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Hayashi Y, Nakayama J, Yamamoto M, Maekawa M, Watanabe S, Higashiyama S, Inoue JI, Yamamoto Y, Semba K. Aberrant accumulation of NIK promotes tumor growth by dysregulating translation and post-translational modifications in breast cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:57. [PMID: 37005661 PMCID: PMC10067241 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo investigations with cancer cells have powerful tools to discover cancer progression mechanisms and preclinical candidate drugs. Among these in vivo experimental models, the establishment of highly malignancy cell lines with xenograft has been frequently used. However, few previous researches targeted malignancy-related genes whose protein levels translationally changed. Therefore, this study aimed to identify malignancy-related genes which contributed to cancer progression and changed at the protein level in the in vivo selected cancer cell lines. METHODS We established the high malignancy breast cancer cell line (LM05) by orthotopic xenograft as an in vivo selection method. To explore the altered genes by translational or post-translational regulation, we analyzed the protein production by western blotting in the highly malignant breast cancer cell line. Functional analyses of the altered genes were performed by in vitro and in vivo experiments. To reveal the molecular mechanisms of the regulation with protein level, we evaluated post-translational modification by immunoprecipitation. In addition, we evaluated translational production by click reaction-based purification of nascent protein. RESULTS As a result, NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK) increased at the protein level and promoted the nuclear localization of NF-κB2 (p52) and RelB in the highly malignant breast cancer cell line. The functional analyses indicated the NIK upregulation contributed to tumor malignancy via cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) attraction and partially anti-apoptotic activities. Additionally, the immunoprecipitation experiment revealed that the ubiquitination of NIK decreased in LM05 cells. The decline in NIK ubiquitination was attributed to the translational downregulation of cIAP1. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified a dysregulated mechanism of NIK production by the suppression of NIK post-modification and cIAP1 translation. The aberrant NIK accumulation promoted tumor growth in the highly malignant breast cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
- Laboratory of Integrative Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
- Laboratory of Integrative Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Mizuki Yamamoto
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokane-Dai, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masashi Maekawa
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, 791-0295, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, 791-0295, Japan
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Shinya Watanabe
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, 791-0295, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, 791-0295, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Chuo-Ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Inoue
- Research Platform Office, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokane-Dai, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Integrative Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kentaro Semba
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, TWIns, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
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Harbaugh SV, Martin JA, Weinstein J, Ingram G, Kelley-Loughnane N. Screening and selection of artificial riboswitches. Methods 2018; 143:77-89. [PMID: 29778645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic riboswitches are engineered to regulate gene expression in response to a variety of non-endogenous small molecules, and a challenge to select this engineered response requires robust screening tools. A new synthetic riboswitch can be created by linking an in vitro-selected aptamer library with a randomized expression platform followed by in vivo selection and screening. In order to determine response to analyte, we developed a dual-color reporter comprising elements of the E. coli fimbriae phase variation system: recombinase FimE controlled by a synthetic riboswitch and an invertible DNA segment (fimS) containing a constitutively active promoter placed between two fluorescent protein genes. Without an analyte, the fluorescent reporter constitutively expressed green fluorescent protein (GFPa1). Addition of the analyte initiated translation of fimE causing unidirectional inversion of the fimS segment and constitutive expression of red fluorescent protein (mKate2). The dual color reporter system can be used to select and to optimize artificial riboswitches in E. coli cells. In this work, the enriched library of aptamers incorporated into the riboswitch architecture reduces the sequence search space by offering a higher percentage of potential ligand binders. The study was designed to produce structure switching aptamers, a necessary feature for riboswitch function and efficiently quantify this function using the dual color reporter system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Harbaugh
- Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States
| | - Jennifer A Martin
- Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States
| | - Jenna Weinstein
- Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States
| | - Grant Ingram
- Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States
| | - Nancy Kelley-Loughnane
- Airman Systems Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States.
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Wilkening RV, Federle MJ. Evolutionary Constraints Shaping Streptococcus pyogenes-Host Interactions. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:562-572. [PMID: 28216292 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Research on the Gram-positive human-restricted pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus, GAS) has long focused on invasive illness, the most severe manifestations of GAS infection. Recent advances in descriptions of molecular mechanisms of GAS virulence, coupled with massive sequencing efforts to isolate genomes, have allowed the field to better understand the molecular and evolutionary changes leading to pandemic strains. These findings suggest that it is necessary to rethink the dogma involving GAS pathogenesis, and that the most productive avenues for research going forward may be investigations into GAS in its 'normal' habitat, the nasopharynx, and its ability to either live with its host in an asymptomatic lifestyle or as an agent of superficial infections. This review will consider these advances, focusing on the natural history of GAS, the evolution of pandemic strains, and novel roles for several key virulence factors that may allow the field to better understand their physiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid V Wilkening
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Michael J Federle
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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Balikagala B, Mita T, Ikeda M, Sakurai M, Yatsushiro S, Takahashi N, Tachibana SI, Auma M, Ntege EH, Ito D, Takashima E, Palacpac NMQ, Egwang TG, Onen JO, Kataoka M, Kimura E, Horii T, Tsuboi T. Absence of in vivo selection for K13 mutations after artemether-lumefantrine treatment in Uganda. Malar J 2017; 16:23. [PMID: 28068997 PMCID: PMC5223472 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1663-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Individual drug treatment may select resistant parasites in the human body, a process termed in vivo selection. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistance transporter (pfcrt) and multidrug resistance gene 1 (pfmdr1) genes have been reportedly selected after artemether–lumefantrine treatment. However, there is a paucity of data regarding in vivo selection of P. falciparum Kelch propeller domain (pfkelch13) polymorphisms, responsible for artemisinin-resistance in Asia, and six putative background mutations for artemisinin resistance; D193Y in ferredoxin, T484I in multiple resistance protein 2, V127M in apicoplast ribosomal protein S10, I356T in pfcrt, V1157L in protein phosphatase and C1484F in phosphoinositide-binding protein. Methods Artemether–lumefantrine efficacy study with a follow-up period of 28 days was conducted in northern Uganda in 2014. The above-mentioned genotypes were comparatively analysed before drug administration and on days; 3, 7, and 28 days after treatment. Results In 61 individuals with successful follow-up, artemether–lumefantrine treatment regimen was very effective with PCR adjusted efficacy of 95.2%. Among 146 isolates obtained before treatment, wild-type alleles were observed in 98.6% of isolates in pfkelch13 and in all isolates in the six putative background genes except I356T in pfcrt, which had 2.4% of isolates as mixed infections. In vivo selection study revealed that all isolates detected in the follow-up period harboured wild type alleles in pfkelch13 and the six background genes. Conclusion Mutations in pfkelch13 and the six background genes may not play an important role in the in vivo selection after artemether–lumefantrine treatment in Uganda. Different mechanisms might rather be associated with the existence of parasites after treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1663-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Balikagala
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Mita
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Mie Ikeda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Miki Sakurai
- Department of International Affairs and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shouki Yatsushiro
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Department of International Affairs and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Tachibana
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mary Auma
- St. Mary's Hospital LACOR, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Edward H Ntege
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Eizo Takashima
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Nirianne Marie Q Palacpac
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Joseph Okello Onen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Masatoshi Kataoka
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Eisaku Kimura
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Horii
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan.
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Wegener M, Vogtmann K, Huber M, Laass S, Soppa J. The glpD gene is a novel reporter gene for E. coli that is superior to established reporter genes like lacZ and gusA. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 131:181-187. [PMID: 27794441 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Reporter genes facilitate the characterization of promoter activities, transcript stabilities, translational efficiencies, or intracellular localization. Various reporter genes for Escherichia coli have been established, however, most of them have drawbacks like transcript instability or the inability to be used in genetic selections. Therefore, the glpD gene encoding glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was introduced as a novel reporter gene for E. coli. The enzymatic assay was optimized, and it was verified that growth on glycerol strictly depends on the presence of GlpD. The 5'-UTRs of three E. coli genes were chosen and cloned upstream of the new reporter gene glpD as well as the established reporter genes lacZ and gusA. Protein and transcript levels were quantified and translational efficiencies were calculated. The lacZ transcript was very unstable and its level highly depended on its translation, compromising its use as a reporter. The results obtained with gusA and glpD were similar, however, only glpD can be used for genetic selections. Therefore, glpD was found to be a superior novel reporter gene compared to the established reporter genes lacZ and gusA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Wegener
- Goethe-University, Biocentre, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Kristina Vogtmann
- Goethe-University, Biocentre, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Madeleine Huber
- Goethe-University, Biocentre, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Laass
- Goethe-University, Biocentre, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Jörg Soppa
- Goethe-University, Biocentre, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Kamiya H, Ito M, Nishi K, Harashima H. In vivo selection of active deoxyribonucleoside kinase by a mutagenic nucleoside analog. J Biotechnol 2016; 228:52-57. [PMID: 27131895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel in vivo selection method for active deoxyribonucleoside kinase proteins is described here. A pool of randomly mutated genes for deoxyribonucleoside kinase from Drosophila melanogaster (Dm-dNK) was prepared and inserted into an expression vector. Enzymatically active mutants were selected by repeated cycles, including (i) introduction into Escherichia coli, (ii) treatment of the E. coli pool with a mutagenic deoxyribonucleoside (2-hydroxy-dA), and (iii) selection of antibiotic-resistant colonies resulting from mutations by phosphorylated 2-hydroxy-dA and the subsequent isolation of the plasmid DNAs. The ratio of the resistant colonies increased by two orders of magnitude from the first cycle to the fifth cycle, and then reached a plateau. Fifteen Dm-dNK mutants selected after the seventh and eighth evolution cycles were actually active in vivo. Moreover, one of the mutant proteins was as active as the wild-type protein in vitro. These results indicate that this novel in vivo evolution method was useful and that similar strategies would be applicable to other deoxyribonucleoside kinases. In addition, the distribution of mutated amino acids suggests important residues/regions in the Dm-dNK protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kamiya
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Mana Ito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nishi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Abstract
Directed evolution represents an attractive approach to derive AAV capsid variants capable of selectively infect specific tissue or cell targets. It involves the generation of an initial library of high complexity followed by cycles of selection during which the library is progressively enriched for target-specific variants. Each selection cycle consists of the following: reconstitution of complete AAV genomes within plasmid molecules; production of virions for which each particular capsid variant is matched with the particular capsid gene encoding it; recovery of capsid gene sequences from target tissue after systemic administration. Prevalent variants are then analyzed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Marsic
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, CGRC 235, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sergei Zolotukhin
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, CGRC 235, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Shadoud L, Almahmoud I, Jarraud S, Etienne J, Larrat S, Schwebel C, Timsit JF, Schneider D, Maurin M. Hidden Selection of Bacterial Resistance to Fluoroquinolones In Vivo: The Case of Legionella pneumophila and Humans. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1179-85. [PMID: 26501115 PMCID: PMC4588375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious diseases are the leading cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. One dramatic issue is the emergence of microbial resistance to antibiotics which is a major public health concern. Surprisingly however, such in vivo adaptive ability has not been reported yet for many intracellular human bacterial pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila. Methods We examined 82 unrelated patients with Legionnaire's disease from which 139 respiratory specimens were sampled during hospitalization and antibiotic therapy. We both developed a real time PCR assay and used deep-sequencing approaches to detect antibiotic resistance mutations in L. pneumophila and follow their selection and fate in these samples. Findings We identified the in vivo selection of fluoroquinolone resistance mutations in L. pneumophila in two infected patients treated with these antibiotics. By investigating the mutational dynamics in patients, we showed that antibiotic resistance occurred during hospitalization most likely after fluoroquinolone treatment. Interpretation In vivo selection of antibiotic resistances in L. pneumophila may be associated with treatment failures and poor prognosis. This hidden resistance must be carefully considered in the therapeutic management of legionellosis patients and in the control of the gradual loss of effectiveness of antibiotics. Legionellosis is a pneumonia caused by the inhalation of aerosols containing Legionella, mainly L. pneumophila. Its average mortality rate is 10%, despite availability of effective antibiotics such as the macrolides and the fluoroquinolones. Using modern molecular approaches, we identified the selection of fluoroquinolone resistance in L. pneumophila in patients under fluoroquinolone therapy. This may lead to reduction of treatment efficacy and prognosis worsening. Our findings should lead to revised guidelines for therapeutic management and prognosis evaluation of legionellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubana Shadoud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes (LAPM), F-38000 Grenoble, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LAPM, F-38000 Grenoble, France ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Grenoble, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, Grenoble, France
| | - Iyad Almahmoud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes (LAPM), F-38000 Grenoble, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LAPM, F-38000 Grenoble, France ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Grenoble, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, Grenoble, France
| | - Sophie Jarraud
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France ; CNRS UMR5308, Ecoles Normales Supérieures (ENS), Lyon, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1111, Lyon, France ; Centre National de Référence des Legionella , Centre de Biologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Etienne
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France ; CNRS UMR5308, Ecoles Normales Supérieures (ENS), Lyon, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1111, Lyon, France ; Centre National de Référence des Legionella , Centre de Biologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Larrat
- Unit of Virus host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), UMI 3265, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jean-François Timsit
- CHU Grenoble, Réanimation Médicale, Grenoble, France ; INSERM U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France
| | - Dominique Schneider
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes (LAPM), F-38000 Grenoble, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LAPM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Max Maurin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes (LAPM), F-38000 Grenoble, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LAPM, F-38000 Grenoble, France ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Grenoble, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, Grenoble, France
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