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Li Y, Wang C, Huang Y, Fu R, Zheng H, Zhu Y, Shi X, Padakanti PK, Tu Z, Su X, Zhang H. C. Elegans Fatty Acid Two-Hydroxylase Regulates Intestinal Homeostasis by Affecting Heptadecenoic Acid Production. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 49:947-960. [PMID: 30184537 DOI: 10.1159/000493226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The hydroxylation of fatty acids at the C-2 position is the first step of fatty acid α-oxidation and generates sphingolipids containing 2-hydroxy fatty acyl moieties. Fatty acid 2-hydroxylation is catalyzed by Fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (FA2H) enzyme. However, the precise roles of FA2H and fatty acid 2-hydroxylation in whole cell homeostasis still remain unclear. METHODS Here we utilize Caenorhabditis elegans as the model and systemically investigate the physiological functions of FATH-1/C25A1.5, the highly conserved worm homolog for mammalian FA2H enzyme. Immunostaining, dye-staining and translational fusion reporters were used to visualize FATH-1 protein and a variety of subcellular structures. The "click chemistry" method was employed to label 2-OH fatty acid in vivo. Global and tissue-specific RNAi knockdown experiments were performed to inactivate FATH-1 function. Lipid analysis of the fath-1 deficient mutants was achieved by mass spectrometry. RESULTS C. elegans FATH-1 is expressed at most developmental stages and in most tissues. Loss of fath-1 expression results in severe growth retardation and shortened lifespan. FATH-1 function is crucially required in the intestine but not the epidermis with stereospecificity. The "click chemistry" labeling technique showed that the FATH-1 metabolites are mainly enriched in membrane structures preferable to the apical side of the intestinal cells. At the subcellular level, we found that loss of fath-1 expression inhibits lipid droplets formation, as well as selectively disrupts peroxisomes and apical endosomes. Lipid analysis of the fath-1 deficient animals revealed a significant reduction in the content of heptadecenoic acid, while other major FAs remain unaffected. Feeding of exogenous heptadecenoic acid (C17: 1), but not oleic acid (C18: 1), rescues the global and subcellular defects of fath-1 knockdown worms. CONCLUSION Our study revealed that FATH-1 and its catalytic products are highly specific in the context of chirality, C-chain length, spatial distribution, as well as the types of cellular organelles they affect. Such an unexpected degree of specificity for the synthesis and functions of hydroxylated FAs helps to regulate protein transport and fat metabolism, therefore maintaining the cellular homeostasis of the intestinal cells. These findings may help our understanding of FA2H functions across species, and offer potential therapeutical targets for treating FA2H-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yikai Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hanxi Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoruo Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Prashanth K Padakanti
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Zhude Tu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Xiong Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, China.,Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Park YK, Dulermo T, Ledesma-Amaro R, Nicaud JM. Optimization of odd chain fatty acid production by Yarrowia lipolytica. Biotechnol Biofuels 2018; 11:158. [PMID: 29930704 PMCID: PMC5991449 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Odd chain fatty acids (odd FAs) have a wide range of applications in therapeutic and nutritional industries, as well as in chemical industries including biofuel. Yarrowia lipolytica is an oleaginous yeast considered a preferred microorganism for the production of lipid-derived biofuels and chemicals. However, it naturally produces negligible amounts of odd chain fatty acids. RESULTS The possibility of producing odd FAs using Y. lipolytica was investigated. Y. lipolytica wild-type strain was shown able to grow on weak acids; acetate, lactate, and propionate. Maximal growth rate on propionate reached 0.24 ± 0.01 h-1 at 2 g/L, and growth inhibition occurred at concentration above 10 g/L. Wild-type strain accumulated lipids ranging from 7.39 to 8.14% (w/w DCW) depending on the carbon source composition, and odd FAs represented only 0.01-0.12 g/L. We here proved that the deletion of the PHD1 gene improved odd FAs production, which reached a ratio of 46.82% to total lipids. When this modification was transferred to an obese strain, engineered for improving lipid accumulation, further increase odd FAs production reaching a total of 0.57 g/L was shown. Finally, a fed-batch co-feeding strategy was optimized for further increase odd FAs production, which generated 0.75 g/L, the best production described so far in Y. lipolytica. CONCLUSIONS A Y. lipolytica strain able to accumulate high level of odd chain fatty acids, mainly heptadecenoic acid, has been successfully developed. In addition, a fed-batch co-feeding strategy was optimized to further improve lipid accumulation and odd chain fatty acid content. These lipids enriched in odd chain fatty acid can (1) improve the properties of the biodiesel generated from Y. lipolytica lipids and (2) be used as renewable source of odd chain fatty acid for industrial applications. This work paves the way for further improvements in odd chain fatty acids and fatty acid-derived compound production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kyoung Park
- UMR1319, Team BIMLip: Biologie Intégrative du Métabolisme Lipidique, Institut Micalis, INRA-AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Thierry Dulermo
- UMR1319, Team BIMLip: Biologie Intégrative du Métabolisme Lipidique, Institut Micalis, INRA-AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Lesaffre International, Marcq-en-Baroeul, France
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- UMR1319, Team BIMLip: Biologie Intégrative du Métabolisme Lipidique, Institut Micalis, INRA-AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jean-Marc Nicaud
- UMR1319, Team BIMLip: Biologie Intégrative du Métabolisme Lipidique, Institut Micalis, INRA-AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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