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Choudhary R, Chhabra N, Patel S. Comparison of Serum Levels of Interleukin 17 and Interleukin 9 in Leprosy Patients with and without Lepra Reaction: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study from Central India. Indian J Dermatol 2023; 68:661-665. [PMID: 38371567 PMCID: PMC10869014 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_357_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
New pathways of host defence have emerged in leprosy, such as T helper (Th) -17, Th-9, T regulatory cells, and other factors like transforming growth factor-beta, etc. Interleukin (IL) 17 produced by Th17 cells has been found to be elevated in lepra reaction, especially type 2 lepra reaction (T2R). Role of IL-9 has not been studied widely in leprosy reactions so far. The study aimed to compare serum levels of IL-17 and IL-9 in leprosy patients with and without lepra reaction. This was a cross-sectional analytical study including untreated adult leprosy patients with and without lepra reaction. A total of 65 patients were included in the study with 30 leprosy patients without reaction and 35 with lepra reaction. Serum levels of IL-17 and IL-9 were measured in these patients using direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and were compared. Borderline tuberculoid (BT) leprosy with type 1 and Lepromatous (LL) leprosy with T2R patients showed significantly higher levels of IL-17 than BT and LL leprosy patients without lepra reaction, respectively. LL patients with T2R showed significantly lower levels of IL-9 than lepromatous cases without reaction. IL-9 levels were higher in BT patients with T1R as compared to BT patients without reaction but the difference was not significant. We found evidence in support of role of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of T2R, which might serve as useful serum markers for the same. IL-17 might have a role in BT leprosy with T1R. IL-9 seems to have a protective role in T2R as opposed to IL-17, working in synergism with Th1 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritul Choudhary
- From the Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Namrata Chhabra
- From the Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Suprava Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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Schwartz DM, Farley TK, Richoz N, Yao C, Shih HY, Petermann F, Zhang Y, Sun HW, Hayes E, Mikami Y, Jiang K, Davis FP, Kanno Y, Milner JD, Siegel R, Laurence A, Meylan F, O'Shea JJ. Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha Represses a Th9 Transcriptional and Epigenomic Program to Reduce Allergic Pathology. Immunity 2019; 50:106-120.e10. [PMID: 30650370 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T helper (Th) differentiation is regulated by diverse inputs, including the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA). RA acts through its receptor RARα to repress transcription of inflammatory cytokines, but is also essential for Th-mediated immunity, indicating complex effects of RA on Th specification and the outcome of the immune response. We examined the impact of RA on the genome-wide transcriptional response during Th differentiation to multiple subsets. RA effects were subset-selective and were most significant in Th9 cells. RA globally antagonized Th9-promoting transcription factors and inhibited Th9 differentiation. RA directly targeted the extended Il9 locus and broadly modified the Th9 epigenome through RARα. RA-RARα activity limited murine Th9-associated pulmonary inflammation, and human allergic inflammation was associated with reduced expression of RA target genes. Thus, repression of the Th9 program is a major function of RA-RARα signaling in Th differentiation, arguing for a role for RA in interleukin 9 (IL-9) related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella M Schwartz
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; Genenetics and Pathogenesis of Allergy Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Taylor K Farley
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nathan Richoz
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chen Yao
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Han-Yu Shih
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Franziska Petermann
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Genenetics and Pathogenesis of Allergy Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Office of Science and Technology, NIAMS, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erika Hayes
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yohei Mikami
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kan Jiang
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fred P Davis
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuka Kanno
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Genenetics and Pathogenesis of Allergy Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard Siegel
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arian Laurence
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Françoise Meylan
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Interluekin-9 (IL-9) is produced predominantly by helper T cells such as Th2 and Th9 cells. It normally functions through the activation of a JAK/STAT pathway and plays a critical role in immunity and the pathogenesis of cancer. In cancer, it yields different responses depending on the cancer cell line involved. This review is a summary of what is known about the involvement of IL-9 in various cancer cell lines as well as its role in immunity with a focus on allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, Iowa, 50312, USA
| | - Ziwen Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Qian Bai
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Tucker J Brady
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, Iowa, 50312, USA
| | - Huaping Xiao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, Iowa, 50312, USA.,The Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Mark R Wakefield
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yujiang Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, Iowa, 50312, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Tan S, Shan Y, Wang Y, Lin Y, Liao S, Deng Z, Zhou L, Cai W, Zeng Q, Zhang L, Zhang B, Men X, Li H, Hu X, Wu C, Peng L, Lu Z. Exacerbation of oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced blood-brain barrier disruption: potential pathogenic role of interleukin-9 in ischemic stroke. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1499-513. [PMID: 28550144 DOI: 10.1042/CS20170984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-9 exerts a variety of functions in autoimmune diseases. However, its role in ischemic brain injury remains unknown. The present study explored the biological effects of IL-9 in ischemic stroke (IS). We recruited 42 patients newly diagnosed with IS and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The expression levels of IL-9 and percentages of IL-9-producing T cells, including CD3+CD4+IL-9+ and CD3+CD8+IL-9+ cells, were determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from patients and control individuals. We also investigated the effects of IL-9 on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and the potential downstream signaling pathways. We found that patients with IS had higher IL-9 expression levels and increased percentages of IL-9-producing T cells in their PBMCs. The percentages of CD3+CD4+IL-9+ and CD3+CD8+IL-9+ T cells were positively correlated with the severity of illness. In in vitro experiments using bEnd.3 cells, exogenously administered IL-9 exacerbated the loss of tight junction proteins (TJPs) in cells subjected to OGD plus reoxygenation (RO). This effect was mediated via activation of IL-9 receptors, which increased the level of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), as well as through up-regulated phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and 3 and down-regulated phosphorylated protein kinase B/phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling. These results indicate that IL-9 has a destructive effect on the BBB following OGD, at least in part by inducing eNOS production, and raise the possibility of targetting IL-9 for therapeutic intervention in IS.
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Matusiewicz M, Neubauer K, Bednarz-Misa I, Gorska S, Krzystek-Korpacka M. Systemic interleukin-9 in inflammatory bowel disease: Association with mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:4039-4046. [PMID: 28652656 PMCID: PMC5473122 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i22.4039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate circulating IL9 in inflammatory bowel disease and disease-associated anemia/cachexia and assess its potential as a mucosal healing marker.
METHODS Serum IL9 as well as other cytokines (IL1β, IL6, IL13, IFNγ, TNFα, and VEGF-A) were determined in 293 individuals: 97 patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and 74 with ulcerative colitis (UC) and in 122 apparently healthy controls. The clinical activity of CD and UC was expressed in terms of the Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and the Mayo Scoring System (MDAI), respectively, and the severity of bowel inflammation in UC patients was assessed using Mayo endoscopic score. Cytokine concentrations were measured by a flow cytometry-based method using Luminex xMAP® technology. High-sensitive C-reactive protein concentrations (hsCRP) were determined in CD and UC patients using the enhanced immunoturbidimetric method.
RESULTS Systemic IL9 was significantly lower in healthy individuals [9 pg/mL (95%CI: 8.2-10)] than in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): both inactive [14.3 pg/mL (11.9-19.9)] and active [27.6 pg/mL (24.5-32), P < 0.0001]. Cytokine concentrations were significantly higher in active CD [27.4 pg/mL (23.4-32.2)] and in active UC [32.7 pg/mL (27-38.9)] compared to inactive diseases [15.9 pg/mL (10.8-23.4) in CD and 19.4 pg/mL (13.9-27.1) in UC, P = 0.001]. IL9 correlated weakly with CDAI (ρ = 0.32, P = 0.003) and MDAI (ρ = 0.35, P = 0.002) and strongly with endoscopic inflammation in UC (ρ = 0.74, P < 0.0001). As a negative marker of mucosal healing (MH), IL9 had an accuracy superior to hsCRP and IL6 [97% (P < 0.0001), 67% (P = 0.071), and 55% (P = 0.525), respectively]. IL9 was significantly higher in cachectic IBD patients [30.25 pg/mL (24.4-37.5) vs 21.88 pg/mL (18-26.5), P = 0.026] and negatively correlated with hemoglobin concentrations (ρ = -0.27, P < 0.001). Multiple regression showed IL1β and IL13 to be the independent predictors of circulating IL9 in healthy individuals, IFNγ or IL6 in active and inactive UC, respectively, and IL13 and VEGF-A in both active and inactive CD.
CONCLUSION The systemic IL9 level is higher in IBD and corresponds with endoscopic inflammation, suggesting its possible application as a negative marker of mucosal healing in UC.
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Abstract
Interleukin 9 secreting TH9 cells have been proposed as the latest addition to the family of T helper cell subsets. While a growing body of evidence from animal models points to important roles for these cells in allergic inflammation of the lung, autoinflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, and tumor immunity, their role in skin immunity and skin immunopathology remains poorly defined. Interestingly, studies of T helper cells from healthy humans suggest that TH9 cells are predominantly skin-homing and skin-resident and that they are involved in protection against extracellular pathogens. Thus, TH9 cells have entered the stage as potential mediators of cutaneous pathology. However, under which conditions and by which mechanisms these cells contribute to skin immunity and disease still has to be investigated. Here, we review our current understanding of TH9 cells as skin-tropic T helper cells and their involvement in skin pathology. Further, we discuss open questions with regard to the intricate nature of interleukin 9 producing T helper cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christoph Schlapbach
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Hoppenot D, Malakauskas K, Lavinskienė S, Bajoriūnienė I, Kalinauskaitė V, Sakalauskas R. Peripheral blood Th9 cells and eosinophil apoptosis in asthma patients. Medicina (Kaunas) 2015; 51:10-7. [PMID: 25744770 DOI: 10.1016/j.medici.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Th9 cells producing interleukin (IL) 9 are novel subset of CD4+ T helper cells, which might contribute to airway inflammation in asthma. Moreover, the effect of IL-9 on eosinophils is still not fully understood. Study aim was to evaluate peripheral blood Th9 cells and eosinophil apoptosis in allergic asthma patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen patients with allergic asthma and fourteen patients with allergic rhinitis were examined. Control group included sixteen healthy subjects. Allergic asthma and rhinitis patients did not use corticosteroids and antihistamines at least for 1 week. Peripheral blood eosinophils and CD4(+) cells were isolated by high density gradient centrifugation and magnetic separation. Th9 cells and apoptotic eosinophils were estimated by flow cytometer. Serum IL-9 and IL-5 concentration were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Peripheral blood Th9 cells percentage was increased in allergic asthma group compared with allergic rhinitis and control group (0.74%±0.32% vs. 0.19%±0.10% and 0.15%±0.08%, respectively, P<0.05). The same tendency was observed for IL-9 (P<0.01). Percentage of peripheral blood apoptotic eosinophils was decreased in allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis groups compared with control group (P<0.05). IL-9 concentration correlated with percentage of Th9 cells (r=0.64, P<0.05) and negatively with percentage of apoptotic eosinophils in allergic asthma group (r=-0.58, P<0.05). Negative correlation was found between apoptotic eosinophils count and IL-5 concentration in allergic asthma group (r=-0.76, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patients with allergic asthma demonstrate increased peripheral blood Th9 cells count and serum IL-9, while eosinophil apoptosis is inversely related to IL-9 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deimantė Hoppenot
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Kęstutis Malakauskas
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Simona Lavinskienė
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ieva Bajoriūnienė
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Virginija Kalinauskaitė
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Raimundas Sakalauskas
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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