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Wu C, Xi C, Tong J, Zhao J, Jiang H, Wang J, Wang Y, Liu H. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel tetrahydroprotoberberine derivatives (THPBs) as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) modulators for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:1216-1230. [PMID: 31867167 PMCID: PMC6900552 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) modulators may attenuate PCSK9-induced low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) degradation in lysosome and promote the clearance of circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). A novel series of tetrahydroprotoberberine derivatives (THPBs) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as PCSK9 modulators for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Among them, eight compounds exhibited excellent activities in downregulating hepatic PCSK9 expression better than berberine in HepG2 cells. In addition, five compounds 15, 18, 22, (R)-22, and (S)-22 showed better performance in the low-density lipoprotein, labeled with 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI-LDL) uptake assay, compared with berberine at the same concentration. Compound 22, selected for in vivo evaluation, demonstrated significant reductions of total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C in hyperlipidemic hamsters with a good pharmacokinetic profile. Further exploring of the lipid-lowering mechanism showed that compound 22 promoted hepatic LDLR expression in a dose-dependent manner in HepG2 cells. Additional results of human ether-à-go-go related gene (hERG) inhibition assay indicated the potential druggability for compound 22, which is a promising lead compound for the development of PCSK9 modulator for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.
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Key Words
- ADH, autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia
- AUC, area under the plasma concentration−time curve
- BBR, berberine
- CHD, coronary heart disease
- CL, clearance
- CVDs, cardiovascular diseases
- Cmax, maximum concentration
- DiI-LDL, low-density lipoprotein, labeled with 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine perchlorate
- F, oral bioavailability
- FDA, food and drug administration
- HFD, high-fat diet
- Hyperlipidemia hamster
- LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- Lipid-lowering
- Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- Low-density lipoprotein receptor
- MRT, mean residence time
- PCSK9
- PCSK9 expression
- PCSK9, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- POCl3, phosphoryl trichloride
- TC, total cholesterol
- THPBs, tetrahydroprotoberberine derivatives
- Tetrahydroprotoberberine derivatives
- Total cholesterol
- hERG, human ether-à-go-go related gene
- mAbs, monoclonal antibodies
- t1/2, half-life
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Cong Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junhua Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 21 50807042 (Hong Liu); +86 21 50806733 (Yiping Wang); +86 21 50806600 5418 (Jiang Wang).
| | - Yiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 21 50807042 (Hong Liu); +86 21 50806733 (Yiping Wang); +86 21 50806600 5418 (Jiang Wang).
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 21 50807042 (Hong Liu); +86 21 50806733 (Yiping Wang); +86 21 50806600 5418 (Jiang Wang).
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