He Y, Jia D, Du S, Zhu R, Zhou W, Pan S, Zhang Y. Toxicity of gabapentin-lactam on the early developmental stage of zebrafish (Danio rerio).
Environ Pollut 2021;
287:117649. [PMID:
34182397 DOI:
10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117649]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gabapentin-lactam (GBP-L) is a transformation product (TP) of gabapentin (GBP), a widely used anti-epileptic pharmaceutical. Due to its high persistence, GBP-L has been frequently detected in the surface water. However, the effects of GBP-L on aquatic organisms have not been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos as a model organism were used to study the impacts of GBP-L in terms of embryos LC50, spontaneous movement at 24 hpf (hours post fertilization), heartbeat rates at 48 hpf, and body length at 72 hpf, with the concentrations of GBP-L down to 0.01 μg/L, covering its environmental concentrations. Various biomarkers from nervous, antioxidant and immune systems of zebrafish larvae were analyzed, including acetylcholinesterase, acetylcholine, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, C reactive protein, and lysozyme, to assess its toxicity on these systems. RT-qPCR was then used to further verify the results and explain the toxicological mechanism at the gene level. The results demonstrated that GBP-L is much more toxic than its parent compound, and could lead to adverse impacts on the aquatic organisms even at every low concentrations.
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