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Debnath R, Bardhan R, Misra A, Hong T, Rozite V, Ramage MH. Lockdown impacts on residential electricity demand in India: A data-driven and non-intrusive load monitoring study using Gaussian mixture models. Energy Policy 2022; 164:None. [PMID: 35620237 PMCID: PMC9022708 DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of complete nationwide lockdown in 2020 on residential electricity demand across 13 Indian cities and the role of digitalisation using a public smart meter dataset. We undertake a data-driven approach to explore the energy impacts of work-from-home norms across five dwelling typologies. Our methodology includes climate correction, dimensionality reduction and machine learning-based clustering using Gaussian Mixture Models of daily load curves. Results show that during the lockdown, maximum daily peak demand increased by 150-200% as compared to 2018 and 2019 levels for one room-units (RM1), one bedroom-units (BR1) and two bedroom-units (BR2) which are typical for low- and middle-income families. While the upper-middle- and higher-income dwelling units (i.e., three (3BR) and more-than-three bedroom-units (M3BR)) saw night-time demand rise by almost 44% in 2020, as compared to 2018 and 2019 levels. Our results also showed that new peak demand emerged for the lockdown period for RM1, BR1 and BR2 dwelling typologies. We found that the lack of supporting socioeconomic and climatic data can restrict a comprehensive analysis of demand shocks using similar public datasets, which informed policy implications for India's digitalisation. We further emphasised improving the data quality and reliability for effective data-centric policymaking.
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Key Words
- AI, Artificial Intelligence
- BR1, 1-bedroomunit
- BR2, 2-bedroom unit
- BR3, 3-bedroom unit
- CDD, Cooling Degree Day
- COVID-19
- EM, Expectation–Maximisation algorithm
- GMM, Gaussian Mixture Models
- HDD, Heating Degree Day
- India
- M3BR, More than 3-bedroom unit
- MDS, Multidimensional Scaling
- Machine learning
- Mixture models
- NEEM, National Energy End-use Monitoring
- NILM
- NILM, Non-intrusive Load Monitoring
- RM1, 1-room unit
- WFH, Work-from-Home
- Work-from-home
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramit Debnath
- Energy Policy Research Group, Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1AG, UK
- Centre for Natural Material Innovation, Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PX, UK
- Division of Humanities and Social Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Ronita Bardhan
- Sustainable Design Group, Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PX, UK
| | - Ashwin Misra
- The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213-3890, USA
| | - Tianzhen Hong
- Building Technology and Urban Systems Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Vida Rozite
- Energy Efficiency Division, International Energy Agency, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Michael H. Ramage
- Centre for Natural Material Innovation, Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PX, UK
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