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Bai X, Pan K, Shoaib N, Sun X, Wu X, Zhang L. Status of phthalate esters pollution in facility agriculture across China: Spatial distribution, risk assessment, and remediation measures. Sci Total Environ 2024; 908:168416. [PMID: 37944601 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The pervasive utilization of phthalate esters (PAEs) in plastic products has led to an emergent concern regarding the PAEs contamination in environmental matrices. However, the overall understanding of PAEs pollution in facility agriculture and its relevant risks remain limited. In this paper, the characteristics, health risks, and remediation measures of PAEs pollution in facility agriculture across China were analyzed. In general, PAEs pollution in facility agriculture soil in SWC and vegetables in SC were more serious than that in the other six regions (p < 0.05). The total level of six PAEs ranged from 0.053 to 5.663 mg·kg-1 in soil samples, nd (not detectable) to 12.540 mg·kg-1 in vegetable samples, with mean values of 0.951 mg·kg-1 and 2.458 mg·kg-1, respectively. DEHP and DnBP were dominant in both soil and vegetable samples with a total contribution of over 70 % of the six PAEs, but their concentrations were a little lower in soil samples. The PAEs concentrations of leafy, root, and fruit vegetables exhibited a descending trend. Correlation analysis revealed that the relationships between soil and vegetable PAEs concentrations remained inconclusive, lacking clear correlations. Furthermore, risk assessments indicated that the hazard quotient (HQ) for both total and individual PAEs in the vast majority of vegetable samples remained within acceptable thresholds. Meanwhile, all values for carcinogenic risks (CR) were confined within the range of 10-4. In conclusion, the study outlines remediation measures aimed at precluding and mitigating the environmental risks associated with PAEs exposure. These findings furnish a scientific foundation for the targeted assessment and judicious management of PAEs pollution within facility agriculture landscape of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kaiwen Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Noman Shoaib
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaogang Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Wang Y, Xv X, Shao T, He Q, Guo Z, Wang Y, Guo Q, Xing B. A case on source to soil to solutions: Distribution characteristics of microplastics in farmland soil of the largest vegetable base in Northwest China. Sci Total Environ 2024; 907:167910. [PMID: 37866595 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The wide application of facility agriculture accelerated the rapid development of agriculture. However, microplastics pollution in the soil caused by long-term residual agricultural film posed a significant threat to the soil ecosystem and human health. Jingyang County of Shaanxi Province was the largest vegetable planting base in northwest China. Soil samples of facility agriculture and non-facility agriculture were collected to investigate the distribution characteristics and risks of microplastics. The abundance of microplastics in Jingyang County ranged from 200.00 to 4733.33 n·kg-1, and the mean abundance was 1955.00 n·kg-1. Microplastics abundance in facility agriculture soil was higher than that in non-facility agriculture soil, and it increased with the growth of planting years. In general, the size of soil microplastics was mainly <100 μm and the abundance was negatively correlated with particle size. There were 30 types of chemical constituents in the microplastics detected, and PE (47.03 %) and PET (11.48 %) were the main ones. In addition, the types of microplastics in soil were identical with those detected in irrigation water and fertilizer, which provided another source of soil microplastics. All the sampling sites were ecological risk category I, and there was no carcinogenic risk to human health at present. In the future, the government should advocated and encouraged farmers to improve mulch recycling efficiency. Correspondingly, more positive action should be taken to the management on mulch recycling and the standards on placement of waste agricultural inputs. This study would provide foundation data for the research of microplastics pollution in farmland and the risk assessment of ecosystem and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Xinqi Xv
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Tianjie Shao
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Qianyao He
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Ziyi Guo
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Qing Guo
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
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Chen W, Li J, Wang D, Xu Y, Liao X, Wang Q, Chen Z. Large-scale automatic extraction of agricultural greenhouses based on high-resolution remote sensing and deep learning technologies. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:106671-106686. [PMID: 37733202 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Widely used agricultural greenhouses are critical in the development of facility agriculture because of not only their huge capacity in food and vegetable supplies, but also their environmental and climatic effects. Therefore, it is important to obtain the spatial distribution of agricultural greenhouses for agricultural production, policy making, and even environmental protection. Remote sensing technologies have been widely used in greenhouse extraction mainly in small or local regions, while large-scale and high-resolution (~ 1-m) greenhouse extraction is still lacking. In this study, agricultural greenhouses in an important agricultural province (Shandong, China) are extracted by the combination of high-resolution remote sensing images from Google Earth and deep learning algorithm with high accuracy (94.04% for mean intersection over union over test set). The results demonstrated that the agricultural greenhouses cover an area of 1755.3 km2, accounting for 1.11% of the total province and 2.31% of total cultivated land. The spatial density map of agricultural greenhouses also suggested that the facility agriculture in Shandong has obviously regional aggregation characteristics, which is vulnerable in both environment and economy. The results of this study are useful and meaningful for future agriculture planning and environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Jiajia Li
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yameng Xu
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaohan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhenting Chen
- School of Information Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming, 650000, China
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Yu X, Zhang X, Chen J, Li Y, Liu X, Feng Y, Sun Y. Source, occurrence and risks of twenty antibiotics in vegetables and soils from facility agriculture through fixed-point monitoring and numerical simulation. J Environ Manage 2022; 319:115652. [PMID: 35820309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a universal method that combined fixed-point monitoring and numerical simulation was used to understand the source, fate and risks of antibiotics in environment. Results showed that the antibiotic concentration in vegetables, soil and manure from 53 fixed-point monitoring sampling sites were ND-18.47, ND-1438.50 and ND-24710.00 μg kg-1, respectively. There were positive correlations between the antibiotic concentrations of vegetables and soil as well as between soil and manure. The average Amountsoil/manure values were 1.48-46.02, indicating that antibiotics built up pseudo persistent residues in soil due to repeated fertilization. The modified level-III fugacity model showed that tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones tend to remain in soil given their sorption and mobility, while sulfonamides were highly distributed in plants, especially in leaves. Norfloxacin, ofloxacin, sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole and sulfisoxazole were found to be risk factors in facility agriculture and should be continuously monitored during agricultural production. Most importantly, we used the inversion method to determine the recommended maximum residue limits of antibiotics in soil. This will not only allow for better control of the amount of the antibiotics in the environment, but also act as a potential method to assess the risks of pollutants without maximum residue limits in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Sinofert Holdings Limited, Beijing, 100031, PR China
| | - Junhao Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- CAIQTEST (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100123, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Beijing Cultivated Land Construction and Protection Centre, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Yang Feng
- Beijing Cultivated Land Construction and Protection Centre, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Ying Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Du S, Ge AH, Liang ZH, Xiang JF, Xiao JL, Zhang Y, Liu YR, Zhang LM, Shen JP. Fumigation practice combined with organic fertilizer increase antibiotic resistance in watermelon rhizosphere soil. Sci Total Environ 2022; 805:150426. [PMID: 34818756 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemical fumigants and organic fertilizer are commonly used in facility agriculture to control soil-borne diseases and promote soil health. However, there is a lack of evidence for the effect of non-antibiotic fumigants on the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in plant rhizosphere soils. Here, the response of a wide spectrum of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) to dazomet fumigation practice in the rhizosphere soil of watermelon was investigated along its branching, flowering and fruiting growth stages in plastic shelters using high-throughput quantitative PCR approach. Our results indicated that soil fumigation combined with organic fertilizer application significantly increased the relative abundance of ARGs and MGEs in the rhizosphere soil of watermelon plant. The positive correlations between the relative abundance of ARGs and MGEs suggested that soil fumigation might increase the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) potential of ARGs. This result was further confirmed by the enhanced associations between ARG and MGE subtypes in the networks of fumigation treatments. Moreover, bipartite associations between ARGs/MGEs and microbial communities (bacteria and fungi) revealed a higher percentage of linkage between MGEs and microbial taxa in the fumigated soils. Structural equation model analysis further suggested that the increases in antibiotic resistance after fumigation and organic fertilizer application were mainly driven by MGEs and fungal community. Together, our results provide vital evidence that dazomet fumigation process combined with organic fertilizer in plastic shelters has the great potential to promote ARGs' dissemination in the rhizosphere, and raise cautions of the acquired resistance by soil-borne fungal pathogen and the potential spreading of ARGs along soil-plant continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - An-Hui Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Huai Liang
- Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Ji-Fang Xiang
- Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Ji-Ling Xiao
- Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yu-Rong Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li-Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ju-Pei Shen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
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Feng S, Lu H, Liu Y. The occurrence of microplastics in farmland and grassland soils in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau: Different land use and mulching time in facility agriculture. Environ Pollut 2021; 279:116939. [PMID: 33770651 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution in the environment has aroused great concern. However, our knowledge of MP abundance and distribution in soil environment is scarce. This work investigated the MPs in the farmland and grassland at a remote area of China, namely, the eastern area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). The average numbers of MPs were 53.2 ± 29.7 and 43.9 ± 22.3 items/kg in shallow and deep soil, respectively, from 35 soil samples. A remarkable difference in MP abundances was observed among soil samples from mulch farmland, greenhouses, farmland without covering, and grassland. The MPs were mostly in the form of a film and transparent in color in this study. The dominant polymers of MPs in the soil samples were polyester (PE) and polypropylene (PP). This study revealed the characteristics of MP distribution among different land use at the QTP, and MPs may stem from the fragmentation of plastic mulch in farmland soil. Notably, MP abundance increased with the increase in mulching time in facility agriculture. Additionally, human disturbances and increased mulching time in facility agriculture promote the fragmentation of soil MPs. This study provides important data for follow-up research on MPs in a plateau terrestrial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sansan Feng
- School of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Process, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hongwei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Process, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yunlong Liu
- School of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
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Qin S, Quan Z, Ma J, Chen X, Shi Y, Huang B. Regulating nitrate excess in lettuce-planted greenhouse soil with available carbon addition through irrigation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:19241-19249. [PMID: 31065989 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate excess is common in greenhouse soils, imposing environmental risks and degrading vegetable quality. In this study, the effectiveness of adding sucrose as available carbon through irrigation to cut nitrate excess in lettuce-planted soil was investigated under impacts of soil texture and irrigation type. In the pot experiment using two loam soils of same origin with different clay to sand ratios (50.2% and 39.8%) and nitrate excess (116.1 and 417.7 mg/kg N), three-time sucrose addition through flood irrigation was more effective in lowering net formation of nitrate-based inorganic N and increasing lettuce yield in the soil with the higher clay to sand ratio, and sucrose addition at 150-450 mg/kg reduced nitrate accumulation and leaching, and nitrate content of lettuce at harvest by 62.5-89.6%, 19.3-36.1%, and 11.4-76.0%, respectively. In the micro-plot field experiment with two-time sucrose addition at 0.6-1.2 g/L through furrow irrigation (42 mm) into two other soils of same origin with different clay to sand ratios (56.9%, 48.4%), nitrate accumulation at 0-30-cm depth at the prone-leaching furrow location at harvest decreased by 30.9-36.0% under the higher clay to sand ratio but increased by about 35% under the lower clay to sand ratio. The nitrate content and yield of ridge-planted lettuce was less affected in either soil. Hence, carbon addition rate, irrigation type, and clay to sand ratio all affected the effect of available carbon addition on nitrate accumulation in vegetable-planted soil, and their joint impacts need better quantification for cutting nitrate excess in soil and improving vegetable quality and even yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Qin
- Research Center for Facility Agriculture, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Quan
- Research Center for Facility Agriculture, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jia Ma
- Research Center for Facility Agriculture, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Research Center for Facility Agriculture, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Research Center for Facility Agriculture, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, China.
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Zhang Y, Wang P, Wang L, Sun G, Zhao J, Zhang H, Du N. The influence of facility agriculture production on phthalate esters distribution in black soils of northeast China. Sci Total Environ 2015; 506-507:118-125. [PMID: 25460946 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigates the existence of 15 phthalate esters (PAEs) in surface soils (27 samples) collected from 9 different facility agriculture sites in the black soil region of northeast China, during the process of agricultural production (comprising only three seasons spring, summer and autumn). Concentrations of the 15 PAEs detected significantly varied from spring to autumn and their values ranged from 1.37 to 4.90 mg/kg-dw, with a median value of 2.83 mg/kg-dw. The highest concentration of the 15 PAEs (4.90 mg/kg-dw) was determined in summer when mulching film was used in the greenhouses. Probably an increase in environmental temperature was a major reason for PAE transfer from the mulching film into the soil and coupled with the increased usage of chemical fertilizers in greenhouses. Results showed that of the 15 PAEs, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) were in abundance with the mean value of 1.12 ± 0.22, 0.46 ± 0.05, 0.36 ± 0.04, and 0.17 ± 0.01 mg/kg-dw, respectively; and their average contributions in spring, summer, and autumn ranged between 64.08 and 90.51% among the 15 PAEs. The results of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated the concentration of these four main PAEs significantly differed among the facility agricultures investigated, during the process of agricultural production. In comparison with foreign and domestic results of previous researches, it is proved that the black soils of facility agriculture in northeast China show higher pollution situation comparing with non-facility agriculture soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Pengjie Wang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jiaying Zhao
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Na Du
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
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