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Podda M, Di Martino M, Pata F, Nigri G, Pisanu A, Di Saverio S, Pellino G, Ielpo B. Global disparities in surgeons' workloads, academic engagement and rest periods: the on-calL shIft fOr geNEral SurgeonS (LIONESS) study. Updates Surg 2024:10.1007/s13304-024-01859-7. [PMID: 38684574 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-024-01859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The workload of general surgeons is multifaceted, encompassing not only surgical procedures but also a myriad of other responsibilities. From April to May 2023, we conducted a CHERRIES-compliant internet-based survey analyzing clinical practice, academic engagement, and post-on-call rest. The questionnaire featured six sections with 35 questions. Statistical analysis used Chi-square tests, ANOVA, and logistic regression (SPSS® v. 28). The survey received a total of 1.046 responses (65.4%). Over 78.0% of responders came from Europe, 65.1% came from a general surgery unit; 92.8% of European and 87.5% of North American respondents were involved in research, compared to 71.7% in Africa. Europe led in publishing research studies (6.6 ± 8.6 yearly). Teaching involvement was high in North America (100%) and Africa (91.7%). Surgeons reported an average of 6.7 ± 4.9 on-call shifts per month, with European and North American surgeons experiencing 6.5 ± 4.9 and 7.8 ± 4.1 on-calls monthly, respectively. African surgeons had the highest on-call frequency (8.7 ± 6.1). Post-on-call, only 35.1% of respondents received a day off. Europeans were most likely (40%) to have a day off, while African surgeons were least likely (6.7%). On the adjusted multivariable analysis HDI (Human Development Index) (aOR 1.993) hospital capacity > 400 beds (aOR 2.423), working in a specialty surgery unit (aOR 2.087), and making the on-call in-house (aOR 5.446), significantly predicted the likelihood of having a day off after an on-call shift. Our study revealed critical insights into the disparities in workload, access to research, and professional opportunities for surgeons across different continents, underscored by the HDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Podda
- Department of Surgical Science, Emergency Surgery Unit, Policlinico Universitario "D. Casula", Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Cagliari, University of Cagliari, SS 554, Km 4,500, 09042, Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Marcello Di Martino
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesco Pata
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nigri
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Adolfo Pisanu
- Department of Surgical Science, Emergency Surgery Unit, Policlinico Universitario "D. Casula", Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Cagliari, University of Cagliari, SS 554, Km 4,500, 09042, Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Salomone Di Saverio
- Department of Surgery, Madonna del Soccorso Hospital, San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Gianluca Pellino
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Universitá degli Studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Benedetto Ielpo
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Hospital del Mar, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Raj M, Arnav A, Pal AK, Mondal S. Global Research Trends in Limb Salvage Surgery for Osteosarcoma: Findings from a Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis over 15 Years. Indian J Orthop 2023; 57:1927-1948. [PMID: 38009167 PMCID: PMC10673777 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-023-01005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Limb salvage surgery in osteosarcoma requires a multidisciplinary team of experts, due to which research interest has remained limited globally. This article analyzes research trends over 15 years from 2007 to 2022. Materials and Methods Publications on limb salvage surgery in osteosarcoma were retrieved using the Web of Science. Bibliometric analysis of the publication metadata was done using R software. VOS viewer software was used to analyze the bibliographic coupling, co-citation, co-authorship, and co-occurrence to report the current trends in global research on limb salvage surgery in osteosarcoma. Results A total of 693 articles were retrieved. On applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a publication metadata of 276 articles was analyzed using the methodology mentioned. Annual scientific production on the subject has shown a steady rising trend globally. China has the highest number of publications on the topic; however, the USA has the highest citations globally. The Journal "Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research" remains the pioneer in the topic with the highest number of publications and H index among all journals. Most of the research interest is generated in the developed countries of the USA, Europe, and China. Keyword analysis suggested 4 clusters of surgical reconstruction, Survival, Chemotherapy, and general management related. Newer keywords such as biological reconstructions, allograft, metastases, cell, and chemotherapy suggest future research topics in the field. Conclusion Research interest in limb salvage surgery in osteosarcoma continues to grow with the introduction of concepts such as biological reconstructions and allografts. However, for more inclusive research on the topic, research interest must also be encouraged in underdeveloped and developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Raj
- Department of Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India
| | - Amiy Arnav
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India
| | - Arup Kumar Pal
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, India
| | - Shukla Mondal
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, India
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Rathod S, Pallikadavath S, Graves E, Rahman MM, Brooks A, Rathod P, Bhargava R, Irfan M, Aly R, Mohammad Saleh Al Gahtani H, Salam Z, Chau SWH, Paterson TSE, Turner B, Gorbunova V, Klymchuk V, Phiri P. Effects of cumulative COVID-19 cases on mental health: Evidence from multi-country survey. World J Psychiatry 2023; 13:461-477. [PMID: 37547737 PMCID: PMC10401503 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i7.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety were both ranked among the top 25 leading causes of global burden of diseases in 2019 prior to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The pandemic affected, and in many cases threatened, the health and lives of millions of people across the globe and within the first year, global prevalence of anxiety and depression increased by 25% with the greatest influx in places highly affected by COVID-19.
AIM To explore the psychological impact of the pandemic and resultant restrictions in different countries using an opportunistic sample and online questionnaire in different phases of the pandemic.
METHODS A repeated, cross-sectional online international survey of adults, 16 years and above, was carried out in 10 countries (United Kingdom, India, Canada, Bangladesh, Ukraine, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Egypt, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia). The online questionnaire was based on published approaches to understand the psychological impact of COVID-19 and the resultant restrictions. Five standardised measures were included to explore levels of depression [patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9)], anxiety [generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) assessment], impact of trauma [the impact of events scale-revised (IES-R)], loneliness (a brief loneliness scale), and social support (The Multi-dimensional Scale of Perceived Social support).
RESULTS There were two rounds of the online survey in 10 countries with 42866 participants in Round 1 and 92260 in Round 2. The largest number of participants recruited from the United Kingdom (112985 overall). The majority of participants reported receiving no support from mental health services throughout the pandemic. This study found that the daily cumulative COVID-19 cases had a statistically significant effect on PHQ-9, GAD-7, and IES-R scores. These scores significantly increased in the second round of surveys with the ordinary least squares regression results with regression discontinuity design specification (to control lockdown effects) confirming these results. The study findings imply that participants’ mental health worsened with high cumulative COVID-19 cases.
CONCLUSION Whist we are still living through the impact of COVID-19, this paper focuses on its impact on mental health, discusses the possible consequences and future implications. This study revealed that daily cumulative COVID-19 cases have a significant impact on depression, anxiety, and trauma. Increasing cumulative cases influenced and impacted education, employment, socialization and finances, to name but a few. Building a database of global evidence will allow for future planning of pandemics, particularly the impact on mental health of populations considering the cultural differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanaya Rathod
- Department of Research and Innovation, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO30 3JB, United Kingdom
| | - Saseendran Pallikadavath
- Portsmouth-Brawijaya Centre for Global Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2UP, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Graves
- Department of Research and Innovation, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO30 3JB, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad M Rahman
- Salford Business School, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, United Kingdom
| | - Ashlea Brooks
- Department of Research and Innovation, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO30 3JB, United Kingdom
| | - Pranay Rathod
- Patient and Public Involvement, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO30 3JB, United Kingdom
| | - Rachna Bhargava
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Peshawar Medical College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan
| | - Reham Aly
- Department of Clinical Services, Ministry of Health, Cairo 4262114, Egypt
| | | | - Zahwa Salam
- Peshawar Dental College, Ripah International University, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan
| | - Steven Wai Ho Chau
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Theone S E Paterson
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Brianna Turner
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Viktoria Gorbunova
- Department of Social Psychology, Zhytomyr State University, Zhytomyr 10002, Ukraine
| | - Vitaly Klymchuk
- National Psychological Association, Mental Health for Ukraine Project, European Federation of Psychologists' Association, GFA, Kyiv 04071, Ukraine
| | - Peter Phiri
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Wang W, Sun W, Xu H, Liu Y, Wei C, Wang S, Xian S, Yan P, Zhang J, Guo H, Qin H, Lian J, Han X, Zhang J, Guo R, Zhang J, Huang Z. Bibliometric analysis and mini-review of global research on pyroptosis in the field of cancer. Apoptosis 2023:10.1007/s10495-023-01821-9. [PMID: 37071294 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01821-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is one of the mechanisms of programmed cell death (PCD) activated by inflammasomes and involved by the caspase family and the gasdermin family. During the oncogenesis and progression of tumors, pyroptosis is crucial, and complex withal. Currently, pyroptosis is the focus topic in the research field of oncology, but there is no single bibliometric analysis systematically studying 'pyroptosis and cancer'. Our study aimed to visualize the research status of pyroptosis in oncology and excavate the hotspots and prospects in this field. Furthermore, in consideration of the professional direction of researchers, we particularly emphasized articles on pyroptosis in gynecology and formed a mini systematic review. This bibliometric work integrated and analyzed all articles from ISI Web of Science: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-Expanded) (dated April 25th, 2022), based on quantitative and visual mapping approaches. Systematically reviewing articles on pyroptosis in gynecology helped us complement our analysis of research advancements in this field. Including 634 articles, our study found that the number of articles on pyroptosis in cancer increased exponentially in recent years. These publications came from 45 countries and regions headed by China and the US mainly aiming at the mechanism of pyroptosis in cell biology and biochemistry molecular biology, as well as the role of pyroptosis in the development and therapeutic application of various cancers. The top 20 most cited studies on this topic mostly came from the US, followed by China and England, and half of the articles cited more than 100 times in total were published in Nature. Moreover, as for gynecologic cancer, in vitro and bioinformatics analysis were the main methodology conducting to explore roles of pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) and formation of inflammasomes in cancer progression and prognosis. Pyroptosis has evolved into a burgeoning research field in oncology. The cellular and molecular pathway mechanism of pyroptosis, as well as the effect of pyroptosis in oncogenesis, progression, and treatment have been the hot topic of the current study and provided us the future direction as the potential opportunities and challenges. We advocate more active cooperation to improve therapeutic strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
- Medical Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Malignant Gynecological Tumor, Henan Province, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenhuizi Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chenlu Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Siqiao Wang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyuan Xian
- Tongji University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Penghui Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongjun Guo
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hengwei Qin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Lian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Han
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruixia Guo
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, 450052, Zhengzhou, China.
- Medical Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Malignant Gynecological Tumor, Henan Province, 450052, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, 200065, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zongqiang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, 450052, Zhengzhou, China.
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Nath I. Trends in science: successes and responsible research conduct. Biol Futur 2021; 72:161-7. [PMID: 34554468 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-020-00029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Science, particularly in life sciences and biotechnologies, is continuing to make remarkable progress in the past decade. This has been possible due to the governments and people recognizing that scientific discoveries bring development and prosperity to the nation. The new trend in research is to collaborate across disciplines with large teams of participants across the globe. This has brought success but has led to varying standards in ethics and responsible conduct which require harmonization. Recent discoveries point to a need for new approaches to ethics. The rise in cases of misconduct and retraction of research papers from high-profile individuals has been a cause for concern. It is encouraging that many countries that have detected misconduct in research have instituted strong steps to correct the situation. This brief review discusses the recent developments of interest to me, the issues of global research, ethics and responsible conduct.
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Usmani MS, Wang J, Ahmad N, Iqbal M, Ahmed RI. Mapping green technologies literature published between 1995 and 2019: a scientometric review from the perspective of the manufacturing industry. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:28848-28864. [PMID: 33840032 PMCID: PMC8036163 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive literature review and gives an insight into the increasing research trends that are based on the discipline of green technology (GTs) in the manufacturing industry. Prior research in this field indicates that there is a scarcity of research on the topic. Therefore, this study seeks to draft a multi-perspective literature review that is based on GTs in the manufacturing industry. Moreover, to make this analysis more detailed, the science-mapping technique and the quantitative approach were also applied on 5734 bibliographic references that were extracted from the web of science. Ultimately, the focus of the research is to understand the tendencies and trends in journals, institutions, and the main areas of research, along with the integration style of these elements in the previous literature that has been written on the subject of GTs. This technique also helps to fill in the research gap, address the limitations of existing literature, and shed light on the various possible directions this could lead to for future research. The implications of this research offer wide directives for editors, researchers, research institutions, policymakers, and practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianling Wang
- School of management, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- School of management, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
- Department of Business Administration, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Muzaffar Iqbal
- College of management and economics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rahil Irfan Ahmed
- School of Business Administration, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan, China
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Nkimbeng M, Cudjoe J, Han HR, Rodney T. Creating a community of researchers: Fostering global collaboration for doctoral prepared nurses and nursing students. J Prof Nurs 2020; 37:354-358. [PMID: 33867090 DOI: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few publications have explored the role that professional organizations play in facilitating global partnerships; particularly regarding research and educational collaboration between doctoral prepared nurses and students residing in low- and middle-income countries with those from high-income countries. OBJECTIVE To describe a pilot Spotlight Project which was developed to foster communication and collaboration among global doctoral prepared nurses and nursing students within an international nursing organization. METHODS Twenty-seven members were identified and sent requests to complete the spotlight form created for this project. This form gave potential participants the option to do a 250 to 350-word write-up or develop a video describing their current research/educational initiatives, achievements, short and long -term goals. RESULTS Eight of the 27 spotlight requests were returned. Information was received from one recent graduate and 7 faculty members. It included descriptions of motivation to pursue doctoral education, future aspirations, and academic and career accomplishments. DISCUSSION The Spotlight Project could serve as an avenue for nursing students, researchers, and nursing schools; especially those from low- and middle-income countries that typically have limited funding and access to conferences and other professional opportunities to disseminate information about current projects, and a means of celebrating achievements of organization's members. This is also a potential avenue for international research and education collaboration between students and institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manka Nkimbeng
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, 525 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 20125, United States of America; University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America.
| | - Joycelyn Cudjoe
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, 525 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 20125, United States of America; Inova Health System Professional Practice, 8110 Gatehouse Road, Falls Church, VA 22042, United States of America
| | - Hae-Ra Han
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, 525 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 20125, United States of America
| | - Tamar Rodney
- Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, 525 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 20125, United States of America
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Mahajan P, Visclosky T, Bhoi S, Galwankar S, Kuppermann N, Neumar R. The importance of developing global emergency medicine research network. Am J Emerg Med 2018; 37:744-745. [PMID: 30527916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that emergency care can impact health of populations, the global epidemiology of emergencies in children and adults is unknown and substantial variation exists in emergency infrastructure among different nations, especially among the low and middle income countries. Various research networks which are etiology specific or subspecialty specific, including emergency care based networks have positively impacted the health of populations. However, emergency departments (ED) in low and middle income counties are underrepresented in most international networks. Creation of a global ED based research network will help generate generalizable evidence that can then be translated into locally relevant evidence-based guidelines, nurture future researchers in emergency medicine, standardize training/education and improve patient outcomes by reducing variation in clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Mahajan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Timothy Visclosky
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Sanjeev Bhoi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Sagar Galwankar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Nathan Kuppermann
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Robert Neumar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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