Econ 2023; 65:1-20. [PMID: 36744122 PMCID: PMC9889238 DOI: 10.1007/s00181-023-02367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To combat the adverse consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments have implemented various economic policies. This study examines how different types of government economic support for households are associated with consumer confidence. Utilizing data from 35 countries in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development for January 2020-October 2021 and applying panel fixed effect and system generalized methods of moments regressions, we show that higher levels of government economic support lead to higher levels of consumer confidence. The results also suggest that government income support for households has a stronger impact than debt/contract relief on consumer confidence during the pandemic in the full sample. Moreover, we find that debt/contract relief is a more effective policy to boost confidence in emerging economies. Finally, COVID-19 fatalities have a significant negative effect on consumer confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Tajaddini
- School of Business, Law, and Entrepreneurship, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mohammad Reza Farzanegan
- Economics of the Middle East Research Group, Center for Near and Middle Eastern Studies (CNMS), School of Business and Economics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- CESifo, Munich, Germany
- ERF, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Yastrebov G, Maskileyson D. The effect of COVID-19 confinement and economic support measures on the mental health of older population in Europe and Israel. Soc Sci Med 2022; 314:115445. [PMID: 36272386 PMCID: PMC9561402 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the impact of confinement and economic support measures on the mental health of the older population (aged 50 and above) across twenty-five European countries and Israel. While studies evaluating the effect of confinement measures on mental health exist, they largely ignore the potentially offsetting effects of economic support measures. Moreover, previous findings on the effect of confinement measures are inconsistent, and many studies are based solely on cross-sectional designs. Using data from the Corona Survey wave (2020) of the Survey on Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), we leverage the date of interview information to vary individual exposure to different policy contexts within countries. Overall, we do not find support for the negative effect of confinement measures on older adults' mental health. If anything, both confinement and support measures worked in tandem to soothe mental distress, resulting from the pandemic. The confinement effects, however, are contingent on age, potentially indicating that younger people are more likely to be negatively affected by lockdowns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordey Yastrebov
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, The Institute of Sociology and Social Psychology, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Dina Maskileyson
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, The Institute of Sociology and Social Psychology, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Cologne, Germany.
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4
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Hamad R, Lyman KA, Lin F, Modrow MF, Ozluk P, Azar KMJ, Goodin A, Isasi CR, Kitzman HE, Knight SJ, Marcus GM, McMahill-Walraven CN, Meissner P, Nair V, O'Brien EC, Olgin JE, Peyser ND, Sylwestrzak G, Williams N, Pletcher MJ, Carton T. The U.S. COVID-19 County Policy Database: a novel resource to support pandemic-related research. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1882. [PMID: 36217102 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is increasingly recognized that policies have played a role in both alleviating and exacerbating the health and economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. There has been limited systematic evaluation of variation in U.S. local COVID-19-related policies. This study introduces the U.S. COVID-19 County Policy (UCCP) Database, whose objective is to systematically gather, characterize, and assess variation in U.S. county-level COVID-19-related policies. Methods In January-March 2021, we collected an initial wave of cross-sectional data from government and media websites for 171 counties in 7 states on 22 county-level COVID-19-related policies within 3 policy domains that are likely to affect health: (1) containment/closure, (2) economic support, and (3) public health. We characterized the presence and comprehensiveness of policies using univariate analyses. We also examined the correlation of policies with one another using bivariate Spearman’s correlations. Finally, we examined geographical variation in policies across and within states. Results There was substantial variation in the presence and comprehensiveness of county policies during January-March 2021. For containment and closure policies, the percent of counties with no restrictions ranged from 0% (for public events) to more than half for public transportation (67.8%), hair salons (52.6%), and religious gatherings (52.0%). For economic policies, 76.6% of counties had housing support, while 64.9% had utility relief. For public health policies, most were comprehensive, with 70.8% of counties having coordinated public information campaigns, and 66.7% requiring masks outside the home at all times. Correlations between containment and closure policies tended to be positive and moderate (i.e., coefficients 0.4–0.59). There was variation within and across states in the number and comprehensiveness of policies. Conclusions This study introduces the UCCP Database, presenting granular data on local governments’ responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. We documented substantial variation within and across states on a wide range of policies at a single point in time. By making these data publicly available, this study supports future research that can leverage this database to examine how policies contributed to and continue to influence pandemic-related health and socioeconomic outcomes and disparities. The UCCP database is available online and will include additional time points for 2020–2021 and additional counties nationwide. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-14132-6.
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Alfano V, Ercolano S, Pinto M. Carrot and stick: Economic support and stringency policies in response to COVID-19. Eval Program Plann 2022; 94:102129. [PMID: 35820288 PMCID: PMC9250161 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2022.102129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To address the economic losses caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, countries have implemented, together with policies aimed at stopping the spread of the virus, a mixture of fiscal and monetary measures. This work investigates the effect of containment policies and economic support measures on economic growth in the short run, investigating a time window of six quarters in a cross country perspective. Our results confirm the existence of a negative effect of stringency measures on GDP; we also detect a positive effect from economic support measures. Moreover, looking at the interaction between these two kinds of interventions, our findings suggest that up to a relatively low level of stringency policies, economic support measures are able to positively counterbalance the negative impact of containment and closure policies. When the level of closures became more severe, however, the economic support measures that countries adopt are not able to completely recoup, in the short run, the economic losses due to stringency policies. Results suggest that in order to have a positive net effect, policymakers should take into account the level of stringency measures implemented before investing in economic support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Alfano
- Department of Economics, University of Messina & Center for Economic Studies CES-ifo, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Ercolano
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Economics, University of Basilicata & CMET 05, Italy.
| | - Mauro Pinto
- Department of Political Science, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy.
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Guets W, Ameyaw EK, Yaya S. Explaining external economic support inequality among households affected by HIV/AIDS in Tanzania: an Oaxaca Blinder decomposition analysis. Health Econ Rev 2022; 12:18. [PMID: 35244798 PMCID: PMC8897951 DOI: 10.1186/s13561-022-00363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV/AIDS remains the leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa. Due to multiple constraints experienced by households that seem to be disproportionally affected, families generally seek assistance from the community and external economic support. Previous researchers studied socioeconomic and gender inequality in HIV/AIDS prevalence in sub-Saharan African countries. However, very few researchers have paid attention to the external economic support for HIV/AIDS affected households in Tanzania. This study investigates the difference in economic support among households affected or not affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Tanzania. METHODS Data used stemmed from the Tanzania HIV Impact Survey 2016-2017 (THIS) of the Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (PHIA) project, collected between 2016 and 2017 in Tanzania. The study population were the heads of households (adults) with age greater than 15. The dependent variable for the study was economic support. This consisted of both material and non-material assistance obtained from outside the household. Socio-demographic (economics) characteristics constituted the predictors of the study. Descriptive statistics and econometric modelling were used to analyse determinants associated with external economic support. Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method was also performed to investigate the difference in economic support depending on households' serological status in Tanzania. RESULTS A total of 12,008 households were included. Almost 11% of the household heads indicated that their households received economic support. HIV/AIDS affected 7% of households. The mean age of the household heads was 45 years (SD ± 15) with a range of 16-80. The majority of household heads were men (72%). Being a household head affected by HIV/AIDS increases the probability to receive external economic support (p < 0.05). The difference in external economic support between the two groups (HIV/AIDS and no- HIV/AIDS households) was - 0.032 (p < 0.01). This gap was observed to favour households affected by HIV/AIDS. Almost 72% (- 0.023/- 0.032) of this difference was explained by characteristics such as the wealth index (p < 0.01), residence area (urban) (p < 0.01), marital status (widowed (p < 0.05) and divorced or separated) (p < 0.1) and age (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The difference in economic support across households affected or not affected by HIV/AIDS was explained by wealth index, residence area, marital status and age. These findings represent important implications for health policy regarding future economic support strategies for HIV/AIDS-affected households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Guets
- Health, Nutrition, and Population Unit, The World Bank, Washington, DC USA
| | - Edward Kwabena Ameyaw
- The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR), Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Sanni Yaya
- School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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7
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Soedarsono S, Mertaniasih NM, Kusmiati T, Permatasari A, Juliasih NN, Hadi C, Alfian IN. Determinant factors for loss to follow-up in drug-resistant tuberculosis patients: the importance of psycho-social and economic aspects. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21:360. [PMID: 34758794 PMCID: PMC8579625 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is the barrier for global TB elimination efforts with a lower treatment success rate. Loss to follow-up (LTFU) in DR-TB is a serious problem, causes mortality and morbidity for patients, and leads to wide spreading of DR-TB to their family and the wider community, as well as wasting health resources. Prevention and management of LTFU is crucial to reduce mortality, prevent further spread of DR-TB, and inhibit the development and transmission of more extensively drug-resistant strains of bacteria. A study about the factors associated with loss to follow-up is needed to develop appropriate strategies to prevent DR-TB patients become loss to follow-up. This study was conducted to identify the factors correlated with loss to follow-up in DR-TB patients, using questionnaires from the point of view of patients.
Methods An observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted. Study subjects were all DR-TB patients who have declared as treatment success and loss to follow-up from DR-TB treatment. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information by interviewing the subjects as respondents. Obtained data were analyzed potential factors correlated with loss to follow-up in DR-TB patients.
Results A total of 280 subjects were included in this study. Sex, working status, income, and body mass index showed a significant difference between treatment success and loss to follow-up DR-TB patients with p-value of 0.013, 0.010, 0.007, and 0.006, respectively. In regression analysis, factors correlated with increased LTFU were negative attitude towards treatment (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 1.1–1.3), limitation of social support (OR = 1.1; 95% CI = 1.0–1.2), dissatisfaction with health service (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.5–3.0)), and limitation of economic status (OR = 1.1; 95% CI = 1.0–1.2)). Conclusions Male patients, jobless, non-regular employee, lower income, and underweight BMI were found in higher proportion in LTFU patients. Negative attitude towards treatment, limitation of social support, dissatisfaction with health service, and limitation of economic status are factors correlated with increased LTFU in DR-TB patients. Non-compliance to treatment is complex, we suggest that the involvement and support from the combination of health ministry, labor and employment ministry, and social ministry may help to resolve the complex problems of LTFU in DR-TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soedarsono Soedarsono
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia. .,Tuberculosis Study Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Ni Made Mertaniasih
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia. .,Tuberculosis Study Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Tutik Kusmiati
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Tuberculosis Study Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ariani Permatasari
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Tuberculosis Study Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ni Njoman Juliasih
- Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Tuberculosis Study Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Cholichul Hadi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Tuberculosis Study Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ilham Nur Alfian
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Tuberculosis Study Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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8
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Zaremba A, Kizys R, Aharon DY. Volatility in International Sovereign Bond Markets: The role of government policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Financ Res Lett 2021; 43:102011. [PMID: 34803531 PMCID: PMC8597265 DOI: 10.1016/j.frl.2021.102011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Effective government policies may reduce uncertainty in sovereign bond markets. Can policy responses help to curb bond market volatility during the COVID-19 pandemic? To answer this, we examine data from 31 developed and emerging markets during the coronavirus outbreak in 2020. We demonstrate that government interventions substantially reduce local sovereign bond volatility. The effect is mainly driven by economic support policies; the containment and closure regulations and health system interventions play no major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Zaremba
- Montpellier Business School, 2300 Avenue des Moulins, 34185 Montpellier cedex 4, France
- Poznan University of Economics and Business, Institute of Finance, Department of Investment and Financial Markets, al. Niepodległości 10, 61-875 Poznań, Poland
- Montpellier Research in Management, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Renatas Kizys
- University of Southampton, Southampton Business School, Department of Banking and Finance, Room 1013, Building 4, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - David Y Aharon
- Ono Academic College, Faculty of Business Administration, Tzahal St 104, Kiryat Ono, Israel
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Milimo J, Zulu JM, Svanemyr J, Munsaka E, Mweemba O, Sandøy IF. Economic support, education and sexual decision making among female adolescents in Zambia: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1360. [PMID: 34243752 PMCID: PMC8268295 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11372-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of educating female adolescents has been recognized as critical to the development of any country. However, in low income countries like Zambia they often drop out of school due to poverty, early pregnancy and early marriages. Some studies indicate that economic support such as Social Cash Transfers (SCTs) can mitigate the effects of poverty on female adolescents by improving their school participation and helping postpone pregnancy and marriage. This study aimed to explore the role of economic support in influencing education and sexual decision making among female adolescents in a randomised controlled trial in Zambia. Methods The study adopted a qualitative approach. It utilized purposive and convenient sampling. Data were collected from 6 schools using 18 in-depth interviews (IDIs) and 4 focus group discussions (FGDs) comprising 48 school-going female adolescents in grade 8 aged 14 to 17. All participants received economic support in form of SCTs and payment of school fees as part of the Research Initiative to Support the Empowerment of Girls (RISE), a Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Findings suggested several benefits of the economic support for the female adolescents such as economic independence and empowerment; increased assertiveness and autonomy; reduced desire for sexual relationships with boys in exchange for cash and gifts; increased motivation for school; enhanced parental and community support for female adolescents’ education and; reduced school dropouts. However, they also experienced jealousy from those who did not benefit from the economic support. Conclusion Economic support played a significant role in influencing both educational and sexual decision making among female adolescents. Trial registration ISRCTN Registry: ISRCTN12727868, (4 March 2016). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11372-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Milimo
- Choma College of Nursing and Midwifery, P.O. Box 630063, Choma, Zambia
| | - J M Zulu
- School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Ridgeway Campus, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - J Svanemyr
- CMI - Chr. Michelsen Institute, P.O. Box 6033, N-5092, Bergen, Norway
| | - E Munsaka
- School of Education, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - O Mweemba
- School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Ridgeway Campus, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - I F Sandøy
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Postboks 7804, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
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10
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Sandøy IF, Mudenda M, Zulu J, Munsaka E, Blystad A, Makasa MC, Mæstad O, Tungodden B, Jacobs C, Kampata L, Fylkesnes K, Svanemyr J, Moland KM, Banda R, Musonda P. Effectiveness of a girls' empowerment programme on early childbearing, marriage and school dropout among adolescent girls in rural Zambia: study protocol for a cluster randomized trial. Trials 2016; 17:588. [PMID: 27938375 PMCID: PMC5148869 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescent pregnancies pose a risk to the young mothers and their babies. In Zambia, 35% of young girls in rural areas have given birth by the age of 18 years. Pregnancy rates are particularly high among out-of-school girls. Poverty, low enrolment in secondary school, myths and community norms all contribute to early childbearing. This protocol describes a trial aiming to measure the effect on early childbearing rates in a rural Zambian context of (1) economic support to girls and their families, and (2) combining economic support with a community intervention to enhance knowledge about sexual and reproductive health and supportive community norms. Methods/design This cluster randomized controlled trial (CRCT) will have three arms. The clusters are rural schools with surrounding communities. Approximately 4900 girls in grade 7 in 2016 will be recruited from 157 schools in 12 districts. In one intervention arm, participating girls and their guardians will be offered cash transfers and payment of school fees. In the second intervention arm, there will be both economic support and a community intervention. The interventions will be implemented for approximately 2 years. The final survey will be 4.5 years after recruitment. The primary outcomes will be “incidence of births within 8 months of the end of the intervention period”, “incidence of births before girls’ 18th birthday” and “proportion of girls who sit for the grade 9 exam”. Final survey interviewers will be unaware of the intervention status of respondents. Analysis will be by intention-to-treat and adjusted for cluster design and confounders. Qualitative process evaluation will be conducted. Discussion This is the first CRCT to measure the effect of combining economic support with a community intervention to prevent adolescent childbearing in a low- or middle-income country. We have designed a programme that will be sustainable and feasible to scale up. The findings will be relevant for programmes for adolescent reproductive health in Zambia and similar contexts. Trial registration ISRCTN registry: ISRCTN12727868, (4 March 2016). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1682-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Fossgard Sandøy
- Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), Centre for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (IGS), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Mweetwa Mudenda
- Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), Centre for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Joseph Zulu
- Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), Centre for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ecloss Munsaka
- Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), Centre for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Educational Psychology, School of Education, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Astrid Blystad
- Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), Centre for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (IGS), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mpundu C Makasa
- Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), Centre for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ottar Mæstad
- Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), Centre for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Christian Michelsens Institute, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bertil Tungodden
- Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), Centre for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Christian Michelsens Institute, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
| | - Choolwe Jacobs
- Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), Centre for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Linda Kampata
- Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), Centre for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Knut Fylkesnes
- Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), Centre for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Joar Svanemyr
- Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), Centre for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Christian Michelsens Institute, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karen Marie Moland
- Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), Centre for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Richard Banda
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Central Statistical Office, Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Patrick Musonda
- Center for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health (CISMAC), Centre for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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