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Li J, Wang Y, Wang L, Qu Y, Zhou W, Zhong H, Xi D, Tang N, He F. Low expression of miR-1929-3p mediates murine cytomegalovirus-induced fibrosis in cardiac fibroblasts via targeting endothelin a receptor/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2023; 59:179-192. [PMID: 37002490 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are crucial in the development of myocardial remodeling in hypertension. Low miR-1929-3p expression induced by murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection is closely related to hypertensive myocardial remodeling. This study investigated the molecular mechanism of miR-1929-3p-induced myocardial remodeling after MCMV infection. We modeled MCMV-infected mouse cardiac fibroblasts (MMCFs) as the primary cell model. First, MCMV infection reduced the expression of miR-1929-3p and increased the mRNA and protein expression of its target gene endothelin receptor type A (ETAR) in mouse cardiac fibroblasts (MCFs), which demonstrated an internal relationship with myocardial fibrosis (MF) based on high proliferation, phenotypic transformation (α-SMA), and collagen expression in MMCFs. The transfection of the miR-1929-3p mimic downregulated the high expression of ETAR and alleviated these adverse effects in MMCFs. Inversely, these effects were exacerbated by the miR-1929-3p inhibitor. Second, the transfection of endothelin receptor type A over-expressed adenovirus (adETAR) reversed these positive effects of the miR-1929-3p mimic on MF improvement. Third, the transfection of adETAR exhibited a strong inflammatory response in MMCFs with increased expression of NOD-like receptors pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and increased secretion of interleukin-18. However, we found that the ETAR antagonist BQ123 and the selected NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor MCC950 effectively eliminated the inflammatory response induced by both MCMV infection and miR-1929-3p inhibitor. Moreover, the MCF supernatant was related to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Our findings suggest that MCMV infection promotes MF by inducing the downregulation of miR-1929-3p and the high expression of ETAR, which activates NLRP3 inflammasomes in MCFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, 59 North 2Nd Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yongjia Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, 59 North 2Nd Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - LaMei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, 59 North 2Nd Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, 59 North 2Nd Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, 59 North 2Nd Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - DongMei Xi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, 59 North 2Nd Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, 59 North 2Nd Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Medical College of Shihezi University, 59 North 2Nd Road, Shihezi, 832002, Xinjiang, China.
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Pan Z, Chen Q, Ding H, Li H. MicroRNA-342-3p loaded by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes attenuates deep vein thrombosis by downregulating EDNRA. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2022. [PMID: 36006542 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-022-02694-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes (exos) exert biological functions to maintain the dynamic balance of cells and tissues by transferring biological cargo to recipient cells. Thus, this study explored human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs)-derived exo transfer of microRNA (miR)-342-3p in deep vein thrombosis (DVT). DVT rat models were established via inferior vena cava (IVC) ligation. HucMSCs-exos were extracted and injected into rats with DVT to observe whether they could influences thrombus formation in vivo. HucMSCs-exos were co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro to observe angiogenesis. miR-342-3p and endothelin A receptor (EDNRA) expression in rats with DVT, as well as their interaction was analyzed. miR-342-3p was downregulated and EDNRA was upregulated in rats with DVT. HucMSCs-exos inhibited the formation of thrombus in rats with DVT, as well as promoted angiogenesis of HUVECs. Upregulated miR-342-3p delivery by hucMSCs-exos alleviated DVT in rats and improved angiogenesis of HUVECs. miR-342-3p targeted EDNRA, and the effect of hucMSCs-exos transfer of upregulated miR-342-3p was rescued by overexpressing EDNRA. Briefly, miR-342-3p loaded by hucMSCs-exos attenuates DVT by downregulating EDNRA, offering a novel direction to treat DVT.
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Sestito R, Tocci P, Roman C, Di Castro V, Bagnato A. Functional interaction between endothelin-1 and ZEB1/YAP signaling regulates cellular plasticity and metastasis in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:157. [PMID: 35477522 PMCID: PMC9047299 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) encompasses a highly dynamic and complex key process which leads to metastatic progression. In high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HG-SOC), endothelin-1 (ET-1)/endothelin A receptor (ETAR) signaling promotes EMT driving tumor progression. However, the complex nature of intertwined regulatory circuits activated by ET-1 to trigger the metastatic process is not fully elucidated. Methods The capacity of ET-1 pathway to guide a critical transcriptional network that is instrumental for metastatic growth was identified in patient-derived HG-SOC cells and cell lines through immunoblotting, q-RT-PCR, co-immunoprecipitation, in situ proximity ligation, luciferase reporter, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and publicly available databases. Functional assays in HG-SOC cells and HG-SOC xenografts served to test the inhibitory effects of ET-1 receptors (ET-1R) antagonist in vitro and in vivo. Results We demonstrated that ET-1/ETAR axis promoted the direct physical ZEB1/YAP interaction by inducing their nuclear accumulation in HG-SOC cells. Moreover, ET-1 directed their engagement in a functional transcriptional complex with the potent oncogenic AP-1 factor JUN. This led to the aberrant activation of common target genes, including EDN1 (ET-1) gene, thereby creating a feed-forward loop that sustained a persistent ET-1/ZEB1 signaling activity. Notably, ET-1-induced Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) signaling mediated the activation of YAP/ZEB1 circuit driving cellular plasticity, invasion and EMT. Of therapeutic interest, treatment of HG-SOC cells with the FDA approved ET-1R antagonist macitentan, targeting YAP and ZEB1-driven signaling, suppressed metastasis in vivo in mice. High gene expression of ETAR/ILK/YAP/AP-1/ZEB1 was a strong predictor of poor clinical outcome in serous ovarian cancer patients, indicating the translational relevance of this signature expression. Conclusions This study provides novel mechanistic insights of the ET-1R-driven mediators that support the ability of HG-SOC to acquire metastatic traits which include the cooperation of YAP and ZEB1 regulatory circuit paving the way for innovative treatment of metastatic ovarian cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02317-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Sestito
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Piera Tocci
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Celia Roman
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeriana Di Castro
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Bagnato
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
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Köse D, Köse A, Halıcı Z, Çadırcı E, Tavacı T, Gürbüz MA, Maman A. Bosentan, a drug used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, can prevent development of osteoporosis. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2021; 24:922-927. [PMID: 34712422 PMCID: PMC8528255 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.54152.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): We examined the antiosteoporotic effect of bosentan (Bose) by radiographic, histopathological, and molecular methods. Materials and Methods: Rats were divided into 4 groups of 8 rats each: one control (Sham), one osteoporosis only (OP), and two osteoporosis groups treated with Bose doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg (OP+Bose50, OP+Bose100). Six weeks later, Bose was administered for eight weeks to animals undergoing ovariectomy. The left femoral bone of the rats was evaluated in vitro after surgical removal. Bone mineral density (BMD) was analyzed by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Endothelin 1 (ET-1), ET-A, and ET-B expressions were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real time-PCR). In addition, bone tissue was evaluated histopathologically. Results: Compared with the osteoporosıs group, Bose significantly increased BMD values at both 50 and 100 mg/kg doses. ET-1 mRNA levels were significantly higher in the OP group than in the Sham group, while ET-1 mRNA levels were significantly lower in Bose treatment groups. ET-A mRNA levels were significantly lower in the OP group than in the Sham group, while ET-A mRNA levels were significantly higher in Bose treatment groups. Histopathological results supported the molecular results. Conclusion: Our study is the first to demonstrate the molecular, radiological, and histopathological effects of Bose in preventing osteoporosis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Köse
- Clinical Research, Development and Design Application, and Research Center, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey, 905074704150
| | - Ahmet Köse
- University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics And Traumatology, Erzurum, Turkey, 905066330520
| | - Zekai Halıcı
- Clinical Research, Development and Design Application and Research Center, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey, 905323868884
| | - Elif Çadırcı
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey, 905362328001
| | - Taha Tavacı
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey, 9005059177816
| | - Muhammed Ali Gürbüz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology And Embryology Department, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey, 905522265686
| | - Adem Maman
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey, 905063661925
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Li L, Wang X, Zheng L, Li J, Xu M, Rong R, Zhu T, Jia Y. Downregulation of endothelin A receptor (ETaR) ameliorates renal ischemia reperfusion injury by increasing nitric oxide production. Life Sci 2019; 228:295-304. [PMID: 31075232 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the protective effects of downregulating ETaR expression on renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). MAIN METHODS The renal IRI model was generated by clamping the left renal artery for 60 min followed by nephrectomy of the right kidney. ETaR siRNA were perfused through the renal artery during ischemia. HE staining was performed to assess histological injury. PCR was performed to determine the expression of NF-κb, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 and TGF-β. ELISA was used to determine the levels of ET-1, TGF-β and eNOS. The level of nitric oxide (NO) was tested by the NO detection kit. The expression of PI3K, Akt, sGC and PKG were evaluated by western blot. KEY FINDINGS ETaR siRNA treatment reduced the levels of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen, decreased the number of apoptotic cells, and ameliorated histological damage after IRI. PCR results demonstrated that IRI increased mRNA levels of inflammatory factors, which were inhibited by ETaR siRNA treatment. ELISA result showed that ETaR siRNA decreased the levels of ET-1, TGF-β and eNOS in the renal tissues after IRI. Western blot results demonstrated that ETaR siRNA activated the PI3K/Akt and sGC/PKG signaling pathway. Conversely, the NOS inhibitor, L-NAME, reversed the effects of ETaR siRNA treatment. SIGNIFICANCE ETaR siRNA treatment inhibited inflammatory response and improved renal function after renal IRI. The underlying mechanisms of ETaR siRNA treatment may be through increasing eNOS activity through PI3K/Akt signaling, which subsequently increased NO production. The increased NO reduces the expression of ET-1 by inhibiting transcription of ET-1-associated genes via the sGC/PKG signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Long Zheng
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ruiming Rong
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yichen Jia
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Weng CM, Yu CC, Kuo ML, Chen BC, Lin CH. Endothelin-1 induces connective tissue growth factor expression in human lung fibroblasts by ETAR-dependent JNK/AP-1 pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:402-11. [PMID: 24486572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) acts as a key mediator of vasoconstriction and tissue repair. Overproduction of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) underlies the development of lung fibrosis. ET-1 induces expression of matrix-associated genes in lung fibroblasts, however, little is known about the signaling pathway of CTGF expression caused by ET-1. In this study, we found that ET-1 caused concentration- and time-dependently increases in CTGF expression in human embryonic lung fibroblast cell line (WI-38). ET-1-induced CTGF expression was inhibited by BQ123 (ETAR antagonist), but not BQ788 (ETBR antagonist). Moreover, ET-1-induced CTGF expression was significantly reduced by JNK inhibitor (SP600125), the dominant-negative mutants of JNK1/2 (JNK1/2 DN), and AP-1 inhibitor (curcumin). ET-1 induced phosphorylations of JNK and c-Jun in time-dependent manners. AP-1 luciferase activity was concentration-dependently increased by ET-1, and this effect was attenuated by SP600125. We also found that ET-1-induced CTGF expression was most controlled by the AP-1 binding region of CTGF promoter. ET-1-indiced CTGF luciferase activity was predominately controlled by the sequence -747 to -408 bp upstream of the transcription start site on the human CTGF promoter. Furthermore, ET-1 caused the formation of AP-1-specific DNA-protein complex and the recruitment of c-Jun to the CTGF promoter. Moreover, we found that ET-1 induced α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, which was inhibited by BQ123, SP600125, curcumin, and anti-CTGF antibody. These results suggest that ET-1 stimulates expressions of CTGF and α-SMA through ETAR/JNK/AP-1 signaling pathway, and CTGF is required for ET-1-induced α-SMA expression in human lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ming Weng
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chi Yu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Min-Liang Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Chang Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Huang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Donato AJ, Lesniewski LA, Stuart D, Walker AE, Henson G, Sorensen L, Li D, Kohan DE. Smooth muscle specific disruption of the endothelin-A receptor in mice reduces arterial pressure, and vascular reactivity and affects vascular development. Life Sci 2014; 118:238-43. [PMID: 24412386 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The role of vascular smooth muscle endothelin A receptors (ETA) in development and normal physiology remains incompletely understood. To address this, mice were generated with smooth muscle-specific knockout (KO) of ETA. MAIN METHODS Mice were homozygous for loxP-flanked exons 6-8 of the EDNRA gene (floxed) or were also hemizygous for a transgene expressing Cre recombinase under control of the smooth muscle-specific SM22 promoter (KO mice). KEY FINDINGS Genotyping at 17 days postnatal yielded a 10:1 ratio of floxed:KO mice. Smooth muscle actin staining of embryos at day E10.5 revealed increased tortuosity in dorsal aortae while E12.5 embryos had mandibular, vascular and thymic abnormalities. Mice surviving to weaning developed and bred normally. ETA KO mice aged 2-3 months manifested EDNRA gene recombination in all organs tested. Aortas from KO mice had a >90% reduction in ETA mRNA content, but no differences in ET-1 or ETB mRNA levels. Addition of 0.01-100 nM ET-1 to isolated femoral arteries from floxed, but not KO, mice dose-dependently decreased vessel diameter (up to 80% reduction in the presence of ETB blockade). Intravenous infusion of ET-1 into floxed, but not KO, mice increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) (by ~10 mm Hg). Telemetric analysis revealed decreased MAP in KO mice (reduced by ~7-10 mm Hg) when fed a high salt diet. SIGNIFICANCE Smooth muscle ETA is important for normal vascular, mandibular and thymic development and is involved in the maintenance of arterial pressure under physiological conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arterial Pressure
- Body Weight
- Gene Deletion
- Hemodynamics
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/growth & development
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Organ Size
- Organ Specificity
- Receptor, Endothelin A/deficiency
- Receptor, Endothelin A/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Sodium Chloride, Dietary
- Vasoconstriction
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Donato
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, University of Utah, 30 N. 1900 E. AB193 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-0001, USA
| | - Lisa A Lesniewski
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, University of Utah, 30 N. 1900 E. AB193 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-0001, USA
| | - Deborah Stuart
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, University of Utah, 30 N. 1900 E. AB193 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-0001, USA
| | - Ashley E Walker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, University of Utah, 30 N. 1900 E. AB193 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-0001, USA
| | - Grant Henson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, University of Utah, 30 N. 1900 E. AB193 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-0001, USA
| | - Lise Sorensen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, University of Utah, 30 N. 1900 E. AB193 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-0001, USA
| | - Dean Li
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Building 533, Rm 2100, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Donald E Kohan
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
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