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Qiao X, Kang L, Shi C, Ye A, Wu D, Huang Y, Deng M, Wang J, Zhao Y, Chen C. Exploring the precision redox map during fasting-refeeding and satiation in C. elegans. Stress Biol 2023; 3:17. [PMID: 37676352 PMCID: PMC10442001 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Fasting is a popular dietary strategy because it grants numerous advantages, and redox regulation is one mechanism involved. However, the precise redox changes with respect to the redox species, organelles and tissues remain unclear, which hinders the understanding of the metabolic mechanism, and exploring the precision redox map under various dietary statuses is of great significance. Twelve redox-sensitive C. elegans strains stably expressing genetically encoded redox fluorescent probes (Hyperion sensing H2O2 and Grx1-roGFP2 sensing GSH/GSSG) in three organelles (cytoplasm, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)) were constructed in two tissues (body wall muscle and neurons) and were confirmed to respond to redox challenge. The H2O2 and GSSG/GSH redox changes in two tissues and three organelles were obtained by confocal microscopy during fasting, refeeding, and satiation. We found that under fasting condition, H2O2 decreased in most compartments, except for an increase in mitochondria, while GSSG/GSH increased in the cytoplasm of body muscle and the ER of neurons. After refeeding, the redox changes in H2O2 and GSSG/GSH caused by fasting were reversed in most organelles of the body wall muscle and neurons. In the satiated state, H2O2 increased markedly in the cytoplasm, mitochondria and ER of muscle and the ER of neurons, while GSSG/GSH exhibited no change in most organelles of the two tissues except for an increase in the ER of muscle. Our study systematically and precisely presents the redox characteristics under different dietary states in living animals and provides a basis for further investigating the redox mechanism in metabolism and optimizing dietary guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Qiao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lu Kang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Chang Shi
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Aojun Ye
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dongli Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yuyunfei Huang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Minghao Deng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiarui Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Chang Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Kurz FT, Breckwoldt MO. Automated Quantification and Network Analysis of Redox Dynamics in Neuronal Mitochondria. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2399:261-274. [PMID: 35604561 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1831-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are complex organelles with multifaceted roles in cell biology, acting as signaling hubs that implicate them in cellular physiology and pathology. Mitochondria are both the target and the origin of multiple signaling events, including redox processes and calcium signaling which are important for organellar function and homeostasis. One way to interrogate mitochondrial function is by live cell imaging. Elaborated approaches perform imaging of single mitochondrial dynamics in living cells and animals. Imaging mitochondrial signaling and function can be challenging due to the sheer number of mitochondria, and the speed, propagation, and potential short half-life of signals. Moreover, mitochondria are organized in functionally coupled interorganellar networks. Therefore, advanced analysis and postprocessing tools are needed to enable automated analysis to fully quantitate mitochondrial signaling events and decipher their complex spatiotemporal connectedness. Herein, we present a protocol for recording and automating analyses of signaling in neuronal mitochondrial networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix T Kurz
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center, Department of Radiology, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael O Breckwoldt
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Ugalde JM, Fecker L, Schwarzländer M, Müller-Schüssele SJ, Meyer AJ. Live Monitoring of ROS-Induced Cytosolic Redox Changes with roGFP2-Based Sensors in Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2526:65-85. [PMID: 35657512 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2469-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as by-products of oxygen metabolism and for signal transduction. Depending on their concentration and their site of production, ROS can cause oxidative damage within the cell and must be effectively scavenged. Detoxification of the most stable ROS, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), via the glutathione-ascorbate pathway may transiently alter the glutathione redox potential (EGSH). Changes in EGSH can thus be considered as an indicator of the oxidative load in the cell. Genetically encoded probes based on roGFP2 enable extended opportunities for in vivo monitoring of H2O2 and EGSH dynamics. Here, we provide detailed protocols for live monitoring of both parameters in the cytosol with the probes Grx1-roGFP2 for EGSH and roGFP2-Orp1 for H2O2, respectively. The protocols have been adapted for live cell imaging with high lateral resolution on a confocal microscope and for multi-parallel measurements in whole organs or intact seedlings in a fluorescence microplate reader. Elicitor-induced ROS generation is used for illustration of the opportunities for dynamic ROS measurements that can be transferred to other research questions and model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Ugalde
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lara Fecker
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Booth DM, Joseph SK, Hajnóczky G. Subcellular ROS imaging methods: Relevance for the study of calcium signaling. Cell Calcium 2016; 60:65-73. [PMID: 27209367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genetically encoded fluorescent probes have dramatically increased the toolkit available for imaging the intracellular environment. Perhaps the biggest improvements have been made in sensing specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox changes under physiological conditions. The new generation of probes may be targeted to a wide range of subcellular environments. By targeting such probes to compartments and organelle surfaces they may be exposed to environments, which support local signal transduction and regulation. The close apposition of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with mitochondria and other organelles forms such a local environment where Ca(2+) dynamics are greatly enhanced compared to the bulk cytosol. We describe here how newly developed genetically encoded redox indicators (GERIs) might be used to monitor ROS and probe their interaction with Ca(2+) at both global and local level.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Booth
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Suresh K Joseph
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - György Hajnóczky
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Elbaz-Alon Y, Morgan B, Clancy A, Amoako TNE, Zalckvar E, Dick TP, Schwappach B, Schuldiner M. The yeast oligopeptide transporter Opt2 is localized to peroxisomes and affects glutathione redox homeostasis. FEMS Yeast Res 2014; 14:1055-67. [PMID: 25130273 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione, the most abundant small-molecule thiol in eukaryotic cells, is synthesized de novo solely in the cytosol and must subsequently be transported to other cellular compartments. The mechanisms of glutathione transport into and out of organelles remain largely unclear. We show that budding yeast Opt2, a close homolog of the plasma membrane glutathione transporter Opt1, localizes to peroxisomes. We demonstrate that deletion of OPT2 leads to major defects in maintaining peroxisomal, mitochondrial, and cytosolic glutathione redox homeostasis. Furthermore, ∆opt2 strains display synthetic lethality with deletions of genes central to iron homeostasis that require mitochondrial glutathione redox homeostasis. Our results shed new light on the importance of peroxisomes in cellular glutathione homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Elbaz-Alon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Samalova M, Meyer AJ, Gurr SJ, Fricker MD. Robust anti-oxidant defences in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae confer tolerance to the host oxidative burst. New Phytol 2014; 201:556-573. [PMID: 24117971 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to pathogen attack via a rapid burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, ROS are also produced by fungal metabolism and are required for the development of infection structures in Magnaporthe oryzae. To obtain a better understanding of redox regulation in M. oryzae, we measured the amount and redox potential of glutathione (E(GSH)), as the major cytoplasmic anti-oxidant, the rates of ROS production, and mitochondrial activity using multi-channel four-dimensional (x,y,z,t) confocal imaging of Grx1-roGFP2 and fluorescent reporters during spore germination, appressorium formation and infection. High levels of mitochondrial activity and ROS were localized to the growing germ tube and appressorium, but E(GSH) was highly reduced and tightly regulated during development. Furthermore, germlings were extremely resistant to external H2O2 exposure ex planta. EGSH remained highly reduced during successful infection of the susceptible rice cultivar CO39. By contrast, there was a dramatic reduction in the infection of resistant (IR68) rice, but the sparse hyphae that did form also maintained a similar reduced E(GSH). We conclude that M. oryzae has a robust anti-oxidant defence system and maintains tight control of EGSH despite substantial oxidative challenge. Furthermore, the magnitude of the host oxidative burst alone does not stress the pathogen sufficiently to prevent infection in this pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Samalova
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- INRES, Universität Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah J Gurr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Mark D Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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Wittig R, Richter V, Wittig-Blaich S, Weber P, Strauss WSL, Bruns T, Dick TP, Schneckenburger H. Biosensor-expressing spheroid cultures for imaging of drug-induced effects in three dimensions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:736-43. [PMID: 23479354 DOI: 10.1177/1087057113480525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past, the majority of antitumor compound-screening approaches had been performed in two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. Although easy to standardize, this method provides results of limited significance because cells are surrounded by an artificial microenvironment, are not exposed to hypoxia gradients, and lack cell-cell contacts. These nonphysiological conditions directly affect relevant parameters such as the resistance to anticancer drugs. Multicellular tumor spheroids more closely resemble the in vivo situation in avascularized tumors. To monitor cellular reactions within this three-dimensional model system, we stably transfected a spheroid-forming glioblastoma cell line with Grx1-roGFP2, a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based glutathione-specific redox sensor that detects alterations in the glutathione redox potential. Functionality and temporal dynamics of the sensor were verified with redox-active substances in 2D cell culture. Based on structured illumination microscopy using nonphototoxic light doses, ratio imaging was then applied to monitor the response of the glutathione system to exogenous hydrogen peroxide in optical sections of a tumor spheroid. Our approach provides a proof of concept for biosensor-based imaging in 3D cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Wittig
- Institut für Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Messtechnik an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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