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Minisola S, Colangelo L, Pepe J, Diacinti D, Cipriani C, Rao SD. Osteomalacia and Vitamin D Status: A Clinical Update 2020. JBMR Plus 2020; 5:e10447. [PMID: 33553992 PMCID: PMC7839817 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, rickets and osteomalacia have been synonymous with vitamin D deficiency dating back to the 17th century. The term osteomalacia, which literally means soft bone, was traditionally applied to characteristic radiologically or histologically documented skeletal disease and not just to clinical or biochemical abnormalities. Osteomalacia results from impaired mineralization of bone that can manifest in several types, which differ from one another by the relationships of osteoid (ie, unmineralized bone matrix) thickness both with osteoid surface and mineral apposition rate. Osteomalacia related to vitamin D deficiency evolves in three stages. The initial stage is characterized by normal serum levels of calcium and phosphate and elevated alkaline phosphatase, PTH, and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D]—the latter a consequence of increased PTH. In the second stage, serum calcium and often phosphate levels usually decline, and both serum PTH and alkaline phosphatase values increase further. However, serum 1,25(OH)2D returns to normal or low values depending on the concentration of its substrate, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD; the best available index of vitamin D nutrition) and the degree of PTH elevation. In the final stage, hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia are invariably low with further exacerbation of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The exact,or even an approximate, prevalence of osteomalacia caused by vitamin D deficiency is difficult to estimate, most likely it is underrecognized or misdiagnosed as osteoporosis. Signs and symptoms include diffuse bone, muscle weakness, and characteristic fracture pattern, often referred to as pseudofractures, involving ribs, scapulae, pubic rami, proximal femurs, and codfish‐type vertebrae. The goal of therapy of vitamin D‐deficiency osteomalacia is to alleviate symptoms, promote fracture healing, restore bone strength, and improve quality of life while correcting biochemical abnormalities. There is a need for better understanding of the epidemiology of osteomalacia. Simplified tools validated by concurrent bone histology should be developed to help clinicians promptly diagnose osteomalacia. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Minisola
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Luciano Colangelo
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Jessica Pepe
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Daniele Diacinti
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Cristiana Cipriani
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Sudhaker D Rao
- Bone and Mineral Research Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology Diabetes & Bore and Mineral Disorders, Henry Ford Hospital Detroit MI USA
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