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Khadka S, Arthur K, Barekatain Y, Behr E, Washington M, Ackroyd J, Crowley K, Suriyamongkol P, Lin YH, Pham CD, Zielinski R, Trujillo M, Galligan J, Georgiou DK, Asara J, Muller F. Impaired anaplerosis is a major contributor to glycolysis inhibitor toxicity in glioma. Cancer Metab 2021; 9:27. [PMID: 34172075 PMCID: PMC8228515 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-021-00259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reprogramming of metabolic pathways is crucial to satisfy the bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands and maintain the redox status of rapidly proliferating cancer cells. In tumors, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle generates biosynthetic intermediates and must be replenished (anaplerosis), mainly from pyruvate and glutamine. We recently described a novel enolase inhibitor, HEX, and its pro-drug POMHEX. Since glycolysis inhibition would deprive the cell of a key source of pyruvate, we hypothesized that enolase inhibitors might inhibit anaplerosis and synergize with other inhibitors of anaplerosis, such as the glutaminase inhibitor, CB-839. METHODS We analyzed polar metabolites in sensitive (ENO1-deleted) and resistant (ENO1-WT) glioma cells treated with enolase and glutaminase inhibitors. We investigated whether sensitivity to enolase inhibitors could be attenuated by exogenous anaplerotic metabolites. We also determined the synergy between enolase inhibitors and the glutaminase inhibitor CB-839 in glioma cells in vitro and in vivo in both intracranial and subcutaneous tumor models. RESULTS Metabolomic profiling of ENO1-deleted glioma cells treated with the enolase inhibitor revealed a profound decrease in the TCA cycle metabolites with the toxicity reversible upon exogenous supplementation of supraphysiological levels of anaplerotic substrates, including pyruvate. ENO1-deleted cells also exhibited selective sensitivity to the glutaminase inhibitor CB-839, in a manner rescuable by supplementation of anaplerotic substrates or plasma-like media PlasmaxTM. In vitro, the interaction of these two drugs yielded a strong synergistic interaction but the antineoplastic effects of CB-839 as a single agent in ENO1-deleted xenograft tumors in vivo were modest in both intracranial orthotopic tumors, where the limited efficacy could be attributed to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and subcutaneous xenografts, where BBB penetration is not an issue. This contrasts with the enolase inhibitor HEX, which, despite its negative charge, achieved antineoplastic effects in both intracranial and subcutaneous tumors. CONCLUSION Together, these data suggest that at least for ENO1-deleted gliomas, tumors in vivo-unlike cells in culture-show limited dependence on glutaminolysis and instead primarily depend on glycolysis for anaplerosis. Our findings reinforce the previously reported metabolic idiosyncrasies of in vitro culture and suggest that cell culture media nutrient composition more faithful to the in vivo environment will more accurately predict in vivo efficacy of metabolism targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunada Khadka
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA ,grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA ,grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776MD Anderson UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX USA
| | - Kenisha Arthur
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Yasaman Barekatain
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA ,grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA ,grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776MD Anderson UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX USA
| | - Eliot Behr
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Mykia Washington
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jeffrey Ackroyd
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA ,grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776MD Anderson UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX USA
| | - Kaitlyn Crowley
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Pornpa Suriyamongkol
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Yu-Hsi Lin
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Cong-Dat Pham
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Rafal Zielinski
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Marissa Trujillo
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - James Galligan
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Dimitra K. Georgiou
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - John Asara
- grid.239395.70000 0000 9011 8547Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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Vidhya VM, Lakshmi BS, Ponnuraj K. In silico prediction of a new lead compound targeting enolase of trypanosomatids through structure-based virtual screening and molecular dynamic studies. J Mol Model 2020; 26:23. [PMID: 31912304 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Enolase is one of the key glycolytic metalloenzyme in many organisms, and it is a potential therapeutic target including trypanosomatids. Sequence and structural analysis of enolase of Trypanosoma bruzi (TbENO), Trypanosoma cruzi (TcENO) and Leishmania donovani (LdENO) revealed conserved sequence pattern and structural features. Hence identification of an inhibitor against enolase of one trypanosomatid organism may have similar effects on enolase of homologous organisms belonging to same family. In the process to identify potent inhibitor compounds against TbENO by in silico methods, compounds containing the substructures of substrate, i.e. phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and the well-known inhibitors, fluoro-2-phosphono-acetohydroxamate (FPAH) and phosphono-acetohydroxamate (PAH), were collected. Virtual screening and induced fit docking studies were carried out to explore compounds that have better binding affinity than PEP and FPAH. PPPi was found to be the top hit exhibiting significant binding affinity towards enolase. Glide energy values of two other compounds represented by PubChem ID: 511392 and 101803456 was in good agreement with PEP and PAH. TbENO-PPPi complex was subjected to molecular orbital analysis and molecular dynamic studies by considering its remarkable binding affinity as it could be a potent inhibitor of enolase. Despite being an endogenous compound, based on the results of this study, we highlight PPPi to be a lead compound, and its structure can be treated as a model for further chemical modifications to obtain more potent antagonists.
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